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Recent Progress of Squaraine-Based Fluorescent Materials and Their Biomedical Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Squaraines (SQs) are unusual cyanine dyes with a unique resonance-stabilized zwitterionic structure. These dyes have attracted significant attention in the fields of organic electronics and organic photonics, due to their facile synthesis, intense and narrow visible and near-infrared absorption/emission, high photostability, low biotoxicity, etc. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of SQ-based fluorescent materials and their biomedical applications. After a brief introduction to SQs, general synthetic routes and design principles of SQ-based fluorescent materials, as well as their aggregation-induced luminescence behaviors, are discussed. Subsequently, their biomedical applications for cell imaging and as fluorescent sensors and therapeutic agents are introduced. Finally, a summary and perspective are given for promoting the development of SQs-based fluorescent materials.
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Yang S, Zhou S, Li H, Nie Y, Xu H, Liu W, Miao J, Li Y, Gao G, You J, Jiang X. Multistimuli-Responsive Squaraine Dyad Exhibiting Concentration-Controlled Vapochromic Luminescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16611-16620. [PMID: 35349256 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive organic materials with controllable luminescence are of enormous importance because of their potential applications in sensing, data security, and display devices. In this study, a multistimuli-responsive squaraine dyad (SQ-d) composed of two rigid squaraine moieties and a flexible ethylene linker was rationally designed and synthesized. SQ-d exhibits polymorphic luminescence, which can be reversibly switched by various external stimuli, including solvent vapor exposure, heat, and shear force. Unexpectedly, the weakly luminescent phase (O1) of SQ-d exhibits concentration-controlled vapochromic behavior. Film O1 can convert to a highly green-emissive phase (G1) under a low concentration of CHCl3 vapor and convert to a highly yellow-emissive phase (Y) under a high concentration of CHCl3 vapor; these originate from two distinct crystallization-induced emission enhancement processes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the effect of vapor concentration on the phase transitions of organic vapochromic luminophores. By analyzing the single-crystal structures and photophysical properties of SQ-d, we concluded that the green and yellow emissions probably originated from a zigzag stacking mode and an H-type π-π stacking mode, respectively. Finally, two prototypes based on SQ-d for applications in information encryption and vapor sensing were successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijun Yang
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxin Zhou
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yong Nie
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Huiyan Xu
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Jinling Miao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yexin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xuchuan Jiang
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, No. 336 Nanxinzhuang West Road, 250022 Jinan, P.R. China
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Barcenas G, Biaggne A, Mass OA, Wilson CK, Obukhova OM, Kolosova OS, Tatarets AL, Terpetschnig E, Pensack RD, Lee J, Knowlton WB, Yurke B, Li L. First-principles studies of substituent effects on squaraine dyes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19029-19040. [PMID: 35478639 PMCID: PMC9033489 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dye molecules that absorb light in the visible region are key components in many applications, including organic photovoltaics, biological fluorescent labeling, super-resolution microscopy, and energy transport. One family of dyes, known as squaraines, has received considerable attention recently due to their favorable electronic and photophysical properties. In addition, these dyes have a strong propensity for aggregation, which results in emergent materials properties, such as exciton delocalization. This will be of benefit in charge separation and energy transport along with fundamental studies in quantum information. Given the high structural tunability of squaraine dyes, it is possible that exciton delocalization could be tailored by modifying the substituents attached to the π-conjugated network. To date, limited theoretical studies have explored the role of substituent effects on the electronic and photophysical properties of squaraines in the context of DNA-templated dye aggregates and resultant excitonic behavior. We used ab initio theoretical methods to determine the effects of substituents on the electronic and photophysical properties for a series of nine different squaraine dyes. Solvation free energy was also investigated as an insight into changes in hydrophobic behavior from substituents. The role of molecular symmetry on these properties was also explored via conformation and substitution. We found that substituent effects are correlated with the empirical Hammett constant, which demonstrates their electron donating or electron withdrawing strength. Electron withdrawing groups were found to impact solvation free energy, transition dipole moment, static dipole difference, and absorbance more than electron donating groups. All substituents showed a redshift in absorption for the squaraine dye. In addition, solvation free energy increases with Hammett constant. This work represents a first step toward establishing design rules for dyes with desired properties for excitonic applications. Squaraine dyes are candidates for DNA-templated excitonic interactions. This work presents substituent effects on the electronic and photophysicalproperties of squaraine dyes and a correlation between empirical Hammettconstant and those properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- German Barcenas
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - Austin Biaggne
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - Olga A Mass
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - Christopher K Wilson
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - Olena M Obukhova
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kharkov 61072 Ukraine
| | - Olga S Kolosova
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kharkov 61072 Ukraine
| | - Anatoliy L Tatarets
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kharkov 61072 Ukraine.,SETA BioMedicals Urbana IL 61802 USA
| | | | - Ryan D Pensack
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - Jeunghoon Lee
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - William B Knowlton
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - Bernard Yurke
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - Lan Li
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725 USA .,Center for Advanced Energy Studies Idaho Falls ID 83401 USA
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Li L, Ma H, Zhang J, Zhao E, Hao J, Huang H, Li H, Li P, Gu X, Tang BZ. Emission-Tunable Soft Porous Organic Crystal Based on Squaraine for Single-Crystal Analysis of Guest-Induced Gate-Opening Transformation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3856-3864. [PMID: 33661610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Soft porous crystals (SPCs) with both crystallinity and flexibility have evolved as emerging materials for lots of applications. However, the development of purely organic SPCs (SPOCs) with advanced functionalities significantly lags behind. Herein, we report the construction of an emission-tunable SPOC with a rationally designed squaraine derivative (named as SPOC-SQ). SPOC-SQ is featured with a squaraine core and four peripheries with electron donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) characteristics, which facilitates the formation of porous crystal framework stabilized by π-π interactions and H bonds and at the same time provides structural flexibility through phenyl rotations. This SPOC can be easily obtained from its dichloromethane (DCM) solution and exhibits reversible stimuli-responsive single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) structural transformation, accompanied by bright and tunable emission. In addition, this activated SPOC (SPOC-SQ-a) selectively recognizes and absorbs acetylene (C2H2) over other gases without destroying the single crystallinity, enabling the single-crystal XRD analysis of the structural transformation. Close inspection of single-crystal XRD results of SPOC-SQ-C2H2 facilitates the understanding of the host-guest interactions. More interestingly, upon interacting with C2H2, a one-dimensional (1D) channel is formed in the crystal to adopt C2H2, which proves the SCSC process and provides molecular-level insights into the gate-opening process. Furthermore, C2H2 adsorption dynamics can be monitored in real time by tracking the fluorescence wavelength changes of SPOC-SQ framework. Thus, the unique gate-opening sorption attribute of SPOC-SQ-a crystals toward C2H2 enables its potential applications for gas separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, HIT Campus of University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Hao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huiming Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Lee C, Hsu L, Lien C, Huang P, Yang J. Mechanochromic and vapochromic fluorescence of a bulky
π‐system
: Alkyl
chain‐length
effects, triplex emission, and differential sensing of aniline vapors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin‐Han Lee
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li‐Yun Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Yu Lien
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Yu Huang
- Instrumentation Center National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jye‐Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Instrumentation Center National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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6
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Amino Acid Residues Vary the Self‐Assembly and Photophysical Properties of Diphenylamine‐Cyanostilbene‐Capped Amphiphiles. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Fast and stable vapochromic response induced through nanocrystal formation of a luminescent platinum(II) complex on periodic mesoporous organosilica. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15151. [PMID: 31641187 PMCID: PMC6806002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid vapoluminescent system exhibiting fast and repeatable response was constructed using periodic mesoporous organosilica with bipyridine moieties (BPy-PMO) and a Pt(II) complex bearing a potentially luminescent 2-phenylpyridinato (ppy) ligand. An intense red luminescence appeared when the Pt(II)-complex immobilised BPy-PMO was exposed to methanol vapour and disappeared on exposure to pyridine vapour. The ON-OFF vapochromic behaviour occurred repeatedly in a methanol/pyridine/heating cycle. Interestingly, a rapid response was achieved in the second cycle and cycles thereafter. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM/TEM), absorption and emission, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, and powder X-ray diffraction indicated that methanol vapour induced Si-C cleavage and thus liberated [Pt(ppy)(bpy)]Cl (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) from the BPy-PMO framework. Furthermore, the self-assembling properties of the Pt(II) complex resulted in the formation of highly luminescent micro/nanocrystals that were homogeneously dispersed on the porous support. The unique vapoluminescence triggered by the unprecedented protodesilylation on exposure to protic solvent vapour at room temperature is attributable to BPy-PMO being a giant ligand and an effective vapour condenser. Consequently, this hybrid system presents a new strategy for developing sensors using bulk powdery materials.
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Jin Y, Lv M, Tao Y, Xu S, He J, Zhang J, Zhao W. A water-soluble BODIPY-based fluorescent probe for rapid and selective detection of hypochlorous acid in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:569-575. [PMID: 31085435 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized 4,4-di-(4'-methylmercaptophenoxy)-8-(N-methylpyridinium-2-yl)-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (probe 1) as a water-soluble BODIPY derivative for rapid and selective detection of hypochlorous acid. The pyridinium-2-yl linked at the meso position of BODIPY core was used to maintain highly fluorescent nature and to increase water solubility. Methylmercaptophenoxy was selected as responsive site installed on the boron atom (to replace the fluorine atom) and induced the photoinduced electron-transfer (PeT) effect to quench the fluorescence of BODIPY. The probe exhibited 83.9 μg mL-1 solubility in PBS (10 mM, pH 7.4), and possessed very low fluorescence (Φf = 0.0013). Upon addition of HClO, the probe could display a distinct response in 1 min and generate marked fluorescence enhancement by 100-fold due to the oxidation of thioether into sulfoxide to terminate PeT process. A limit of detection of 53 nM was calculated for HClO in the linear response range from 0 μM to 10 μM, and the probe was successfully applied to image HClO in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Minghuan Lv
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Yuanfang Tao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Shuang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jinling He
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China.
| | - Weili Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Peng L, Wei R, Guo Y, Zheng X, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Xiang Y, Tong A. Tuning Emission Wavelength of Polymorphous Crystal via Controllable Alkyl Chain Stacking and Its Vapor- and Thermo-Responsive Fluorescence. Chemistry 2019; 25:8043-8052. [PMID: 30916836 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuning fluorescence colour of solid-state materials has become a topic of increasing interest for both fundamental mechanism study and practical applications such as sensors, optical recording and security printing. In this work, a fluorescent colour tuneable molecule BA-C16 is rationally designed and facilely synthesized by attaching flexible long alkyl chains to 2-hydroxybenzophenone azine (BA), which shows both aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) characteristics. Compared to BA, the simple introduction of long alkyl chains in BA-C16 leads to an emission wavelength redshift from 542 to 558 nm. This strategy of extending emission wavelength is rarely reported, and is ascribed to the enlarged through-space π-conjugation between interplanar molecules in the aggregate of BA-C16. Three crystals of BA-C16 are obtained with green, yellowish green and yellow emission. According to characterization by X-ray crystallography, X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, alkyl chains play an important role in inducing different stacking modes of the three crystals, which further leads to polymorph-dependent fluorescence colour. BA-C16 exhibits tuneable solid-state fluorescence upon vapor fumigation, or annealing based on a transition between a "near-monomer" crystalline state and a "dimer" crystalline state. BA-C16 is further applied for rewritable fluorescence printing tuned by vapor- and thermal-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ruirui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,RDFZ Chaoyang Branch School, 8 Sun Palace South Street, Beijing, 100028, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Aijun Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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