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Magnussen OM, Drnec J, Qiu C, Martens I, Huang JJ, Chattot R, Singer A. In Situ and Operando X-ray Scattering Methods in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:629-721. [PMID: 38253355 PMCID: PMC10870989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical and electrocatalytic processes are of key importance for the transition to a sustainable energy supply as well as for a wide variety of other technologically relevant fields. Further development of these processes requires in-depth understanding of the atomic, nano, and micro scale structure of the materials and interfaces in electrochemical devices under reaction conditions. We here provide a comprehensive review of in situ and operando studies by X-ray scattering methods, which are powerful and highly versatile tools to provide such understanding. We discuss the application of X-ray scattering to a wide variety of electrochemical systems, ranging from metal and oxide single crystals to nanoparticles and even full devices. We show how structural data on bulk phases, electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and nanoscale morphology can be obtained and describe recent developments that provide highly local information and insight into the composition and electronic structure. These X-ray scattering studies yield insights into the structure in the double layer potential range as well as into the structural evolution during electrocatalytic processes and phase formation reactions, such as nucleation and growth during electrodeposition and dissolution, the formation of passive films, corrosion processes, and the electrochemical intercalation into battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht-Haensel
Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF,
Experiments Division, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jason J. Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- ICGM,
Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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2
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Zhao J, Lian J, Zhao Z, Wang X, Zhang J. A Review of In-Situ Techniques for Probing Active Sites and Mechanisms of Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reactions. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 15:19. [PMID: 36580130 PMCID: PMC9800687 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the most important reactions in electrochemical energy technologies such as fuel cells and metal-O2/air batteries, etc. However, the essential catalysts to overcome its slow reaction kinetic always undergo a complex dynamic evolution in the actual catalytic process, and the concomitant intermediates and catalytic products also occur continuous conversion and reconstruction. This makes them difficult to be accurately captured, making the identification of ORR active sites and the elucidation of ORR mechanisms difficult. Thus, it is necessary to use extensive in-situ characterization techniques to proceed the real-time monitoring of the catalyst structure and the evolution state of intermediates and products during ORR. This work reviews the major advances in the use of various in-situ techniques to characterize the catalytic processes of various catalysts. Specifically, the catalyst structure evolutions revealed directly by in-situ techniques are systematically summarized, such as phase, valence, electronic transfer, coordination, and spin states varies. In-situ revelation of intermediate adsorption/desorption behavior, and the real-time monitoring of the product nucleation, growth, and reconstruction evolution are equally emphasized in the discussion. Other interference factors, as well as in-situ signal assignment with the aid of theoretical calculations, are also covered. Finally, some major challenges and prospects of in-situ techniques for future catalysts research in the ORR process are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiujun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, People's Republic of China.
- Institute for Sustainable Energy/College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Yang X, Chen J, Tan G, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Liu W, Li Y. A density functional theory study of catalytic oxygen reduction reaction on Co-CoO(111). MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Enhanced oxygen reduction activity with rare earth metal alloy catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Landers AT, Koshy DM, Lee SH, Drisdell WS, Davis RC, Hahn C, Mehta A, Jaramillo TF. A refraction correction for buried interfaces applied to in situ grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction studies on Pd electrodes. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:919-923. [PMID: 33949999 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In situ characterization of electrochemical systems can provide deep insights into the structure of electrodes under applied potential. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) is a particularly valuable tool owing to its ability to characterize the near-surface structure of electrodes through a layer of electrolyte, which is of paramount importance in surface-mediated processes such as catalysis and adsorption. Corrections for the refraction that occurs as an X-ray passes through an interface have been derived for a vacuum-material interface. In this work, a more general form of the refraction correction was developed which can be applied to buried interfaces, including liquid-solid interfaces. The correction is largest at incidence angles near the critical angle for the interface and decreases at angles larger and smaller than the critical angle. Effective optical constants are also introduced which can be used to calculate the critical angle for total external reflection at the interface. This correction is applied to GIXRD measurements of an aqueous electrolyte-Pd interface, demonstrating that the correction allows for the comparison of GIXRD measurements at multiple incidence angles. This work improves quantitative analysis of d-spacing values from GIXRD measurements of liquid-solid systems, facilitating the connection between electrochemical behavior and structure under in situ conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Landers
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David M Koshy
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Soo Hong Lee
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ryan C Davis
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Christopher Hahn
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas F Jaramillo
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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6
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Sebastián-Pascual P, Jordão Pereira I, Escudero-Escribano M. Tailored electrocatalysts by controlled electrochemical deposition and surface nanostructuring. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13261-13272. [PMID: 33104137 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled electrodeposition and surface nanostructuring are very promising approaches to tailor the structure of the electrocatalyst surface, with the aim to enhance their efficiency for sustainable energy conversion reactions. In this highlight, we first summarise different strategies to modify the structure of the electrode surface at the atomic and sub-monolayer level for applications in electrocatalysis. We discuss aspects such as structure sensitivity and electronic and geometric effects in electrocatalysis. Nanostructured surfaces are finally introduced as more scalable electrocatalysts, where morphology, cluster size, shape and distribution play an essential role and can be finely tuned. Controlled electrochemical deposition and selective engineering of the surface structure are key to design more active, selective and stable electrocatalysts towards a decarbonised energy scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sebastián-Pascual
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Inês Jordão Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - María Escudero-Escribano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Investigation of Platinum–Gadolinium Thin Films with Different Stoichiometry for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10090978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alloys of platinum and lanthanides present a remarkable activity for the oxygen reduction reaction—both in the form of extended surfaces and nanoparticulate catalysts. Co-sputter-deposited thin film catalysts based on platinum and gadolinium show great oxygen reduction activity improvement over pure Pt. The sputter-deposition technique represents a viable and versatile approach for investigating model catalyst systems with different compositions. In this work, co-sputtered Pt5Gd and Pt7.5Gd thin films were investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy as well as standardized electrochemical techniques. These investigations revealed the importance of forming alloys with specific stoichiometry, supporting the need of forming compressively strained Pt overlayers in order to achieve optimum catalytic performances.
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9
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10
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Bergmann A, Roldan Cuenya B. Operando Insights into Nanoparticle Transformations during Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arno Bergmann
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Lee C, Wang H, Zhao M, Yang T, Vara M, Xia Y. One‐Pot Synthesis of Pd@Pt
n
L
Core‐Shell Icosahedral Nanocrystals in High Throughput through a Quantitative Analysis of the Reduction Kinetics. Chemistry 2019; 25:5322-5329. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Ta Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Helan Wang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Tung‐Han Yang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Madeline Vara
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
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12
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Farmand M, Landers AT, Lin JC, Feaster JT, Beeman JW, Ye Y, Clark EL, Higgins D, Yano J, Davis RC, Mehta A, Jaramillo TF, Hahn C, Drisdell WS. Electrochemical flow cell enabling operando probing of electrocatalyst surfaces by X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5402-5408. [PMID: 30785434 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07423b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rational improvement of current and developing electrochemical technologies requires atomistic understanding of electrode-electrolyte interfaces. However, examining these interfaces under operando conditions, where performance is typically evaluated and benchmarked, remains challenging, as it necessitates incorporating an operando probe during full electrochemical operation. In this study, we describe a custom electrochemical flow cell that enables near-surface-sensitive operando investigation of planar thin-film catalysts at significant hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rates (in excess of -100 mA cm-2) using grazing incidence X-ray methods. Grazing-incidence X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction were implemented on the same sample under identical HER conditions, demonstrating how the combined measurements track changing redox chemistry and structure of Cu thin-film catalyst surfaces as a function of electrochemical conditions. The coupling of these methods with improved mass transport and hydrodynamic control establishes a new paradigm for operando measurement design, enabling unique insights into the key fundamental processes occurring at the catalyst-electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farmand
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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