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Wang Y, Ye Z, Han T, Du Y, Xue J. Transient spectroscopic insights into nitroindole's T 1 state: Elucidating its intermediates and unique photochemical properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124555. [PMID: 38823242 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Indoles are notable for their distinct photophysical and photochemical properties, making them useful indicators in biological systems and promising candidates for a variety of pharmaceutical applications. While some indoles exhibit room temperature phosphorescence, such a phenomenon has not been observed in nitroindoles. Typically, adding of a nitro group into aromatic compounds promotes ultrafast intersystem crossing and increases the formation quantum yield of the lowest excited triplet (T1). Therefore, understanding the reactivity of nitroindoles' T1 states is imperative. This study investigated the physical properties and chemical reactivities of the T1 state of 6-nitroindole (3HN-6NO2) in both polar aprotic and protic solvents, using transient absorption spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate the basicity and acidity of 3HN-6NO2, emphasizing its potential for protonation and dissociation in mildly acidic and basic conditions, respectively. Furthermore, 3HN-6NO2 has a high oxidizing capacity, participating in electron transfer reactions and proton-coupled electron transfer to produce radicals. Interestingly, in protic solvents like alcohols, 3HN-6NO2 dissociates at the -NH group and forms N-H…O hydrogen-bonded complexes with the nitro group. By identifying transient absorption spectra of intermediates and quantifying kinetic reaction rate constants, we illuminate the unique properties of the T1 state nitroindoles, enriching our understanding of their photophysical and photochemical behaviors. The results of this study have significant implications for their potential application in both biological systems and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhao Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yong Du
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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2
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Ohno S, Uratani H, Nakai H. Implementation of Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics for Intersystem Crossing Based on a Time-Dependent Density-Functional Tight-Binding Method. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5999-6009. [PMID: 38990848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Intersystem crossing (ISC) and internal conversion (IC) are types of nonadiabatic transitions that play important roles in a wide range of fields, including photochemistry, photophysics, and photobiology. The nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) method is a powerful tool for computational simulations of dynamic phenomena involving nonadiabatic transitions. In this study, we implemented the NA-MD method, which treats ISC and IC on an equal footing, where the electronic structure is treated at the level of the time-dependent (TD) density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) method, a low-cost semiempirical analog of TD density functional theory (DFT). In particular, the spin-orbit coupling calculation algorithm was implemented in the TD-DFTB framework, and the results showed trends similar to those obtained using TD-DFT. In addition, the NA-MD method successfully reproduced ultrafast ISC of 2-nitronaphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Ohno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Uratani
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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3
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Giussani A, Segarra-Martí J. XMS-CASPT2//XMS-CASPT2 and XMS-CASPT2//CASSCF at comparison: The impact of dynamic correlation in the excited state optimization of nitronaphthalene. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:011103. [PMID: 38953440 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, analytical extended multi-state complete active space second-order perturbation method (XMS-CASPT2) gradients are used to rationalize the decreasing triplet quantum yield trend in 2-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitronaphthalene, and 2-methyl-1-nitronaphthalene, a series of nitro-substituted aromatic compounds. Comparison with the XMS-CASPT2//CASSCF (where CASSCF stands for complete active space self-consistent field method) results highlights the importance of dynamic correlation in geometry optimization and challenges the validity of an XMS-CASPT2//CASSCF approach: XMS-CASPT2 S1 minima leads to planar structures, while CASSCF optimizations trigger a pyramidalization of the nitro group. The XMS-CASPT2 results correlate the reported decreasing triplet quantum yield trend in these species to a decrease in S1 to T2 population transfer and an increase in S1-S0 decay, while no such correlation is observed when using XMS-CASPT2//CASSCF data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Giussani
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Apartado22085, ES-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Segarra-Martí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Apartado22085, ES-46071 Valencia, Spain
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Wada S, Tsutsumi T, Saita K, Taketsugu T. Ab initio molecular dynamics study of intersystem crossing dynamics for MH 2 (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) on spin-pure and spin-mixed potential energy surfaces. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:552-562. [PMID: 38009451 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, surface-hopping ab initio molecular dynamics (SH-AIMD) simulations have come to be used to discuss the mechanisms and dynamics of excited-state chemical reactions, including internal conversion and intersystem crossing. In dynamics simulations involving intersystem crossing, there are two potential energy surfaces (PESs) governing the motion of nuclei: PES in a spin-pure state and PES in a spin-mixed state. The former gives wrong results for molecular systems with large spin-orbit coupling (SOC), while the latter requires a potential gradient that includes a change in SOC at each point, making the computational cost very high. In this study, we systematically investigate the extent to which the magnitude of SOC affects the results of the spin-pure state-based dynamics simulations for the hydride MH2 (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) by performing SH-AIMD simulations based on spin-pure and spin-mixed states. It is clearly shown that spin-mixed state PESs are indispensable for the dynamics simulation of intersystem crossing in systems containing elements Sn and Pb from the fifth period onward. Furthermore, in addition to the widely used Tully's fewest switches (TFS) algorithm, the Zhu-Nakamura (ZN) global switching algorithm, which is computationally less expensive, is applied to SH for comparison. The results from TFS- and ZN-SH-AIMD methods are in qualitative agreement, suggesting that the less expensive ZN-SH-AIMD can be successfully utilized to investigate the dynamics of photochemical reactions based on quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoi Wada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuro Tsutsumi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Saita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Chen XR, Jiang WJ, Guo QH, Liu XY, Cui G, Li L. Theoretical insights into the photophysics of an unnatural base Z: A MS-CASPT2 investigation. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:380-392. [PMID: 38041414 DOI: 10.1111/php.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
We have employed the highly accurate multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) method to investigate the photoinduced excited state relaxation properties of one unnatural base, namely Z. Upon excitation to the S2 state of Z, the internal conversion to the S1 state would be dominant. From the S1 state, two intersystem crossing paths leading to the T2 and T1 states and one internal conversion path to the S0 state are possible. However, considering the large barrier to access the S1 /S0 conical intersection and the strong spin-orbit coupling between S1 and T2 states (>40 cm-1 ), the intersystem crossing to the triplet manifolds is predicted to be more preferred. Arriving at the T2 state, the internal conversion to the T1 state and the intersystem crossing back to the S1 state are both possible considering the S1 /T2 /T1 three-state intersection near the T2 minimum. Upon arrival at the T1 state, the deactivation to S0 can be efficient after overcoming a small barrier to access T1 /S0 crossing point, where the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is as large as 39.7 cm-1 . Our present work not only provides in-depth insights into the photoinduced process of unnatural base Z, but can also help the future design of novel unnatural bases with better photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Jun Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Hong Guo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Laicai Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Wang PY, Hsu YC, Chen PH, Chen GY, Liao YK, Cheng PY. Solvent-polarity dependence of ultrafast excited-state dynamics of trans-4-nitrostilbene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:788-807. [PMID: 38088777 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast excited-state dynamics of the simplest nitrostilbenes, namely trans-4-nitrostilbene (t-NSB), was studied in solvents of various polarities with ultrafast broadband time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopies, and by quantum-chemical computations. The results revealed that the initially excited S1(ππ*) state deactivation dynamics is strongly influenced by the solvent polarity. Specifically, the t-NSB S1-state lifetime decreases by three orders of magnitude from ∼60 ps in high-polarity solvents to ∼60 fs in nonpolar solvents. The strong solvent-polarity dependence arises from the differences in dipole moments among the S1 and relevant states, including the major intersystem crossing (ISC) receiver triplet states, and therefore, the solvent polarity can modulate their relative energies and ISC rates. In nonpolar solvents, the sub-100 fs lifetime is due to a combination of efficient ISC and internal conversion. In medium-polarity solvents, the S1-state population decays via a competing ISC relaxation mechanism in a biphasic manner, and the ISC rates are found to obey the inverse energy gap law of the strong coupling case. In high-polarity solvents, the S1 state is stabilized to a much lower energy such that ISC becomes energetically infeasible, and the S1 state decays via barrier crossing along the torsion angle of the central ethylenic bond to the nonfluorescent perpendicular configuration. Regardless of the initial S1-state deactivation pathways in various solvents, the excited-state population is ultimately trapped in the metastable T1-state perpendicular configuration, at which a slower ISC occurs to bring the system to the ground state and bifurcate into either trans or cis form of NSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30043, Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30043, Republic of China.
| | - Pin-Hsun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30043, Republic of China.
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30043, Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Kai Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30043, Republic of China.
| | - Po-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30043, Republic of China.
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7
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Pradhan AK, Ray M, Parthasarathy V, Mishra AK. Effects of donor and acceptor substituents on the photophysics of 4-ethynyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29327-29340. [PMID: 37877192 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03318j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The present work explores the photophysical, electrochemical, and fluorescence polarization properties of a group of π-conjugated phenylethynyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole derivatives (BTDs) bearing different electron-donating (ED) or electron-withdrawing (EW) substituents at the para position of the phenylethynyl moiety. The BTDs were synthesized through the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between 4-bromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and the respective para-substituted phenylethynyl derivatives. The BTDs with the EW-substituents show relatively weak solvatochromic behavior, while the BTDs with the strong ED-substituents like methoxy and N,N-dimethylamino-based substituents (BTDPhOMe and BTDPhNMe2) exhibit a pronounced solvatochromic behavior. The change in dipole moments in the excited states of the derivatives was calculated using Lippert-Mataga plots. The conclusions drawn on the spectral behavior of the molecules could be rationalized by TD-DFT calculations involving electron density difference (EDD) maps that correlate with the ICT characteristics of the molecules. The experimental and theoretical calculations reveal that the BTDs with the strong ED-substituents (strong push-pull type BTDs) have a strong ICT character in the excited state. These strong push-pull type BTDs show high fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) in apolar solvents and low ΦF in polar solvents. In contrast, the BTDs with the weak ED-substituents (weak push-pull type BTDs) and EW-substituents (pull-pull type BTDs) have a weaker ICT character with low ΦF in apolar and high ΦF in polar solvent media. There is good a agreement among the HOMO-LUMO band gaps obtained from absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical studies and theoretical calculations. The fluorescence anisotropy measurement in the glycerol medium shows that the studied BTDs generally exhibit higher sensitivity towards microviscosity than the traditional DPH fluorescence anisotropy probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Manaswini Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
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8
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Guzmán-Méndez Ó, Reza MM, Meza B, Jara-Cortés J, Peón J. Solvent Effects on the Singlet-Triplet Couplings in Nitroaromatic Compounds. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37327487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic molecules can present the largest singlet-triplet crossing rates among organic molecules. This implies that most of these compounds have no detectable steady-state fluorescence. In addition, some nitroaromatics undergo a complex series of photoinduced atom rearrangements that result in nitric oxide dissociation. The overall photochemistry of these systems depends critically on the competition between the rapid intersystem crossing channel and other excited-state pathways. In this contribution, we sought to characterize the degree of stabilization of the S1 state due to solute-solvent interactions, and to quantify the effect of such stabilization on their photophysical pathways. We studied 2- and 4-nitropyrene (2-NP and 4-NP), which are atypically emissive nitroaromatics in a series of solvents. From steady-state and time-resolved measurements, the S1 state of these molecules shows significant stabilization as the solvent polarity is increased. On the other hand, specific triplet states that are iso-energetic with the emissive singlet (T3 for 2-NP and T2 for 4-NP) in nonpolar solvents become slightly de-stabilized upon increasing the solvent polarity. These combined effects result in rapid singlet-triplet population transfer in nonpolar solvents for both molecules. In contrast, for solvents with even slightly higher polarities, the first excited singlet is stabilized in relation to the specific triplet states, leading to much longer S1 lifetimes. These effects can be summarized as a highly solvent-dependent coupling/decoupling of the manifolds. Similar effects are also likely to be present in other nitroaromatics where there is a dynamic competition between nitric oxide dissociation and intersystem crossing. The drastic effects of the solvent polarity in the manifold crossing pathway should be taken into consideration in both theoretical and experimental studies of nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Guzmán-Méndez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mariana M Reza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Brandon Meza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jesús Jara-Cortés
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic 63155, México
| | - Jorge Peón
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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9
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Bhat V, Callaway CP, Risko C. Computational Approaches for Organic Semiconductors: From Chemical and Physical Understanding to Predicting New Materials. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37141497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While a complete understanding of organic semiconductor (OSC) design principles remains elusive, computational methods─ranging from techniques based in classical and quantum mechanics to more recent data-enabled models─can complement experimental observations and provide deep physicochemical insights into OSC structure-processing-property relationships, offering new capabilities for in silico OSC discovery and design. In this Review, we trace the evolution of these computational methods and their application to OSCs, beginning with early quantum-chemical methods to investigate resonance in benzene and building to recent machine-learning (ML) techniques and their application to ever more sophisticated OSC scientific and engineering challenges. Along the way, we highlight the limitations of the methods and how sophisticated physical and mathematical frameworks have been created to overcome those limitations. We illustrate applications of these methods to a range of specific challenges in OSCs derived from π-conjugated polymers and molecules, including predicting charge-carrier transport, modeling chain conformations and bulk morphology, estimating thermomechanical properties, and describing phonons and thermal transport, to name a few. Through these examples, we demonstrate how advances in computational methods accelerate the deployment of OSCsin wide-ranging technologies, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic thermoelectrics, organic batteries, and organic (bio)sensors. We conclude by providing an outlook for the future development of computational techniques to discover and assess the properties of high-performing OSCs with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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10
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Shu Y, Zhang L, Wu D, Chen X, Sun S, Truhlar DG. New Gradient Correction Scheme for Electronically Nonadiabatic Dynamics Involving Multiple Spin States. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2419-2429. [PMID: 37079755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been recommended that the best representation to use for trajectory surface hopping (TSH) calculations is the fully adiabatic basis in which the Hamiltonian is diagonal. Simulations of intersystem crossing processes with conventional TSH methods require an explicit computation of nonadiabatic coupling vectors (NACs) in the molecular-Coulomb-Hamiltonian (MCH) basis, also called the spin-orbit-free basis, in order to compute the gradient in the fully adiabatic basis (also called the diagonal representation). This explicit requirement destroys some of the advantages of the overlap-based algorithms and curvature-driven algorithms that can be used for the most efficient TSH calculations. Therefore, although these algorithms allow one to perform NAC-free simulations for internal conversion processes, one still requires NACs for intersystem crossing. Here, we show that how the NAC requirement is circumvented by a new computation scheme called the time-derivative-matrix scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Linyao Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Dihua Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Xiye Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shaozeng Sun
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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11
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Baggi N, Léaustic A, Zhou Y, Métivier R, Maurel F, Yu P. Tuning the photochemical ring-closing reaction efficiency in diarylethene-based photoswitches through engineering of internal charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7741-7749. [PMID: 36880838 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical quantum yield is one of the key features for a photoswitch and its tuning is challenging. In an attempt to tackle this issue within the popular diarylethene-based switches, we have explored the potential to use internal charge transfer (CT), a readily controllable parameter, for an effective modulation of the photocyclization quantum yield. For this, a homogeneous family of terarylenes, a sub-class of diarylethenes, with different CT characters, but the same photochromic core was designed and its photochromic properties were fully investigated. A clear correlation was found between the cyclization quantum yield and the CT character of the switch. More precisely, almost linear relationships were established between the ring-closing quantum yield and (i) the electron density variation accompanying the S0 → S1 transition and (ii) the percentage of LUMO on the reactive carbon atoms. Such a correlation was rationalized by a joint spectroscopic analysis and theoretical modelling of both ground and first excited states, introducing the concept of "early" or "late" photochromes. Encouragingly, such a potentally predictive model also seemed relevant when applied to some other diarylethene-based switches reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baggi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400 Orsay, France. .,Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anne Léaustic
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Pei Yu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400 Orsay, France.
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12
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Raghava T, Chattopadhyay A, Bhavana P, Banerjee S. Amino-Terephthalonitrile-Based Single Benzene Fluorophores with Large Stokes Shifts and Solvatochromic Behavior. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201314. [PMID: 36892161 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized a small library of blue-to-green emissive single benzene-based fluorophores (SBFs) in a short synthetic sequence. The molecules exhibit good Stokes shift in the range of 60-110 nm and select examples also possess very high fluorescence quantum yields of up to 87%. Theoretical investigations into the ground state and excited state geometries of many of these compounds reveal that good degree of planarization between the electron donor secondary amines and electron accepting benzodinitrile units can be achieved under certain solvatochromic conditions, giving rise to the strongly fluorescent behavior. On the other hand, the excited state geometry which lacks co-planarity of the donor amine and the single benzene moiety can open up a non-fluorescent channel. Additionally, in molecules with a dinitrobenzene acceptor, the perpendicular nitro moieties render the molecules completely non-emissive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Raghava
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Anjan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Purushothaman Bhavana
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Subhadeep Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
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13
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Guan H, Du Y, Zheng X, Xue J. Effect of electron-donating substitution on the triplet state reactivities of 1-nitronaphthalene. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121997. [PMID: 36308824 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs), often found in polluted air, are carcinogenic and mutagenic. The nitro group increases the spin-orbit coupling and results in the lowest excited triplet (T1) on the picosecond time scale with a high yield. The electron-donating substituents have a significant influence on the photophysics and photochemistry of nitro-PAHs. We used transient absorption spectroscopy and kinetic analysis to investigate the reactivities of the T1 state 1-methoxy-4-nitronaphthalene (3MeO-NN) and 1-methyl-4-nitronaphthalene (3Me-NN). The results show that the methoxy and methyl substitutions have a minor effect on their hydrogen abstraction and electron accepting abilities. The main distinction is their reaction rates towards protons. The second order rate constant of 3MeO-NN towards protons is three orders of magnitude greater than that of 3Me-NN, indicating that 3MeO-NN has a stronger hydrogen bond accepting ability. The kinetic analysis reveals that the dimer of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol participates in the reaction with 3MeO-NN. These results suggest that the formation of the hydrogen-bonded complex is responsible for the unusually short lifetime of 3MeO-NN in methanol solution and the lack of hydrogen abstraction radicals during the decay of 3MeO-NN in methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huaiyu Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yong Du
- Centre for THz Research, Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xuming Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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14
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Boeije Y, Olivucci M. From a one-mode to a multi-mode understanding of conical intersection mediated ultrafast organic photochemical reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2643-2687. [PMID: 36970950 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how ultrafast organic photochemical reactions are controlled by conical intersections, highlighting that decay to the ground-state at multiple points of the intersection space results in their multi-mode character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorrick Boeije
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Chemistry Department, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro n. 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Overman Hall, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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15
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Pan X, Han T, Long J, Xie B, Du Y, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Xue J. Excited state proton transfer of triplet state p-nitrophenylphenol to amine and alcohol: a spectroscopic and kinetic study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18427-18434. [PMID: 35881619 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyaromatic compounds (ArOHs) have a wide range of applications in catalytic synthesis and biological processes due to their increased acidity upon photo-excitation. The proton transfer of ArOHs via the excited singlet state has been extensively studied. However, there has still been a debate on the unique type of ArOH that can undergo an ultrafast intersystem crossing. The nitro group in p-nitrophenylphenol (NO2-Bp-OH) enhances the spin-orbit coupling between excited singlet states and the triplet manifold, enabling ultrafast intersystem crossing and the formation of the long-lived lowest excited triplet state (T1) with a high yield. In this work, we used time-resolved transient absorption to investigate the excited state proton transfer of NO2-Bp-OH in its T1 state to t-butylamine, methanol, and ethanol. The T1 state of the deprotonated form NO2-Bp-O- was first observed and identified in the case of t-butylamine. Kinetic analysis demonstrates that the formation of the hydrogen-bonded complex with methanol and ethanol as proton acceptors involves their trimers. The alcohol oligomer size required in the excited state proton transfer process is dependent on the excited acidity of photoacid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Jing Long
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Binbin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yong Du
- Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yanying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. .,Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xuming Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. .,Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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16
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Kilic E, Elmazoglu Z, Almammadov T, Kepil D, Etienne T, Marion A, Gunbas G, Kolemen S. Activity-Based Photosensitizers with Optimized Triplet State Characteristics Toward Cancer Cell Selective and Image Guided Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2754-2767. [PMID: 35537187 PMCID: PMC9214761 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Activity-based theranostic photosensitizers are highly attractive in photodynamic therapy as they offer enhanced therapeutic outcome on cancer cells with an imaging opportunity at the same time. However, photosensitizers (PS) cores that can be easily converted to activity-based photosensitizers (aPSs) are still quite limited in the literature. In this study, we modified the dicyanomethylene-4H-chromene (DCM) core with a heavy iodine atom to get two different PSs (DCMO-I, I-DCMO-Cl) that can be further converted to aPS after simple modifications. The effect of iodine positioning on singlet oxygen generation capacity was also evaluated through computational studies. DCMO-I showed better performance in solution experiments and further proved to be a promising phototheranostic scaffold via cell culture studies. Later, a cysteine (Cys) activatable PS based on the DCMO-I core (DCMO-I-Cys) was developed, which induced selective photocytotoxicity along with a fluorescence turn-on response in Cys rich cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Kilic
- Department
of Chemistry, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Dilay Kepil
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Antoine Marion
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Gunbas
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University
(METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Department
of Chemistry, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Surface
Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Boron
and Advanced Materials Application and Research Center, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- TUPRAS Energy
Center (KUTEM), Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Bruno G, de Souza B, Neese F, Bistoni G. Can domain-based local pair natural orbitals approaches accurately predict phosphorescence energies? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14228-14241. [PMID: 35649286 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01623k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the peculiar conducting and optical properties of aromatics, many efforts have been made to characterize and predict their phosphorescence. This physical process is exploited in modern Organic Emitting Light Diodes (OLEDs), and it is also one of the processes decreasing the efficiency of Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein, we propose a computational strategy for the accurate calculation of singlet-triplet gaps of aromatic compounds, which provides results that are in excellent agreement with available experimental data. Our approach relies on the domain-based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) variant of the "gold standard" CCSD(T) method. The convergence of our results with respect to the key technical parameters of the calculation, such as the basis set used, the approximations employed in the perturbative triples correction, and the dimension of the PNOs space, was thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Bruno
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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18
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Green Process for the Synthesis of 3-Amino-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-one Synthones and Amides Thereof:DNA Photo-Disruptive and Molecular Docking Studies. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven 3-amino-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones have been synthesized, in good to excellent yields, via their corresponding benzoxazinones using an efficient tandem microwave-assisted green process. Representative acetamides have been thermally derived from their functional free 3-amino group, whereas for the synthesis of various arylamides, a novel green microwave-assisted protocol has been developed, which involved the attack of hydrazides on benzoxazinones. Eight out of the eleven 3-amino-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones were found photo-active towards plasmid DNA under UVB, and four under UVA irradiation. Amongst all acetamides, only the 6-nitro derivative retained activity both under UVB and UVA irradiation, whereas the 6-bromo-substituted one was active only under UVB. 3-arylamido-6-bromo derivatives exhibited dramatically decreased photo-activity; however, all 3-arylamido-6-nitro compounds developed extraordinary activity, even at concentrations as low as 1μM, which was enhanced compared to their parent 3-amino-2-methyl-6-nitro-quinazolinone. Molecular docking studies were indicative of satisfactory binding to DNA and correlated to the presented photo-activity. Since quinazolinones are known “privileged” pharmacophores for anticancer and antimicrobial activities, the present study gives information on turning “on” and “off” photosensitization on various derivatives which are often used as synthones for drug development, when chromophores and auxochromes are incorporated or being functionalized. Thus, certain compounds may lead to the development of novel photo-chemo or photodynamic therapeutics.
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19
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Younes EA, Abdollahi MF, Rasras AJ, Zhao Y. Joint experimental and computational studies of a cyanomethylcarbamoyl-bridged pyrene–dinitrobenzene molecular ensemble. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Krueger TD, Fang C. Elucidating Inner Workings of Naturally Sourced Organic Optoelectronic Materials with Ultrafast Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2021; 27:17736-17750. [PMID: 34545971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in sustainable optoelectronics including photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, transistors, and semiconductors have been enabled by π-conjugated organic molecules. A fundamental understanding of light-matter interactions involving these materials can be realized by time-resolved electronic and vibrational spectroscopies. In this Minireview, the photoinduced mechanisms including charge/energy transfer, electronic (de)localization, and excited-state proton transfer are correlated with functional properties encompassing optical absorption, fluorescence quantum yield, conductivity, and photostability. Four naturally derived molecules (xylindein, dimethylxylindein, alizarin, indigo) with ultrafast spectral insights showcase efficient energy dissipation involving H-bonding networks and proton motions, which yield high photostability. Rational design principles derived from such investigations could increase the efficiency for light harvesting, triplet formation, and photosensitivity for improved and versatile optoelectronic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA
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21
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Rodríguez-Córdoba W, Gutiérrez-Arzaluz L, Cortés-Guzmán F, Peon J. Excited state dynamics and photochemistry of nitroaromatic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12218-12235. [PMID: 34735557 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04999b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrated aromatic molecules have unique photoinduced channels. Due to the presence of oxygen-centered non-bonding orbitals, they can undergo sub-picosecond intersystem crossing showing one of the strongest couplings between the singlet and triplet manifolds among organic molecules. Several nitroaromatic compounds also have a distinctive nitric oxide photodissociation channel which occurs through a complex sequence of atom rearrangements and state changes. These remarkable processes have stimulated the attention of several research groups over the last few years who have applied modern femtosecond spectroscopies and new computational methods to these topics. Nitroaromatic molecules also have demonstrated their value as case-studies, where they can serve to understand the influence of torsional motions between the nitro substituent and the aromatic system in the conversions between states. In this contribution we highlight several of the recent results in this area. Due to the importance of the atmospheric photochemistry of nitrated compounds and their accumulating applications as nitric oxide release agents, continued research about the effects of the different state orderings, substitution patterns, and solvent effects is central to the development of future applications and for a better understanding of their environmental pathways. From this analysis, several pending issues are highlighted, which include the nature of the dominant singlet state involved in intersystem crossing, the role of the formation of charge-transfer states, the yield of the internal conversion channel to the electronic ground state, and a more generalized understanding of the sequence of steps which lead to nitric oxide dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rodríguez-Córdoba
- Facultad de ciencias, Escuela de Física, Laboratorio de Fotónica y Optoelectrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, Calle 59 A No. 63-20, A.A. 3840, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Luis Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fernando Cortés-Guzmán
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 D.F., Mexico.
| | - Jorge Peon
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, 04510 D.F., Mexico.
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22
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Sadowski B, Kaliszewska M, Poronik YM, Czichy M, Janasik P, Banasiewicz M, Mierzwa D, Gadomski W, Lohrey TD, Clark JA, Łapkowski M, Kozankiewicz B, Vullev VI, Sobolewski AL, Piatkowski P, Gryko DT. Potent strategy towards strongly emissive nitroaromatics through a weakly electron-deficient core. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14039-14049. [PMID: 34760187 PMCID: PMC8565362 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03670j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatics seldom fluoresce. The importance of electron-deficient (n-type) conjugates, however, has inspired a number of strategies for suppressing the emission-quenching effects of the strongly electron-withdrawing nitro group. Here, we demonstrate how such strategies yield fluorescent nitroaryl derivatives of dipyrrolonaphthyridinedione (DPND). Nitro groups near the DPND core quench its fluorescence. Conversely, nitro groups placed farther from the core allow some of the highest fluorescence quantum yields ever recorded for nitroaromatics. This strategy of preventing the known processes that compete with photoemission, however, leads to the emergence of unprecedented alternative mechanisms for fluorescence quenching, involving transitions to dark nπ* singlet states and aborted photochemistry. Forming nπ* triplet states from ππ* singlets is a classical pathway for fluorescence quenching. In nitro-DPNDs, however, these ππ* and nπ* excited states are both singlets, and they are common for nitroaryl conjugates. Understanding the excited-state dynamics of such nitroaromatics is crucial for designing strongly fluorescent electron-deficient conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Marzena Kaliszewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Yevgen M Poronik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Małgorzata Czichy
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology Strzody 9 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Patryk Janasik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology Strzody 9 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Aleja Lotnikow 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dominik Mierzwa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Wojciech Gadomski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Trevor D Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, 420 Latimer Hall Berkeley CA USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA USA
| | - John A Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Mieczysław Łapkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology Strzody 9 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Bolesław Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Aleja Lotnikow 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Andrzej L Sobolewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Aleja Lotnikow 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Piatkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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23
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Rybicka-Jasińska K, Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Derr JB, Carlos G, Morales M, Billones MK, O'Mari O, Ågren H, Baryshnikov GV, Vullev VI. Making Nitronaphthalene Fluoresce. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10295-10303. [PMID: 34653339 PMCID: PMC8800371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds are inherently nonfluorescent, and the subpicosecond lifetimes of the singlet excited states of many small nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as nitronaphthalenes, render them unfeasible for photosensitizers and photo-oxidants, despite their immensely beneficial reduction potentials. This article reports up to a 7000-fold increase in the singlet-excited-state lifetime of 1-nitronaphthalene upon attaching an amine or an N-amide to the ring lacking the nitro group. Varying the charge-transfer (CT) character of the excited states and the medium polarity balances the decay rates along the radiative and the two nonradiative pathways and can make these nitronaphthalene derivatives fluoresce. The strong electron-donating amine suppresses intersystem crossing (ISC) but accommodates CT pathways of nonradiate deactivation. Conversely, the N-amide does not induce a pronounced CT character but slows down ISC enough to achieve relatively long lifetimes of the singlet excited state. These paradigms are key for the pursuit of electron-deficient (n-type) organic conjugates with promising optical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - John A Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gregory Carlos
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Maryann Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mimi Karen Billones
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Omar O'Mari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Glib V Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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24
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M J C, Nag P, Vennapusa SR. Surface hopping dynamics reveal ultrafast triplet generation promoted by S 1-T 2-T 1 spin-vibronic coupling in 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20183-20192. [PMID: 34473155 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02587b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the T1 formation upon populating the optically "bright" S2 in 2-mercaptobenzothiazole to interpret the underlying relaxation pathways associated with the experimental decay constants reported by D. Koyama and A. J. Orr-Ewing, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 26224-26235. Energetics, electronic populations and geometries of various stationary points of low-lying electronic states are computed using the semi-classical ab initio surface hopping dynamics simulations. Estimated decay constants of S2-S1 internal conversion (IC) and S1-T2 intersystem crossing (ISC) are in excellent agreement with the experiment. The observed ultrafast ISC is analyzed based on the S1-T2-T1 spin-vibronic coupling mechanism. In contrast to the previous assignment of 6 ps to the T2-T1 IC, our findings enable us to attribute this decay constant to the combined events of T2-T1 IC followed by relaxation of vibrationally hot T1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra M J
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India.
| | - Probal Nag
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India.
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India.
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25
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Poronik YM, Baryshnikov GV, Deperasińska I, Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Ågren H, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Deciphering the unusual fluorescence in weakly coupled bis-nitro-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles. Commun Chem 2020; 3:190. [PMID: 36703353 PMCID: PMC9814504 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron-deficient π-conjugated functional dyes lie at the heart of organic optoelectronics. Adding nitro groups to aromatic compounds usually quenches their fluorescence via inter-system crossing (ISC) or internal conversion (IC). While strong electronic coupling of the nitro groups with the dyes ensures the benefits from these electron-withdrawing substituents, it also leads to fluorescence quenching. Here, we demonstrate how such electronic coupling affects the photophysics of acceptor-donor-acceptor fluorescent dyes, with nitrophenyl acceptors and a pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole donor. The position of the nitro groups and the donor-acceptor distance strongly affect the fluorescence properties of the bis-nitrotetraphenylpyrrolopyrroles. Concurrently, increasing solvent polarity quenches the emission that recovers upon solidifying the media. Intramolecular charge transfer (CT) and molecular dynamics, therefore, govern the fluorescence of these nitro-aromatics. While balanced donor-acceptor coupling ensures fast radiative deactivation and slow ISC essential for large fluorescence quantum yields, vibronic borrowing accounts for medium dependent IC via back CT. These mechanistic paradigms set important design principles for molecular photonics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen M. Poronik
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Glib V. Baryshnikov
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irena Deperasińska
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA USA ,grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Present Address: College of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - John A. Clark
- grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Hans Ågren
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.77602.340000 0001 1088 3909Department of Physics, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050 Russian Federation
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA USA ,grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA ,grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA USA ,grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
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Chen MC, Chen DG, Chou PT. Fluorescent Chromophores Containing the Nitro Group: Relatively Unexplored Emissive Properties. Chempluschem 2020; 86:11-27. [PMID: 33094565 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apart from numerous applications, for example in azo dye precursors, explosives, and industrial processes, the nitro group (-NO2 ) appears on countless molecules in photochemical research owing to its unique characteristics such as a strong electron-withdrawing ability and facile conversion to the reduced substituent. Although it is well known as a fluorescence quencher, fluorescent chromophores that contain the nitro group have also emerged, with 3-nitrophenothiazine being recently reported to have 100 % emission quantum yield in nonpolar solvents. The diverse characters of nitro-containing chromophores motivated us to systematically review those chromophores with nitro substituents, their associated photophysical properties, and applications. In this Review, we succinctly elaborate the advance of the fluorescent nitro chromophores in fields of intramolecular charge transfer, fluorescent probes and nonlinear properties. Special attention is paid to the rationalization of the associated emission spectroscopy, so that the readers can gain insights into the structure-photophysics relationship and hence gain insights for the strategic design of nitro chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Gao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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27
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Tu Y, Yu Y, Xiao D, Liu J, Zhao Z, Liu Z, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. An Intelligent AIEgen with Nonmonotonic Multiresponses to Multistimuli. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001845. [PMID: 33101873 PMCID: PMC7578909 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent stimulus-response (S/R) systems are the basis of natural process and machine control, which are intensively explored in biomimetic design and analytical/biological applications. However, nonmonotonic multi-S/R systems are still rarely studied so far. In this work, a rational design strategy is proposed to achieve such a unique S/R system by integrating opposite luminescence behaviors in one molecule. When solvent polarity increases, many heterocyclic or carbonyl-containing compounds often become more emissive due to the suppression of the proximity effect, whereas molecules with donor-acceptor (D-A) structures tend to be less emissive because of the twisted intramolecular charge transfer. Meanwhile, protonation on D/A moieties will weaken/strengthen the D-A interaction to result in blue/redshifted emissions. By combining a protonatable heterocyclic acceptor and a protonatable donor together in one molecule, nonmonotonic brightness responses to polarity stimuli and nonmonotonic color responses to pH stimuli can be achieved. The design strategy is successfully verified by a simple molecule named 4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (ASQ). ASQ exhibits nonmonotonic responses to polarity and pH stimuli, and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) with a nonmonotonic AIE curve. Meanwhile, ASQ can be adjusted to emit white light in an acidic environment, and it shows multivalent functionalities including albumin protein sensing, ratiometric pH sensing, and amine gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Tu
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced Study and HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
| | - Yeqing Yu
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
| | - Diwen Xiao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
| | - Junkai Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced Study and HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced Study and HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced Study and HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced Study and HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced Study and HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water Bay, KowloonHong KongChina
- Center for Aggregation‐Induced EmissionSCUT‐HKUST Joint Research InstituteState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
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28
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Isukapalli SVK, Lekshmi RS, Samanta PK, Vennapusa SR. Formation of excited triplet states in naphthalene diimide and perylene diimide derivatives: A detailed theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:124301. [PMID: 33003744 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic details of the excited triplet state formation upon photoexcitation to the low-lying singlet manifold in naphthalene diimide and perylene diimide derivatives are explored theoretically. Static and dynamic aspects of two singlets (S1 and S2) and six triplets (T1-T6) of these molecules are investigated. Suitable vibronic Hamiltonians are constructed to investigate the internal conversion dynamics in both the singlet and triplet manifolds. Computed singlet-triplet energetics, spin-orbit coupling matrix elements, and intersystem crossing rates strongly suggest an efficient intersystem crossing process involving higher triplet states (T6, T5, and T4). Separate full dimensional quantum wavepacket simulations of singlet and triplet manifolds in the approximate linear vibronic model by assuming initial Franck-Condon conditions are carried out to unravel the internal conversion decay dynamics in the respective manifolds. The obtained diabatic electronic populations and nuclear densities are analyzed to illustrate the triplet generation pathways involving higher triplet states in these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Vamsi Krishna Isukapalli
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - R S Lekshmi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Pralok Kumar Samanta
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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29
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Mai S, González L. Molecular Photochemistry: Recent Developments in Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16832-16846. [PMID: 32052547 PMCID: PMC7540682 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photochemistry is a fascinating branch of chemistry that is concerned with molecules and light. However, the importance of simulating light-induced processes is reflected also in fields as diverse as biology, material science, and medicine. This Minireview highlights recent progress achieved in theoretical chemistry to calculate electronically excited states of molecules and simulate their photoinduced dynamics, with the aim of reaching experimental accuracy. We focus on emergent methods and give selected examples that illustrate the progress in recent years towards predicting complex electronic structures with strong correlation, calculations on large molecules, describing multichromophoric systems, and simulating non-adiabatic molecular dynamics over long time scales, for molecules in the gas phase or in complex biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Photonics InstituteVienna University of TechnologyGusshausstrasse 27–291040ViennaAustria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Strasse 171090ViennaAustria
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30
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Ashok Phadte A, Chattopadhyay A, Banerjee S, Singh Sisodiya D, Raghava T. Synthesis of Green Emitting Multi‐substituted Dibenzodioxins and Related Heteroacenes and Computational Investigation of Substituent Effects on Emission Spectra. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apeksha Ashok Phadte
- Department of Chemistry BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus NH 17B, Bypass Road Zuarinagar, Goa 403726 India
| | - Anjan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus NH 17B, Bypass Road Zuarinagar, Goa 403726 India
| | - Subhadeep Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus NH 17B, Bypass Road Zuarinagar, Goa 403726 India
| | - Dilawar Singh Sisodiya
- Department of Chemistry BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus NH 17B, Bypass Road Zuarinagar, Goa 403726 India
| | - Tanya Raghava
- Department of Chemistry BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus NH 17B, Bypass Road Zuarinagar, Goa 403726 India
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31
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Gong Q, Li Y, Liu F. Trajectory surface-hopping dynamics of light-driven imine switches. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Wang J, Siddique F, Freitas AA, Silva CP, Silva GTM, Quina FH, Lischka H, Aquino AJA. A computational study of the ground and excited state acidities of synthetic analogs of red wine pyranoanthocyanins. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Mai S, González L. Molekulare Photochemie: Moderne Entwicklungen in der theoretischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Institut für Photonik Technische Universität Wien Gußhausstraße 27–29 1040 Wien Österreich
| | - Leticia González
- Institut für theoretische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Wien Währinger Straße 17 1090 Wien Österreich
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34
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Andrés Castán JM, Abad Galán L, Li S, Dalinot C, Simón Marqués P, Allain M, Risko C, Monnereau C, Maury O, Blanchard P, Cabanetos C. Nitration of benzothioxanthene: towards a new class of dyes with versatile photophysical properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The selective mono-nitration of benzothioxanthene (BTXI) is demonstrated here, opening doors to a wide range of structures and reactions. In addition, a new series of derivaties was characterized expanding the scope for electronic organic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shi Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Clément Dalinot
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
| | - Pablo Simón Marqués
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
| | - Magali Allain
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | | | | | - Philippe Blanchard
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
| | - Clément Cabanetos
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou
- UMR CNRS 6200
- UNIV Angers
- SFR MATRIX
- 49045 Angers Cedex
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35
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Mahata A, Bhaumick P, Panday AK, Yadav R, Parvin T, Choudhury LH. Multicomponent synthesis of diphenyl-1,3-thiazole-barbituric acid hybrids and their fluorescence property studies. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00406e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel diphenyl-1,3-thiazole linked barbituric acid hybrids (4) were prepared by two catalyst-free methods from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Mahata
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-801106
- India
| | - Prabhas Bhaumick
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-801106
- India
| | - Anoop Kumar Panday
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-801106
- India
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-800 005
- India
| | - Tasneem Parvin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-800 005
- India
| | - Lokman H. Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Patna
- Patna-801106
- India
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36
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Wang H, Odelius M, Prendergast D. A combined multi-reference pump-probe simulation method with application to XUV signatures of ultrafast methyl iodide photodissociation. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124106. [PMID: 31575206 DOI: 10.1063/1.5116816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UV pump-XUV/X-ray probe measurements have been successfully applied in the study of photo-induced chemical reactions. Although rich element-specific electronic structure information is accessible within XUV/X-ray (inner-shell) absorption spectra, it can be difficult to interpret the chemistry directly from the spectrum without supporting theoretical simulations. A multireference method to completely simulate UV pump-XUV/X-ray probe measurement has been developed and applied to study the methyl iodide photodissociation process. Multireference, fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) trajectories were used to explore the coupled electronic and ionic dynamics upon photoexcitation of methyl iodide. Interpretation of previous measurements is provided by associated multireference, restricted active space, inner-shell spectral simulations. This combination of multireference FSSH trajectories and XUV spectra provides an interpretation of transient features appearing in previous measurements within the first 100 fs after photoexcitation and validates the significant branching ratio in the final excited-state population. This methodology should prove useful for interpretation of the increasing number of inner-shell probe studies of molecular excited states or for directing new experiments toward interesting regions of the potential energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Prendergast
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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37
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Zobel JP, González L. Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulation Predict Intersystem Crossing in Nitroaromatic Molecules on a Picosecond Time Scale. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019; 3:833-845. [PMID: 31681833 PMCID: PMC6813632 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous time-resolved spectroscopic experiments and static quantum-chemical calculations attributed nitronaphthalene derivatives one of the fastest time scales for intersystem crossing within organic molecules, reaching the 100 fs mark. Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations on three nitronaphthalene derivatives challenge this view, showing that the experimentally observed ∼100 fs process corresponds to internal conversion in the singlet manifolds. Intersystem crossing, instead, takes place on a longer time scale of ∼1 ps. The dynamics simulations further reveal that the spin transitions occur via two distinct pathways with different contribution for the three systems, which are determined by electronic factors and the torsion of the nitro group. This study, therefore, indicates that the existence of sub-picosecond intersystem crossing in other nitroaromatic molecules should be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick Zobel
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, KemicentrumLund UniversityP.O. Box 124SE-221 00LundSweden
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 17A-1090ViennaAustria
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38
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Philip AM, Gudem M, Sebastian E, Hariharan M. Decoding the Curious Tale of Atypical Intersystem Crossing Dynamics in Regioisomeric Acetylanthracenes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6105-6112. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbey M. Philip
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Maruthamala P. O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Mahesh Gudem
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Maruthamala P. O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Ebin Sebastian
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Maruthamala P. O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Maruthamala P. O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
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39
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Giussani A, Worth GA. Similar chemical structures, dissimilar triplet quantum yields: a CASPT2 model rationalizing the trend of triplet quantum yields in nitroaromatic systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10514-10522. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
S1/S0 accessibility strongly influences the triplet quantum yields of nitronaphthalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Giussani
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
| | - Graham A. Worth
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
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40
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Zobel JP, Nogueira JJ, González L. Finite-temperature Wigner phase-space sampling and temperature effects on the excited-state dynamics of 2-nitronaphthalene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13906-13915. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of finite temperature Wigner phase-space sampling allowing the population of vibrationally excited states is introduced and employed to study temperature effects on the absorption spectrum of 2-nitronaphtalene (2NN) and its relaxation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Juan J. Nogueira
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
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41
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Plasser F, Gómez S, Menger MFSJ, Mai S, González L. Highly efficient surface hopping dynamics using a linear vibronic coupling model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 21:57-69. [PMID: 30306987 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05662e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report an implementation of the linear vibronic coupling (LVC) model within the surface hopping dynamics approach and present utilities for parameterizing this model in a blackbox fashion. This results in an extremely efficient method to obtain qualitative and even semi-quantitative information about the photodynamical behavior of a molecule, and provides a new route toward benchmarking the results of surface hopping computations. The merits and applicability of the method are demonstrated in a number of applications. First, the method is applied to the SO2 molecule showing that it is possible to compute its absorption spectrum beyond the Condon approximation, and that all the main features and timescales of previous on-the-fly dynamics simulations of intersystem crossing are reproduced while reducing the computational effort by three orders of magnitude. The dynamics results are benchmarked against exact wavepacket propagations on the same LVC potentials and against a variation of the electronic structure level. Four additional test cases are presented to exemplify the broader applicability of the model. The photodynamics of the isomeric adenine and 2-aminopurine molecules are studied and it is shown that the LVC model correctly predicts ultrafast decay in the former and an extended excited-state lifetime in the latter. Futhermore, the method correctly predicts ultrafast intersystem crossing in the modified nucleobase 2-thiocytosine and its absence in 5-azacytosine while it fails to describe the ultrafast internal conversion to the ground state in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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42
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Intersystem crossing in the exit channel. Nat Chem 2018; 11:123-128. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Mai S, Marquetand P, González L. Nonadiabatic dynamics: The SHARC approach. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018; 8:e1370. [PMID: 30450129 PMCID: PMC6220962 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We review the Surface Hopping including ARbitrary Couplings (SHARC) approach for excited-state nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. As a generalization of the popular surface hopping method, SHARC allows simulating the full-dimensional dynamics of molecules including any type of coupling terms beyond nonadiabatic couplings. Examples of these arbitrary couplings include spin-orbit couplings or dipole moment-laser field couplings, such that SHARC can describe ultrafast internal conversion, intersystem crossing, and radiative processes. The key step of the SHARC approach consists of a diagonalization of the Hamiltonian including these couplings, such that the nuclear dynamics is carried out on potential energy surfaces including the effects of the couplings-this is critical in any applications considering, for example, transition metal complexes or strong laser fields. We also give an overview over the new SHARC2.0 dynamics software package, released under the GNU General Public License, which implements the SHARC approach and several analysis tools. The review closes with a brief survey of applications where SHARC was employed to study the nonadiabatic dynamics of a wide range of molecular systems. This article is categorized under: Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Reaction Dynamics and KineticsSoftware > Simulation MethodsSoftware > Quantum Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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44
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Zobel JP, Nogueira JJ, González L. Mechanism of Ultrafast Intersystem Crossing in 2-Nitronaphthalene. Chemistry 2018; 24:5379-5387. [PMID: 29377370 PMCID: PMC5947663 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitronaphthalene derivatives efficiently populate their electronically excited triplet states upon photoexcitation through ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC). Despite having been studied extensively by time-resolved spectroscopy, the reasons behind their ultrafast ISC remain unknown. Herein, we present the first ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics study of a nitronaphthalene derivative, 2-nitronaphthalene, including singlet and triplet states. We find that there are two distinct ISC reaction pathways involving different electronic states at distinct nuclear configurations. The high ISC efficiency is explained by the very small electronic and nuclear alterations that the chromophore needs to undergo during the singlet-triplet transition in the dominating ISC pathway after initial dynamics in the singlet manifold. The insights gained in this work are expected to shed new light on the photochemistry of other nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that exhibit ultrafast intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
| | - Juan J. Nogueira
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
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