1
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Chatterjee P, Mishra R, Chawla S, Sonkar AK, De AK, Patra AK. Dual Photoreactive Ternary Ruthenium(II) Terpyridyl Complexes: A Comparative Study on Visible-Light-Induced Single-Step Dissociation of Bidentate Ligands and Generation of Singlet Oxygen. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39092885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The versatile and tunable ligand-exchange dynamics in ruthenium(II)-polypyridyl complexes imposed by the modulation of the steric and electronic effects of the coordinated ligands provide an unlimited scope for developing phototherapeutic agents. The photorelease of a bidentate ligand from the Ru-center is better suited for potent Ru(II)-based photocytotoxic agents with two available labile sites for cross-linking with biological targets augmented with possible phototriggered 1O2 generation. Herein, we introduced a phenyl-terpyridine (ptpy) ligand in the octahedral Ru(II) core of [Ru(ptpy)(L-L)Cl]+ to induce structural distortion for the possible photorelease of electronically distinct bidentate ligands (L-L). For a systematic study, we designed four Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: [Ru(ptpy)(L-L)Cl](PF6), ([1]-[4]), where L-L = 1,2-bis(phenylthio)ethane (SPH) [1], N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEN) [2], N1,N2-diphenylethane-1,2-diimine (BPEDI) [3], and bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (DPE-Phos) [4]. The detailed photochemical studies suggest a single-step dissociation of L-L from the bis-thioether (SPH) complex [1] and diamine (TMEN) complex [2], while no photosubstitution was observed for [3] and [4]. Complex [1] and [2] demonstrated a dual role, involving both photosubstitution and 1O2 generation, while [3] and [4] solely exhibited poor to moderate 1O2 production. The interplay of excited states leading to these behaviors was rationalized from the lifetimes of the 3MLCT excited states by using transient absorption spectroscopy, suggesting intricate relaxation dynamics and 1O2 generation upon excitation. Therefore, the photolabile complexes [1] and [2] could potentially act as dual photoreactive agents via the phototriggered release of L-L (PACT) and/or 1O2-mediated PDT mechanisms, while [4] primarily can be utilized as a PDT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Ramranjan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sakshi Chawla
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Avinash Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Arijit K De
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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2
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Dao A, Chen S, Pan L, Ren Q, Wang X, Wu H, Gong Q, Chen Z, Ji S, Ru J, Zhu H, Liang C, Zhang P, Xia H, Huang H. A 700 nm LED Light Activated Ru(II) Complex Destroys Tumor Cytoskeleton via Photosensitization and Photocatalysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400956. [PMID: 38635863 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoactivable chemotherapy (PACT) using metallic complexes provides spatiotemporal selectivity over drug activation for targeted anticancer therapy. However, the poor absorption in near-infrared (NIR) light region of most metallic complexes renders tissue penetration challenging. Herein, an NIR light triggered dinuclear photoactivable Ru(II) complex (Ru2) is presented and the antitumor mechanism is comprehensively investigated. The introduction of a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) linker greatly enhances the intramolecular charge transition, resulting in a high molar extinction coefficient in the NIR region with an extended triplet excited state lifetime. Most importantly, when activated by 700 nm NIR light, Ru2 exhibits unique slow photodissociation kinetics that facilitates synergistic photosensitization and photocatalytic activity to destroy diverse intracellular biomolecules. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that when activated by 700 nm NIR light, Ru2 exhibits nanomolar photocytotoxicity toward 4T1 cancer cells via the induction of calcium overload and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These findings provide a robust foundation for the development of NIR-activated Ru(II) PACT complexes for phototherapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Dao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
| | - Qingyan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Haorui Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
| | - Qiufang Gong
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeduan Chen
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaxi Ru
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - HaoTu Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Shenzhen campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 510275, China
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3
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Bretin L, Husiev Y, Ramu V, Zhang L, Hakkennes M, Abyar S, Johns AC, Le Dévédec SE, Betancourt T, Kornienko A, Bonnet S. Red-Light Activation of a Microtubule Polymerization Inhibitor via Amide Functionalization of the Ruthenium Photocage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316425. [PMID: 38061013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a promising cancer treatment modality that kills cancer cells via photochemical uncaging of a cytotoxic drug. Most ruthenium-based photocages used for PACT are activated with blue or green light, which penetrates sub-optimally into tumor tissues. Here, we report amide functionalization as a tool to fine-tune the toxicity and excited states of a terpyridine-based ruthenium photocage. Due to conjugation of the amide group with the terpyridine π system in the excited state, the absorption of red light (630 nm) increased 8-fold, and the photosubstitution rate rose 5-fold. In vitro, red light activation triggered inhibition of tubulin polymerization, which led to apoptotic cell death both in normoxic (21 % O2 ) and hypoxic (1 % O2 ) cancer cells. In vivo, red light irradiation of tumor-bearing mice demonstrated significant tumor volume reduction (45 %) with improved biosafety, thereby demonstrating the clinical potential of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Hakkennes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Selda Abyar
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Johns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Sylvia E Le Dévédec
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tania Betancourt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Amunugama S, Asempa E, Jakubikova E, Verani CN. Probing the effect of nitro-substituents in the modulation of LUMO energies for directional electron transport through 4d 6 ruthenium(II)-based metallosurfactants. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:12423-12435. [PMID: 37594397 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01797d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Electron-withdrawing nitro-substituents were installed onto terpyridine- and phenanthroline-based metallosurfactants with 4d6 ruthenium(II), which were deposited as Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers aiming to study the feasibility of charge transport in Au|LB|Au junctions. The nitro groups are intended to modulate the energy of the frontier molecular orbitals to near to, or match that of Fermi levels in the gold electrodes. A series of heteroleptic metallosurfactants [RuII(C18OPh-terpy)(X-terpy)](PF6)2 and [RuII(C18OPh-terpy)(X-phen)Cl]PF6 were synthesized, where C18OPh-terpy is the 4'-[4-(octadecyloxy)phenyl]-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine amphiphile common to all species, X-terpy is a terpyridine with-H (1) or-phenyl-NO2 (2) and X-phen is a phenanthroline with-H (3) or-NO2 (4) groups. These metallosurfactants were characterized by experimental and computational methods, and the presence of nitro groups affect more affordable reductions at less negative potentials, as well as slightly more positive oxidations, these changes are less pronounced in species 2 than in 4. Species 1 and 2 showed limited Pockels-Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett film formation with lower collapse pressure of 27 mN m-1. In contrast, metallosurfactants 3 and 4 showed enhanced hydrophilicity indicated by higher collapse pressures of ca. 36 mN m-1. The LB monolayers of 3 and 4 were deposited on gold electrodes to form Au|LB|Au junctions and electron transport was measured as I/V curves. The NO2-bearing species 4 showed asymmetric curves associated with directional electron transport with amplitudes up to -2.0 nA and rectification ratios from 5 to 26 between -1 to +1 V and from 3 to 14 between -3 to +3 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudra Amunugama
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Eyram Asempa
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Cláudio N Verani
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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5
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Liu W, Li X, Wang T, Xiong F, Sun C, Yao X, Huang W. Platinum Drug-Incorporating Polymeric Nanosystems for Precise Cancer Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2208241. [PMID: 36843317 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) drugs are widely used in clinic for cancer therapy, but their therapeutic outcomes are significantly compromised by severe side effects and acquired drug resistance. With the emerging immunotherapy and imaging-guided cancer therapy, precise delivery and release of Pt drugs have drawn great attention these days. The targeting delivery of Pt drugs can greatly increase the accumulation at tumor sites, which ultimately enhances antitumor efficacy. Further, with the combination of Pt drugs and other theranostic agents into one nanosystem, it not only possesses excellent synergistic efficacy but also achieves real-time monitoring. In this review, after the introduction of Pt drugs and their characteristics, the recent progress of polymeric nanosystems for efficient delivery of Pt drugs is summarized with an emphasis on multi-modal synergistic therapy and imaging-guided Pt-based cancer treatment. In the end, the conclusions and future perspectives of Pt-encapsulated nanosystems are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Changrui Sun
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xikuang Yao
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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6
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Munegowda MA, Manalac A, Weersink M, Cole HD, McFarland SA, Lilge L. Ru(II) CONTAINING PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY: A CRITIQUE ON REPORTING AND AN ATTEMPT TO COMPARE EFFICACY. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 470:214712. [PMID: 36686369 PMCID: PMC9850455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-based coordination complexes have emerged as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in oncology as well as antimicrobial indications and have great potential. Their modular architectures that integrate multiple ligands can be exploited to tune cellular uptake and subcellular targeting, solubility, light absorption, and other photophysical properties. A wide range of Ru(II) containing compounds have been reported as PSs for PDT or as photochemotherapy (PCT) agents. Many studies employ a common scaffold that is subject to systematic variation in one or two ligands to elucidate the impact of these modifications on the photophysical and photobiological performance. Studies that probe the excited state energies and dynamics within these molecules are of fundamental interest and are used to design next-generation systems. However, a comparison of the PDT efficacy between Ru(II) containing PSs and 1st or 2nd generation PSs, already in clinical use or preclinical/clinical studies, is rare. Even comparisons between Ru(II) containing molecular structures are difficult, given the wide range of excitation wavelengths, power densities, and cell lines utilized. Despite this gap, PDT dose metrics quantifying a PS's efficacy are available to perform qualitative comparisons. Such models are independent of excitation wavelength and are based on common outcome parameters, such as the photon density absorbed by the Ru(II) compound to cause 50% cell kill (LD50) based on the previously established threshold model. In this focused photophysical review, we identified all published studies on Ru(II) containing PSs since 2005 that reported the required photophysical, light treatment, and in vitro outcome data to permit the application of the Photodynamic Threshold Model to quantify their potential efficacy. The resulting LD50 values range from less than 1013 to above 1020 [hν cm-3], indicating a wide range in PDT efficacy and required optical energy density for ultimate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Manalac
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Madrigal Weersink
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
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7
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Boota RZ, Hardman SJO, Ashton GP, Rice CR, Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP. Photochemistry of Heteroleptic 1,4,5,8-Tetraazaphenanthrene- and Bi-1,2,3-triazolyl-Containing Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15768-15781. [PMID: 34612633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diimine metal complexes have significant relevance in the development of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) applications. In particular, complexes of the TAP ligand (1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) are known to lead to photoinduced oxidation of DNA, while TAP- and triazole-based complexes are also known to undergo photochemical ligand release processes relevant to PACT. The photophysical and photochemical properties of heteroleptic complexes [Ru(TAP)n(btz)3-n]2+ (btz = 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl, n = 1 (1), 2 (2)) have been explored. Upon irradiation in acetonitrile, 1 displays analogous photochemistry to that previously observed for [Ru(bpy)(btz)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl) and generates trans-[Ru(TAP)(btz)(NCMe)2]2+ (5), which has been crystallographically characterized, with the observation of the ligand-loss intermediate trans-[Ru(TAP)(κ2-btz)(κ1-btz)(NCMe)]2+ (4). Complex 2 displays more complicated photochemical behavior with not only preferential photorelease of btz to form cis-[Ru(TAP)2(NCMe)2]2+ (6) but also competitive photorelease of TAP to form 5. Free TAP is then taken up by 6 to form [Ru(TAP)3]2+ (3) with the proportion of 5 and 3 observed to progressively increase during prolonged photolysis. Data suggest a complex set of reversible photochemical ligand scrambling processes in which 2 and 3 are interconverted. Computational DFT calculations have enabled optimization of geometries of the pro-trans 3MCcis states with repelled btz or TAP ligands crucial for the formation of 5 from 1 and 2, respectively, lending weight to recent evidence that such 3MCcis states play an important mechanistic role in the rich photoreactivity of Ru(II) diimine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Gage P Ashton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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9
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Obitz D, Miller RG, Metzler-Nolte N. Synthesis and DNA interaction studies of Ru(II) cell penetrating peptide (CPP) bioconjugates. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13768-13777. [PMID: 34549219 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01776d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the first bioconjugates of a set of ruthenium(II) dipyridophenazine complexes with two different cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) is described. The CPPs, an arginine rich TAT-9 (RKKRRQRRR) sequence and the Xentry peptide (LCLRPVG), were synthesized using standard SPPS protocols, and the bioconjugates were obtained by the microwave-assisted coupling of the HOBt/TBTU preactivated metal complexes with the respective peptides on Wang resin. The racemic metal complexes were obtained by modified literature procedures. The bioconjugates were cleaved from the resin, purified by semi-preparative HPLC and characterized by analytical HPLC, high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), and NMR spectroscopy. Despite the bioconjugation of the peptides to the dppz ligand, DNA intercalation was observed by CD spectroscopy, viscometry and the characteristic switch-on fluorescence of this class of compounds. Furthermore, the cellular uptake of the Xentry bioconjugates was confirmed by live cell imaging. Like the parent metal complexes, the bioconjugates show low in vitro cytotoxicity (IC50 > 80 μM), which is similar to the respective metal complexes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Obitz
- Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Reece G Miller
- Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Nils Metzler-Nolte
- Inorganic Chemistry I - Bioinorganic Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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10
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Chen BC, Lu JJ, Jiang N, Ma XR, Li RT, Ye RR. Synthesis, characterization and antitumor mechanism investigation of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with artesunate moiety. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:909-918. [PMID: 34545414 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Six artesunate (ART) conjugated ruthenium(II) complexes (Ru(II)-ART conjugates) with the formula [Ru(N^N)2bpy(4-CH3-4'-CH2OART)](PF6)2 (Ru-ART-1-3) and [Ru(N^N)2bpy(4-CH2OART-4'-CH2OART)](PF6)2 (Ru-ART-4-6) (N^N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, in Ru-ART-1 and Ru-ART-4), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, in Ru-ART-2 and Ru-ART-5) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DIP, in Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6)), were synthesized and characterized. Among them, Ru-ART-1-3 and Ru-ART-4-6 carry one and two ART moieties, respectively. Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 exhibit better cytotoxicity among six Ru(II)-ART conjugates. These two complexes can be effectively taken up by human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. In addition, they selectively kill cancer cell lines while mildly affect normal cells. Mechanism studies have shown that HeLa cells treated with Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 show typical apoptotic characteristics (morphology changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase cascade, etc.). On the other hand, the up regulation of Beclin-1 and conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II note the appearance of autophagy. As a result, Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 induce autophagy-dependent cell apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In this work, six artesunate (ART) conjugated ruthenium(II) complexes (Ru(II)-ART conjugates) have been synthesized and characterized. Among them, Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 exhibit better cytotoxicity. Mechanism studies have shown that HeLa cells treated with Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 show typical apoptotic characteristics (morphology changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase cascade, etc.). On the other hand, the up regulation of Beclin-1 and conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II note the appearance of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Chun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jian Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Rong Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Busemann A, Flaspohler I, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Goetzfried SK, van Rixel VHS, Ott I, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Ruthenium-based PACT agents based on bisquinoline chelates: synthesis, photochemistry, and cytotoxicity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:667-674. [PMID: 34378103 PMCID: PMC8437835 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The known ruthenium complex [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2, where tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Hmte = 2-(methylthio)ethanol) is photosubstitutionally active but non-toxic to cancer cells even upon light irradiation. In this work, the two analogs complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(Hmte)](PF6)2, where NN = 3,3'-biisoquinoline (i-biq, [2](PF6)2) and di(isoquinolin-3-yl)amine (i-Hdiqa, [3](PF6)2), were synthesized and their photochemistry and phototoxicity evaluated to assess their suitability as photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) agents. The increase of the aromatic surface of [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2, compared to [1](PF6)2, leads to higher lipophilicity and higher cellular uptake for the former complexes. Such improved uptake is directly correlated to the cytotoxicity of these compounds in the dark: while [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 showed low EC50 values in human cancer cells, [1](PF6)2 is not cytotoxic due to poor cellular uptake. While stable in the dark, all complexes substituted the protecting thioether ligand upon light irradiation (520 nm), with the highest photosubstitution quantum yield found for [3](PF6)2 (Φ[3] = 0.070). Compounds [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 were found both more cytotoxic after light activation than in the dark, with a photo index of 4. Considering the very low singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds, and the lack of cytotoxicity of the photoreleased Hmte thioether ligand, it can be concluded that the toxicity observed after light activation is due to the photoreleased aqua complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(OH2)]2+, and thus that [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 are promising PACT candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Busemann
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Flaspohler
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sina K Goetzfried
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent H S van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-Ray Facility, Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Zeng X, Wang Y, Han J, Sun W, Butt HJ, Liang XJ, Wu S. Fighting against Drug-Resistant Tumors using a Dual-Responsive Pt(IV)/Ru(II) Bimetallic Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004766. [PMID: 32964540 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major problem in cancer treatment. Herein, the design of a dual-responsive Pt(IV)/Ru(II) bimetallic polymer (PolyPt/Ru) to treat cisplatin-resistant tumors in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model is reported. PolyPt/Ru is an amphiphilic ABA-type triblock copolymer. The hydrophilic A blocks consist of biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The hydrophobic B block contains reduction-responsive Pt(IV) and red-light-responsive Ru(II) moieties. PolyPt/Ru self-assembles into nanoparticles that are efficiently taken up by cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. Irradiation of cancer cells containing PolyPt/Ru nanoparticles with red light generates 1 O2 , induces polymer degradation, and triggers the release of the Ru(II) anticancer agent. Meanwhile, the anticancer drug, cisplatin, is released in the intracellular environment via reduction of the Pt(IV) moieties. The released Ru(II) anticancer agent, cisplatin, and the generated 1 O2 have different anticancer mechanisms; their synergistic effects inhibit the growth of drug-resistant cancer cells. Furthermore, PolyPt/Ru nanoparticles inhibit tumor growth in a PDX mouse model because they circulate in the bloodstream, accumulate at tumor sites, exhibit good biocompatibility, and do not cause side effects. The results demonstrate that the development of stimuli-responsive multi-metallic polymers provides a new strategy to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Yufei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianxiong Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Hi-Tech Zone, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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14
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Babu B, Soy RC, Mack J, Nyokong T. Non-aggregated lipophilic water-soluble tin porphyrins as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01564d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Readily-synthesized water-soluble Sn(iv) tetrapyridylporphyrin dyes have been prepared which exhibit enhanced properties for use as photosensitizer dyes in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - Rodah C. Soy
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
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15
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Zhao J, Liu N, Sun S, Gou S, Wang X, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang W. Light-activated ruthenium (II)-bicalutamide prodrugs for prostate cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 196:110684. [PMID: 31054419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of clinically approved anticancer drug to tumor sites is an effective way to achieve enhanced drug efficacy as well as reduced side effects and toxicity. Here bicalutamide is caged by the Ru(II) center through the nitrile group, and three photoactive Ru(II) complexes were designed and synthesized. Docking study showed that the ruthenium(II) fragments can effectively block the binding of complexes 1-3 with AR (androgen receptor) owing to the large steric structures, thus bicalutamide in complexes 1-3 could not interact with AR-LBD (ligand binding domain). Once irradiation with blue light (465nm), complexes 1-3 can release bicalutamide and anticancer Ru(II) fragments, which possesses dual-action of AR binding and DNA interaction simultaneously. In vitro cytotoxicity study on these complexes further confirmed that complexes 1-3 exhibited considerable cytotoxicity upon irradiation with blue light. Significantly, complex 3 could be activated at 660nm, which greatly increases the scope of complex 3 to treat deeper within tissue. Theoretical calculations showed that the lowest singlet excitation energy of complex 3 is lower than those of complexes 1-2, which explains the experimental results well. Moreover, the 3MC (metal centered) states of these complexes are more stable than their 3MLCT (metal to ligand charge transfer) states, indicating that the photoactive processes of these complexes are likely to result in ligand dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuchen Sun
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhimei Wang
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China.
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16
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Boerhan R, Sun W, Tian N, Wang Y, Lu J, Li C, Cheng X, Wang X, Zhou Q. Fluorination on non-photolabile dppz ligands for improving Ru(ii) complex-based photoactivated chemotherapy. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:12177-12185. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorination on the retaining ligand of Ru(ii) PACT agents enhanced phototoxicity but diminished dark cytotoxicity compared with the parent complex, more favorable for PACT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Boerhan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Weize Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Youchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xuexin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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17
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Lameijer LN, van de Griend C, Hopkins SL, Volbeda AG, Askes SHC, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Photochemical Resolution of a Thermally Inert Cyclometalated Ru(phbpy)(N-N)(Sulfoxide) + Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:352-362. [PMID: 30525567 PMCID: PMC6331141 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
this work a photosubstitution strategy is presented that can
be used for the isolation of chiral organometallic complexes. A series
of five cyclometalated complexes Ru(phbpy)(N−N)(DMSO-κS)](PF6) ([1]PF6-[5]PF6) were synthesized and characterized, where Hphbpy = 6′-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridyl,
and N–N = bpy (2,2′-bipyridine), phen (1,10-phenanthroline),
dpq (pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline), dppz (dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine, or dppn
(benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a,2′,3′-c]phenazine), respectively. Due to the asymmetry of the
cyclometalated phbpy– ligand, the corresponding
[Ru(phbpy)(N–N)(DMSO-κS)]+complexes are chiral.
The exceptional thermal inertness of the Ru–S bond made chiral
resolution of these complexes by thermal ligand exchange impossible.
However, photosubstitution by visible light irradiation in acetonitrile
was possible for three of the five complexes ([1]PF6-[3]PF6). Further thermal coordination
of the chiral sulfoxide (R)-methyl p-tolylsulfoxide to the photoproduct [Ru(phbpy)(phen)(NCMe)]PF6, followed by reverse phase HPLC, led to the separation and
characterization of the two diastereoisomers of [Ru(phbpy)(phen)(MeSO(C7H7))]PF6, thus providing a new photochemical
approach toward the synthesis of chiral cyclometalated ruthenium(II)
complexes. Full photochemical, electrochemical, and frontier orbital
characterization of the cyclometalated complexes [1]PF6-[5]PF6 was performed to explain why
[4]PF6 and [5]PF6 are
photochemically inert while [1]PF6-[3]PF6 perform selective photosubstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien N Lameijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Corjan van de Griend
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Samantha L Hopkins
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Geert Volbeda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Sven H C Askes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small molecule X-ray facility, Department of Chemistry , John Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333CC Leiden , The Netherlands
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18
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Lameijer LN, le Roy J, van der Vorm S, Bonnet S. Synthesis of O-1- O-6 Substituted Positional Isomers of d-Glucose-Thioether Ligands and Their Ruthenium Polypyridyl Conjugates. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12985-12997. [PMID: 30272448 PMCID: PMC6218880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
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A library of positional isomers of d-glucose (O-1–O-6) as ligands and their 11
light-active ruthenium conjugates has been synthesized. A protecting
group strategy without the necessity of using palladium on carbon
for the modification for the 2-O and 4-O position allows for the incorporation of sulfur donor atoms as ligands
for transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien N Lameijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories , P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA , The Netherlands
| | - Julien le Roy
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories , P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA , The Netherlands
| | - Stefan van der Vorm
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories , P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA , The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories , P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA , The Netherlands
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19
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Loftus LM, Al‐Afyouni KF, Turro C. New Ru
II
Scaffold for Photoinduced Ligand Release with Red Light in the Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Window. Chemistry 2018; 24:11550-11553. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Kathlyn F. Al‐Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
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Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy is an approach where a biologically active compound is protected against interaction with the cell environment by a light-cleavable protecting group, and unprotected by light irradiation. As such, PACT represents a major scientific opportunity for developing new bioactive inorganic compounds. However, the societal impact of this approach will only take off if the PACT field is used to address real societal challenges, i.e., therapeutic questions that make sense in a clinical context, rather than purely chemical questions. In particular, I advocate here that the field has become mature enough to switch from a compound-based approach, where a particular cancer model is chosen only to demonstrate the utility of a compound, to a disease-based approach, where the question of which disease to cure comes first: which PACT compound should I make to solve that particular clinical problem? The advantages and disadvantages of PACT vs. other phototherapeutic techniques are discussed, and a roadmap towards real clinical applications of PACT is drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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