1
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Zhang B, Lee H, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Shape-Complementary Multicomponent Assembly of Low-Symmetry Co(III)Salphen-Based Coordination Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404682. [PMID: 38573026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
While metal-mediated self-assembly is a popular technique to construct discrete nanosized objects, highly symmetric structures, built from one type of ligand at a time, are dominating reported systems. The tailored integration of a set of different ligands requires sophisticated approaches to avoid narcissistic separation or formation of statistical mixtures. Here, we demonstrate how the combination of three structure-guiding effects (metal-templated macrocyclization, additional bridging ligands and shape-complementarity) based on Co(III)salphen metal nodes allows for a rational and high-yielding synthesis of structurally complex, lantern-shaped cages with up to four differentiable bridges. Three new heteroleptic coordination cages based on dinuclear Co(III)salphen macrocycles were synthesized in a one-pot reaction approach and fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray analyses. One cage groups two of the same ligands, another two different ligands around a symmetric Co2-bis-salphen ring. In the most complex structure, this ring is unsymmetric, rendering all four connections between the two metal centers distinguishable. While heteroleptic assembly around Pd(II) nodes has been shown to be dynamic, beneficial for cage-to-cage transformations, assembly cascades and adaptive systems, the herein introduced cages based on kinetically more inert Co(III)salphen will be advantageous for applications in enzyme-like catalysis and molecular machinery that require enhanced structural and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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2
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Zhu R, Song Y, Hu J, Zhu K, Liu L, Jiang Y, Xie L, Pang H. Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Grown on the Nickel-Based Hydroxide to Realize High-Performance Electrochemical Glucose Sensing. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400982. [PMID: 38533890 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Glucose holds significant importance in disease diagnosis as well as beverage quality monitoring. The high-efficiency electrochemical sensor plays a crucial role in the electrochemical conversion technology. Ni(OH)2 nanosheets are provided with high specific surface area and redox activity that are widely used in electrochemistry. Conductive metal-organic frameworks (cMOFs) perfectly combine the structural controllability of organic materials with the long-range ordering of inorganic materials that possess the characteristic of high electron mobility. Based on the above considerations, the combination of Ni(OH)2 and Ni-HHTP (HHTP=2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) as an electrode modification material is designed to enhance electrochemical performance. In this work, to improve glucose detection, a sequence of Ni(OH)2@NiCo-HHTP and NiM-LDH@Ni-HHTP (M=Co2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, LDH=layered double hydroxide) are successfully synthesised by doping metals into Ni-HHTP and Ni(OH)2, respectively. As a result, NiCu-LDH@Ni-HHTP showed the best excellent glucose detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhen Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jinliang Hu
- Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Group Co. Ltd., Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Keda Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P. R. China
| | - Limei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P. R. China
| | - Liru Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P. R. China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, P. R. China
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3
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Davies JA, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Triamine and Tetramine Edge-Length Matching Drives Heteroleptic Triangular and Tetragonal Prism Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5215-5223. [PMID: 38349121 PMCID: PMC10910536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heteroleptic metal-organic capsules, which incorporate more than one type of ligand, can provide enclosed, anisotropic interior cavities for binding low-symmetry molecules of biological and industrial importance. However, the selective self-assembly of a single mixed-ligand architecture, as opposed to the numerous other possible self-assembly outcomes, remains a challenge. Here, we develop a design strategy for the subcomponent self-assembly of heteroleptic metal-organic architectures with anisotropic internal void spaces. Zn6Tet3Tri2 triangular prismatic and Zn8Tet2Tet'4 tetragonal prismatic architectures were prepared through careful matching of the side lengths of the tritopic (Tri) or tetratopic (Tet, Tet') and panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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4
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Abe T, Sanada N, Takeuchi K, Okazawa A, Hiraoka S. Assembly of Six Types of Heteroleptic Pd 2L 4 Cages under Kinetic Control. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:28061-28074. [PMID: 38096127 PMCID: PMC10755705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Heteroleptic assemblies composed of several kinds of building blocks have been seen in nature. It is still unclear how natural systems design and create such complicated assemblies selectively. Past efforts on multicomponent self-assembly of artificial metal-organic cages have mainly focused on finding a suitable combination of building blocks to lead to a single multicomponent self-assembly as the thermodynamically most stable product. Here, we present another approach to selectively produce multicomponent Pd(II)-based self-assemblies under kinetic control based on the selective ligand exchanges of weak Pd-L coordination bonds retaining the original orientation of the metal centers in a kinetically stabilized cyclic structure and on local reversibility given in certain areas of the energy landscape in the presence of the assist molecule that facilitates error correction of coordination bonds. The kinetic approach enabled us to build all six types of Pd2L4 cages and heteroleptic tetranuclear cages composed of three kinds of ditopic ligands. Although the cage complexes thus obtained are metastable, they are stable for 1 month or more at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Abe
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naoki Sanada
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takeuchi
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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5
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Molinska P, Tarzia A, Male L, Jelfs KE, Lewis JEM. Diastereoselective Self-Assembly of Low-Symmetry Pd n L 2n Nanocages through Coordination-Sphere Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315451. [PMID: 37888946 PMCID: PMC10952360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are popular host architectures assembled from ligands and metal ions/nodes. Assembling structurally complex, low-symmetry MOCs with anisotropic cavities can be limited by the formation of statistical isomer libraries. We set out to investigate the use of primary coordination-sphere engineering (CSE) to bias isomer selectivity within homo- and heteroleptic Pdn L2n cages. Unexpected differences in selectivities between alternative donor groups led us to recognise the significant impact of the second coordination sphere on isomer stabilities. From this, molecular-level insight into the origins of selectivity between cis and trans diastereoisomers was gained, highlighting the importance of both host-guest and host-solvent interactions, in addition to ligand design. This detailed understanding allows precision engineering of low-symmetry MOC assemblies without wholesale redesign of the ligand framework, and fundamentally provides a theoretical scaffold for the development of stimuli-responsive, shape-shifting MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Molinska
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TorinoItaly
| | - Louise Male
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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6
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Preston D, Evans JD. A Lantern-Shaped Pd(II) Cage Constructed from Four Different Low-Symmetry Ligands with Positional and Orientational Control: An Ancillary Pairings Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314378. [PMID: 37816684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the key challenges of metallo-supramolecular chemistry is to maintain the ease of self-assembly but, at the same time, create structures of increasingly high levels of complexity. In palladium(II) quadruply stranded lantern-shaped cages, this has been achieved through either 1) the formation of heteroleptic (multi-ligand) assemblies, or 2) homoleptic assemblies from low-symmetry ligands. Heteroleptic cages formed from low-symmetry ligands, a hybid of these two approaches, would add an additional rich level of complexity but no examples of these have been reported. Here we use a system of ancillary complementary ligand pairings at the termini of cage ligands to target heteroleptic assemblies: these complementary pairs can only interact (through coordination to a single Pd(II) metal ion) between ligands in a cis position on the cage. Complementarity between each pair (and orthogonality to other pairs) is controlled by denticity (tridentate to monodentate or bidentate to bidentate) and/or hydrogen-bonding capability (AA to DD or AD to DA). This allows positional and orientational control over ligands with different ancillary sites. By using this approach, we have successfully used low-symmetry ligands to synthesise complex heteroleptic cages, including an example with four different low-symmetry ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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7
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Pearcy AC, Lisboa LS, Preston D, Page NB, Lawrence T, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. Exploiting reduced-symmetry ligands with pyridyl and imidazole donors to construct a second-generation stimuli-responsive heterobimetallic [PdPtL 4] 4+ cage. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8615-8623. [PMID: 37592996 PMCID: PMC10430685 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01354e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new sequential metalation strategy that enables the assembly of a new more robust reduced symmetry heterobimetallic [PdPtL4]4+ cage C is reported. By exploiting a low-symmetry ditopic ligand (L) that features imidazole and pyridine donor units we were able to selectively form a [Pt(L)4]2+ "open-cage" complex. When this was treated with Pd(ii) ions the cage C assembled. 1H and DOSY nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESIMS) data were consistent with the quantitative formation of the cage and the heterobimetallic structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The cage C was shown to bind anionic guest molecules. NMR studies suggested that these guests interacted with the cavity of the cage in a specific orientation and this was confirmed for the mesylate ion (MsO-) : C host-guest adduct using X-ray crystallography. In addition, the system was shown to be stimulus-responsive and could be opened and closed on demand when treated with appropriate stimuli. If a guest molecule was bound within the cage, the opening and closing was accompanied by the release and re-uptake of the guest molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aston C Pearcy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Lynn S Lisboa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Nick B Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Tristan Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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8
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Vasdev RAS, Preston D, Casey-Stevens CA, Martí-Centelles V, Lusby PJ, Garden AL, Crowley JD. Exploiting Supramolecular Interactions to Control Isomer Distributions in Reduced-Symmetry [Pd 2L 4] 4+ Cages. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1833-1844. [PMID: 35604785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-symmetry metallosupramolecular architectures (MSAs) have been exploited for a range of applications including molecular recognition, catalysis, and drug delivery. Recently, there have been increasing efforts to enhance those applications by generating reduced-symmetry MSAs. Here we report our attempts to use supramolecular (dispersion and hydrogen-bonding) forces and solvophobic effects to generate isomerically pure [Pd2(L)4]4+ cage architectures from a family of new reduced-symmetry ditopic tripyridyl ligands. The reduced-symmetry tripyridyl ligands featured either solvophilic polyether chains, solvophobic alkyl chains, or amino substituents. We show using NMR spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, X-ray diffraction data, and density functional theory calculations that the combination of dispersion forces and solvophobic effects does not provide any control of the [Pd2(L)4]4+ isomer distribution with mixtures of all four cage isomers (HHHH, HHHT, cis-HHTT, or trans-HTHT, where H = head and T = tail) obtained in each case. More control was obtained by exploiting hydrogen-bonding interactions between amino units. While the cage assembly with a 3-amino-substituted tripyridyl ligand leads to a mixture of all four possible isomers, the related 2-amino-substituted tripyridyl ligand generated a cis-HHTT cage architecture. Formation of the cis-HHTT [Pd2(L)4]4+ cage was confirmed using NMR studies and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roan A S Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin A Casey-Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Paul J Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Anna L Garden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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9
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Liu Y, Liao SH, Dai WT, Bai Q, Lu S, Wang H, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang P, Lu W, Zhang Q. Controlled Construction of Heteroleptic [Pd 2 (L A ) 2 (L B )(L C )] 4+ Cages: A Facile Approach for Site-Selective endo-Functionalization of Supramolecular Cavities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217215. [PMID: 36495225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Construction of supramolecular structures with internal functionalities is a promising approach to build enzyme-like cavities. The endo-functionalized [Pd12 L24 ] and [Pd2 L4 ] coordination cages represent the most successful systems in this regard. However, these systems mainly contain one type of endo-moiety. We herein provide a solution for the controlled endo-functionalization of [Pd2 L4 ] cages. Site-selective introduction of the endo-functional group was achieved through the formation of heteroleptic [Pd2 (LA )2 (LB )(LC )] cages. Using two orthogonal steric control elements is the key for the selective formation of the hetero-assemblies. We demonstrated the construction of two hetero-cages with a single internal functional group as well as a hetero-cage with two distinct endohedral functionalities. The endo-functionalized hetero-cages bound sulfonate guests with fast-exchange dynamics. This strategy provides a new solution for the controlled endo-functionalization of supramolecular cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Heng Liao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Qixia Bai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Experimental Building, P112, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Experimental Building, P112, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Experimental Building, P112, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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10
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Tang X, Meng C, Rampal N, Li A, Chen X, Gong W, Jiang H, Fairen-Jimenez D, Cui Y, Liu Y. Homochiral Porous Metal-Organic Polyhedra with Multiple Kinds of Vertices. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2561-2571. [PMID: 36649535 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra featuring non-Archimedean/Platonic architectures with multiple kinds of vertices have aroused great attention for their fascinating structures and properties but are yet challenging to achieve. Here, we report a combinatorial strategy to make such nonclassic polyhedral cages by combining kinetically labile metal ions with non-planar organic linkers instead of the usual only inert metal centers and planar ligands. This facilitates the synthesis of an enantiopure twisted tetra(3-pyridyl)-based TADDOL (TADDOL = tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol) ligand (L) capable of binding Ni(II) ions to produce a regular convex cage, Ni6L8, with two mixed metal/organic vertices and three rarely reported concave cages Ni14L8, Ni18L12, and Ni24L16 with three or four mixed vertices. Each of the cages has an amphiphilic cavity decorated with chiral dihydroxyl functionalities and packs into a three-dimensional structure. The enantioselective adsorption and separation performances of the cages are strongly dependent on their pore structure features. Particularly, Ni14L8 and Ni18L12 with wide openings can be solid adsorbents for the adsorptive and solid-phase extractive separation of a variety of racemic spirodiols with up to 98% ee, whereas Ni6L8 and Ni24L16 with smaller pore apertures cannot adsorb the racemates. The combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the host-guest adduct and GCMC simulation indicates that the enantiospecific recognition capabilities originate from the well-organized chiral inner sphere as well as multiple interactions within the chiral microenvironment. This work therefore provides an attractive strategy for the rational design of polyhedral cages, showing geometrically fascinating structures with properties different from those of classic assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunlong Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nakul Rampal
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Aurelia Li
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Xu Chen
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Wei Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - David Fairen-Jimenez
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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11
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Horiuchi S, Yamaguchi T, Tessarolo J, Tanaka H, Sakuda E, Arikawa Y, Meggers E, Clever GH, Umakoshi K. Symmetry-breaking host-guest assembly in a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:155. [PMID: 36631447 PMCID: PMC9834293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-inspired self-assembly is invaluable to create well-defined giant structures from small molecular units. Owing to a large entropy loss in the self-assembly process, highly symmetric structures are typically obtained as thermodynamic products while formation of low symmetric assemblies is still challenging. In this study, we report the symmetry-breaking self-assembly of a defined C1-symmetric supramolecular structure from an Oh-symmetric hydrogen-bonded resorcin[4]arene capsule and C2-symmetric cationic bis-cyclometalated Ir complexes, carrying sterically demanding tertiary butyl (tBu) groups, on the basis of synergistic effects of weak binding forces. The flexible capsule framework shows a large structural change upon guest binding to form a distorted resorcin[4]arene hexameric capsule, providing an asymmetric cavity. Location of the chiral guest inside the anisotropic environment leads to modulation of its Electric Dipole (ED) and Magnetic Dipole (MD) transition moments in the excited state, causing an increased emission quantum yield, longer emission lifetime, and enhancement of the dissymmetry factor (glum) in the circularly polarized luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Horiuchi
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany. .,Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hirotaka Tanaka
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Eri Sakuda
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Arikawa
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Keisuke Umakoshi
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
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12
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Lewis JEM. Pseudo-heterolepticity in Low-Symmetry Metal-Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212392. [PMID: 36074024 PMCID: PMC9828238 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heteroleptic metal-organic cages, formed through integrative self-assembly of ligand mixtures, are highly attractive as reduced symmetry supramolecular hosts. Ensuring high-fidelity, non-statistical self-assembly, however, presents a significant challenge in molecular engineering due to the inherent difficulty in predicting thermodynamic energy landscapes. In this work, two conceptual strategies are described that circumvent this issue, using ligand design strategies to access structurally sophisticated metal-organic hosts. Using these approaches, it was possible to realise cavity environments described by two inequivalent, unsymmetrical ligand frameworks, representing a significant step forward in the construction of highly anisotropic confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B15 2TTUK,Previous address: Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College London82 Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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13
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Li RJ, Tarzia A, Posligua V, Jelfs KE, Sanchez N, Marcus A, Baksi A, Clever GH, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Orientational self-sorting in cuboctahedral Pd cages. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11912-11917. [PMID: 36320919 PMCID: PMC9580501 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03856k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuboctahedral coordination cages of the general formula [Pd12L24]24+ (L = low-symmetry ligand) were analyzed theoretically and experimentally. With 350 696 potential isomers, the structural space of these assemblies is vast. Orientational self-sorting refers to the preferential formation of particular isomers within the pool of potential structures. Geometric and computational analyses predict the preferred formation of cages with a cis arrangement at the metal centers. This prediction was corroborated experimentally by synthesizing a [Pd12L24]24+ cage with a bridging 3-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)pyridine ligand. A crystallographic analysis of this assembly showed exclusive cis coordination of the 3- and the 4-pyridyl donor groups at the Pd2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Li
- Institut of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Victor Posligua
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | | | - Adam Marcus
- Institut of Mathematics, EPFL Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Universität Dortmund Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Universität Dortmund Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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14
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Lewis J. Pseudo‐heterolepticity in Low‐Symmetry Metal‐Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Lewis
- University of Birmingham School of Chemistry Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham UNITED KINGDOM
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15
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Qin Y, Xiong J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zeng M. Construction of Photo‐Responsive Pd
2
L
4
‐Type Nanocages based on Feringa's Second‐Generation Motor and Its Guest Binding Ability for C
60. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201821. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Qin
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Xiong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Quan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Ming‐Hua Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004 P. R. China
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16
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Li S, Cai L, Hong M, Chen Q, Sun Q. Combinatorial Self‐Assembly of Coordination Cages with Systematically Fine‐Tuned Cavities for Efficient Co‐Encapsulation and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204732. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 (P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 (P. R. China
| | - Li‐Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 (P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 (P. R. China
| | - Maochun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 (P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 (P. R. China
| | - Qihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 (P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 (P. R. China
| | - Qing‐Fu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 (P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 (P. R. China
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17
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Zhu J, Li C, Li X, Wang Q, Zou L. Different-shaped ligand mediating efficient structurally similar cage-to-cage transformation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Benchimol E, Nguyen BNT, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Transformation networks of metal-organic cages controlled by chemical stimuli. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5101-5135. [PMID: 35661155 PMCID: PMC9207707 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00801j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The flexibility of biomolecules enables them to adapt and transform as a result of signals received from the external environment, expressing different functions in different contexts. In similar fashion, coordination cages can undergo stimuli-triggered transformations owing to the dynamic nature of the metal-ligand bonds that hold them together. Different types of stimuli can trigger dynamic reconfiguration of these metal-organic assemblies, to switch on or off desired functionalities. Such adaptable systems are of interest for applications in switchable catalysis, selective molecular recognition or as transformable materials. This review highlights recent advances in the transformation of cages using chemical stimuli, providing a catalogue of reported strategies to transform cages and thus allow the creation of new architectures. Firstly we focus on strategies for transformation through the introduction of new cage components, which trigger reconstitution of the initial set of components. Secondly we summarize conversions triggered by external stimuli such as guests, concentration, solvent or pH, highlighting the adaptation processes that coordination cages can undergo. Finally, systems capable of responding to multiple stimuli are described. Such systems constitute composite chemical networks with the potential for more complex behaviour. We aim to offer new perspectives on how to design transformation networks, in order to shed light on signal-driven transformation processes that lead to the preparation of new functional metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Bao-Nguyen T Nguyen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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19
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Li SC, Cai LX, Hong M, Chen Q, Sun QF. Combinatorial Self‐Assembly of Coordination Cages with Systematically Fine‐Tuned Cavities for Efficient Co‐Encapsulation and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chuan Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter State Key Laboratory of Strutral Chemistry CHINA
| | - Li-Xuan Cai
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter State Key Laboratory of Strutral Chemistry CHINA
| | - Maochun Hong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter State Key Laboratory of Strutral Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qihui Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter State Key Laboratory of Strutral Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry 155 Yangqiao Road West 350002 Fuzhou CHINA
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20
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Piskorz TK, Martí-Centelles V, Young TA, Lusby PJ, Duarte F. Computational Modeling of Supramolecular Metallo-organic Cages-Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2022; 12:5806-5826. [PMID: 35633896 PMCID: PMC9127791 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Self-assembled
metallo-organic
cages have emerged as promising
biomimetic platforms that can encapsulate whole substrates akin to
an enzyme active site. Extensive experimental work has enabled access
to a variety of structures, with a few notable examples showing catalytic
behavior. However, computational investigations of metallo-organic
cages are scarce, not least due to the challenges associated with
their modeling and the lack of accurate and efficient protocols to
evaluate these systems. In this review, we discuss key molecular principles
governing the design of functional metallo-organic cages, from the
assembly of building blocks through binding and catalysis. For each
of these processes, computational protocols will be reviewed, considering
their inherent strengths and weaknesses. We will demonstrate that
while each approach may have its own specific pitfalls, they can be
a powerful tool for rationalizing experimental observables and to
guide synthetic efforts. To illustrate this point, we present several
examples where modeling has helped to elucidate fundamental principles
behind molecular recognition and reactivity. We highlight the importance
of combining computational and experimental efforts to speed up supramolecular
catalyst design while reducing time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K. Piskorz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Tom A. Young
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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21
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Nguyen T, Tran NM, Park IH, Yoo H. Heteroleptic Triple-Stranded Metallosupramolecules with Hydrophobic Inner Voids. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13067-13074. [PMID: 35474782 PMCID: PMC9026104 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The systematic combination of well-defined coordination spheres and multiple types of ligands (heteroleptic) can lead to the generation of hierarchical metallosupramolecules with a high level of complexity and functionality. In particular, a specific multilevel coordination-driven assembly through the initiate generation of multinuclear clusters can form unique heteroleptic multiple-stranded supramolecular complexes. Herein, we report novel triple-stranded nickel-based supramolecules constructed from two different ditopic ligands ([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-dicarboxylate (TP) and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate (PDA)) and a nickel precursor. The solid-state structures of the as-synthesized supramolecules revealed that three PDA ligands are employed to fabricate a tetranuclear ({Ni4}) cluster, and two {Ni4} clusters are assembled to form the final triple-stranded metallosupramolecules by three TP ligands. The bridging TP ligands also provide large inner voids with highly hydrophobic environments. Structural investigation of the generated complexes provided a deeper understanding of the aspects driving the formation of heteroleptic supramolecules, which is crucial for the design of multiple-strands with desired morphologies and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh
Nhan Nguyen
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Minh Tran
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyeok Park
- Graduate
School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojong Yoo
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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22
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McTernan CT, Davies JA, Nitschke JR. Beyond Platonic: How to Build Metal-Organic Polyhedra Capable of Binding Low-Symmetry, Information-Rich Molecular Cargoes. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10393-10437. [PMID: 35436092 PMCID: PMC9185692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
field of metallosupramolecular chemistry has advanced rapidly
in recent years. Much work in this area has focused on the formation
of hollow self-assembled metal-organic architectures and exploration
of the applications of their confined nanospaces. These discrete,
soluble structures incorporate metal ions as ‘glue’
to link organic ligands together into polyhedra.Most of the architectures
employed thus far have been highly symmetrical, as these have been
the easiest to prepare. Such high-symmetry structures contain pseudospherical
cavities, and so typically bind roughly spherical guests. Biomolecules
and high-value synthetic compounds are rarely isotropic, highly-symmetrical
species. To bind, sense, separate, and transform such substrates,
new, lower-symmetry, metal-organic cages are needed. Herein we summarize
recent approaches, which taken together form the first draft of a
handbook for the design of higher-complexity, lower-symmetry, self-assembled
metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T McTernan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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23
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Findlay J, Patil K, Gardiner M, MacDermott-Opeskin H, O'mAra M, Kruger P, Preston D. Heteroleptic tripalladium(II) cages. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200093. [PMID: 35139260 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a concerted attempt to develop self-assembled metallo-cages of greater structural complexity, and heteroleptic Pd II cages are emerging as prime candidates in these efforts. Most of these are dinuclear: few examples of higher nuclearity have been reported. We demonstrate here a robust method for the formation of tripalladium(II) cages from the 2:3:3 combination of a tritopic ligand, Pd II , and a selection of ditopic ligands of the correct size and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Findlay
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, AUSTRALIA
| | - Komal Patil
- University of Canterbury, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Michael Gardiner
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Megan O'mAra
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, AUSTRALIA
| | - Paul Kruger
- University of Canterbury, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Dan Preston
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, Building 137, Sullivan Creek Road, 26010, Australia, 9200, Canberra, AUSTRALIA
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24
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Chen B, Holstein JJ, Platzek A, Schneider L, Wu K, Clever GH. Cooperativity of steric bulk and H-bonding in coordination sphere engineering: heteroleptic Pd II cages and bowls by design. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1829-1834. [PMID: 35282629 PMCID: PMC8826863 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06931d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed self-assembly strategies allow to rationally reduce the symmetry of metallosupramolecular architectures. In addition, the combination of multiple ligand types without creating compound mixtures has become possible. Among several approaches to realize non-statistical heteroleptic assembly, Coordination Sphere Engineering (CSE) makes use of secondary repulsive or attractive interactions in direct vicinity of the metal nodes. Previously, we used steric congestion to turn dinuclear [Pd2L4] cages with fourfold symmetry into [Pd2L3X2] (X = solvent, halide) bowl structures. Here, we introduce a new subtype of this strategy based on balancing hydrogen bonding and repulsive interactions between ligands carrying quinoline (LQu) and 1,8-naphthyridine (LNa) donors to generate trans-[Pd2L2] and [Pd2L3L′] cages, assisted by templation of encapsulated fullerenes. Combined with steric congestion caused by acridine (LAc) donors, we further report the first example of a heteroleptic [Pd2L2L′X2] bowl. Formation, structure and fullerene binding ability of these metallo-supramolecular hosts were studied by NMR, mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Coordination Sphere Engineering (CSE) allows non-statistical assembly of heteroleptic supramolecular architectures by fine adjustment of steric and electronic features around square-planar Pd(ii) cations with naphthyridine donors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany .,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - André Platzek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Laura Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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25
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Lewis JEM. Molecular engineering of confined space in metal–organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13873-13886. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The host–guest chemistry of metal–organic cages can be modified through tailoring of structural aspects such as size, shape and functionality. In this review, strategies, opportunities and challenges of such molecular engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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26
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Ronson TK, Carpenter JP, Nitschke JR. Dynamic optimization of guest binding in a library of diastereomeric heteroleptic coordination cages. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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Yu H, Li J, Shan C, Lu T, Jiang X, Shi J, Wojtas L, Zhang H, Wang M. Conformational Control of a Metallo-Supramolecular Cage via the Dissymmetrical Modulation of Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26523-26527. [PMID: 34779543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In nature as well as life systems, the presence of asymmetrical and dissymmetrical structures with specific functions is extremely common. However, the construction of metallo-supramolecular assemblies based on dissymmetrical ligands still remains a considerable challenge for avoiding the generation of unexpected isomers with similar thermodynamic stabilities, especially for three-dimensional supramolecular structures. In this study, a strategy for the conformational control of metallo-supramolecular cages via the enhancement of ligand dissymmetry was proposed. Four dissymmetrical ditopic ligands were designed and synthesized. By increasing the dissymmetry of length or angle, conformations of assemblies were precisely controlled to form discrete cis-Pdn L2n molecular cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Chuan Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Tong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Junjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
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28
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Yu H, Li J, Shan C, Lu T, Jiang X, Shi J, Wojtas L, Zhang H, Wang M. Conformational Control of a Metallo‐Supramolecular Cage via the Dissymmetrical Modulation of Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Chuan Shan
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Tong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Junjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun Jilin 130012 China
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29
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Tarzia A, Lewis JEM, Jelfs KE. High‐Throughput Computational Evaluation of Low Symmetry Pd
2
L
4
Cages to Aid in System Design**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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30
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Tarzia A, Lewis JEM, Jelfs KE. High-Throughput Computational Evaluation of Low Symmetry Pd 2 L 4 Cages to Aid in System Design*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20879-20887. [PMID: 34254713 PMCID: PMC8518684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical ditopic ligands can self-assemble into reduced-symmetry Pd2 L4 metallo-cages with anisotropic cavities, with implications for high specificity and affinity guest-binding. Mixtures of cage isomers can form, however, resulting in undesirable system heterogeneity. It is paramount to be able to design components that preferentially form a single isomer. Previous data suggested that computational methods could predict with reasonable accuracy whether unsymmetrical ligands would preferentially self-assemble into single cage isomers under constraints of geometrical mismatch. We successfully apply a collaborative computational and experimental workflow to mitigate costly trial-and-error synthetic approaches. Our rapid computational workflow constructs unsymmetrical ligands and their Pd2 L4 cage isomers, ranking the likelihood for exclusively forming cis-Pd2 L4 assemblies. From this narrowed search space, we successfully synthesised four new, low-symmetry, cis-Pd2 L4 cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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31
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Preston D. Discrete Self-Assembled Metallo-Foldamers with Heteroleptic Sequence Specificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20027-20035. [PMID: 34263526 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Discrete and structurally diverse foldamer sequences are constructed in both natural and abiotic systems primarily using inert connectivity with irreversible organic covalent bonds, serving to preserve the identity of the sequence. The formation of sequences under thermodynamic control using labile coordination bonds would be attractive for synthetic ease and modular capability, but this presents issues regarding sequence preservation. Here is presented an approach integrating palladium(II) metal ions into the sequence itself, with fidelity maintained through use of complementary pairings of ligand arrangements at the metal centre. This is accomplished using sites of different denticity and/or hydrogen bonding capability. In this fashion, discrete and ordered metallo-sequences are formed as thermodynamic products in a single step, and these then fold into defined conformations due to π-π interactions between electron-rich and -poor aromatic regions of the combined componentry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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32
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Preston D. Discrete Self‐Assembled Metallo‐Foldamers with Heteroleptic Sequence Specificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia
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33
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Li RJ, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Tuning the Size and Geometry of Heteroleptic Coordination Cages by Varying the Ligand Bent Angle. Chemistry 2021; 27:9439-9445. [PMID: 33998736 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spherical assemblies of the type [Pdn L2n ]2n+ can be obtained from PdII salts and curved N-donor ligands, L. It is well established that the bent angle, α, of the ligand is a decisive factor in the self-assembly process, with larger angles leading to complexes with a higher nuclearity, n. Herein, we report heteroleptic coordination cages of the type [Pdn Ln L'n ]2n+ , for which a similar correlation between the ligand bent angle and the nuclearity is observed. Tetranuclear cages were obtained by combining [Pd(CH3 CN)4 ](BF4 )2 with 1,3-di(pyridin-3-yl)benzene and ligands featuring a bent angle of α=120°. The use of a dipyridyl ligand with α=149° led to the formation of a hexanuclear complex with a trigonal prismatic geometry; for linear ligands, octanuclear assemblies of the type [Pd8 L8 L'8 ]16+ were obtained. The predictable formation of heteroleptic PdII cages from 1,3-di(pyridin-3-yl)benzene and different dipyridyl ligands is evidence that there are entire classes of heteroleptic cage structures that are privileged from a thermodynamic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Li
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Zou YQ, Zhang D, Ronson TK, Tarzia A, Lu Z, Jelfs KE, Nitschke JR. Sterics and Hydrogen Bonding Control Stereochemistry and Self-Sorting in BINOL-Based Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9009-9015. [PMID: 34124891 PMCID: PMC8227477 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate how the hydrogen-bonding ability of a BINOL-based dialdehyde subcomponent dictated the stereochemical outcome of its subsequent self-assembly into one diastereomeric helicate form when bearing free hydroxy groups, and another in the case of its methylated congener. The presence of methyl groups also altered the self-sorting behavior when mixed with another, short linear dialdehyde subcomponent, switching the outcome of the system from narcissistic to integrative self-sorting. In all cases, the axial chirality of the BINOL building block also dictated helicate metal center handedness during stereospecific self-assembly. A new family of stereochemically pure heteroleptic helicates were thus prepared using the new knowledge gained. We also found that switching from FeII to ZnII, or the incorporation of a longer linear ligand, favored heteroleptic structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Quan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zifei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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35
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Tran NM, Yoo H. Recent advances in heteroleptic multiple-stranded metallosupramolecules. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:11819-11827. [PMID: 32797124 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Well-ordered combination of defined coordination spheres and multiple types of ligands (heteroleptic) in a given structure can expand the structural complexity and functional diversity of the resulting metallosupramolecules. Such heteroleptic metallosupramolecular architectures are expected to afford advanced utility in a variety of applications. In this concise review article, recent advances in the development of multi-nuclear-cluster-based heteroleptic multiple-stranded (HLMS) metallosupramolecules are summarized and demonstrated. To construct HLMS metallosupramolecules, one type of multitopic ligands can be employed for building up multiple strands, while another type of ligands can be utilized to construct multi-nuclear clusters. Most HLMS metallosupramolecules adopt helical geometries and have high molecular symmetry, which can be key factors for the structural completion. HLMS metallosupramolecules can be used as basic building blocks for the fabrication of higher-order polymeric or discrete assembly architectures with well-defined geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Tran
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyojong Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Pullen S, Tessarolo J, Clever GH. Increasing structural and functional complexity in self-assembled coordination cages. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7269-7293. [PMID: 34163819 PMCID: PMC8171321 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01226f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in metallo-supramolecular chemistry creates potential to synthesize functional nano systems and intelligent materials of increasing complexity. In the past four decades, metal-mediated self-assembly has produced a wide range of structural motifs such as helicates, grids, links, knots, spheres and cages, with particularly the latter ones catching growing attention, owing to their nano-scale cavities. Assemblies serving as hosts allow application as selective receptors, confined reaction environments and more. Recently, the field has made big steps forward by implementing dedicated functionality, e.g. catalytic centres or photoswitches to allow stimuli control. Besides incorporation in homoleptic systems, composed of one type of ligand, desire arose to include more than one function within the same assembly. Inspiration comes from natural enzymes that congregate, for example, a substrate recognition site, an allosteric regulator element and a reaction centre. Combining several functionalities without creating statistical mixtures, however, requires a toolbox of sophisticated assembly strategies. This review showcases the implementation of function into self-assembled cages and devises strategies to selectively form heteroleptic structures. We discuss first examples resulting from a combination of both principles, namely multicomponent multifunctional host-guest complexes, and their potential in application in areas such as sensing, catalysis, and photo-redox systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Pullen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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37
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Tang X, Chu D, Gong W, Cui Y, Liu Y. Metal‐Organic Cages with Missing Linker Defects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Dandan Chu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Wei Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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38
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Hawes CS. Coordination sphere hydrogen bonding as a structural element in metal-organic Frameworks. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6034-6049. [PMID: 33973587 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the design of new metal-organic frameworks, the constant challenges of framework stability and structural predictability continue to influence ligand choice in favour of well-studied dicarboxylates and similar ligands. However, a small subset of known MOF ligands contains suitable functionality for coordination sphere hydrogen bonding which can provide new opportunities in ligand design. Such interactions may serve to support and rigidity the coordination geometry of mononuclear coordination spheres, as well as providing extra thermodynamic and kinetic stabilisation to meet the challenge of hydrolytic stability in these materials. In this perspective, a collection of pyrazole, amine, amide and carboxylic acid containing species are examined through the lens of (primarily) inner-sphere hydrogen bonding. The influence of these interactions is then related to the overall structure, stability and function of these materials, to provide starting points for harnessing these interactions in future materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Hawes
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK.
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39
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Markwell-Heys AW, Schneider ML, Madridejos JML, Metha GF, Bloch WM. Self-sorting of porous Cu 4L 2L' 2 metal-organic cages composed of isomerisable ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2915-2918. [PMID: 33616581 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the self-sorting of a dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) of metal-organic cages composed of a rotationally isomerisable ligand. Convergence of the DCL occurs upon crystallisation and leads to low-symmetry Cu4L2L'2 cages that display differing porosities based on their overall shape and ligand configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew L Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | | | - Gregory F Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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40
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Wu K, Zhang B, Drechsler C, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Rückgrat‐verknüpfte Liganden erhöhen die Vielfalt in heteroleptischen Koordinationskäfigen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Bo Zhang
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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41
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Tang X, Chu D, Gong W, Cui Y, Liu Y. Metal‐Organic Cages with Missing Linker Defects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9099-9105. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Dandan Chu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Wei Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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42
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Li RJ, Tessarolo J, Lee H, Clever GH. Multi-stimuli Control over Assembly and Guest Binding in Metallo-supramolecular Hosts Based on Dithienylethene Photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3865-3873. [PMID: 33673736 PMCID: PMC7975281 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
It is difficult to
assemble multi-component metallo-supramolecular
architectures in a non-statistical fashion, which limits their development
toward functional materials. Herein, we report a system of interconverting
bowls and cages that are able to respond to various selective stimuli
(light, ligands, anions), based on the self-assembly of a photochromic
dithienylethene (DTE) ligand, La, with PdII cations. By combining the concept of “coordination
sphere engineering”, relying on bulky quinoline donors, with
reversible photoswitching between the ligand’s open (o-La) and closed (c-La) forms, a [Pd2(o-La)4] cage (o-C) and a [Pd2(c-La)3] bowl (c-B) were obtained,
respectively. This structural rearrangement modulates the system’s
guest uptake capabilities. Among three bis-sulfonate guests (G1, G2, and G3), the cage can encapsulate
only the smallest (G1), while the bowl binds all of them.
Bowl c-B was further used to synthesize
a series of heteroleptic cages, [Pd2LA3LB], representing a motif never reported before. Additional
ligands (Lc-f), with short
or long arms, tune the cavity size, thus enabling or preventing guest
uptake. Addition of Br–/Ag+ makes it
possible to change the overall charge, again triggering guest uptake
and release, as well as fourth ligand de-/recomplexation. In combination,
site-selective introduction of functionality and application of external
stimuli lead to an intricate system of hosts with different guest
preferences. A high degree of complexity is achieved through cooperativity
between only a few components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Li
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Haeri Lee
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Although many impressive metallo-supramolecular architectures have been reported, they tend towards high symmetry structures and avoid extraneous functionality to ensure high fidelity in the self-assembly process. This minimalist approach, however, limits the range of accessible structures and thus their potential applications. Herein is described the synthesis of a family of ditopic ligands wherein the ligand scaffolds are both low symmetry and incorporate exohedral functional moieties. Key to this design is the use of CuI -catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) chemistry, as the triazole is capable of acting as both a coordinating heterocycle and a tether between the ligand framework and functional unit simultaneously. A common precursor was used to generate ligands with various functionalities, allowing control of electronic properties whilst maintaining the core structure of the resultant cis-Pd2 L4 nanocage assemblies. The isostructural nature of the scaffold frameworks enabled formation of combinatorial libraries from the self-assembly of ligand mixtures, generating a statistical mixture of multi-functional, low symmetry architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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44
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Sudan S, Li RJ, Jansze SM, Platzek A, Rudolf R, Clever GH, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Identification of a Heteroleptic Pd 6L 6L' 6 Coordination Cage by Screening of a Virtual Combinatorial Library. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1773-1778. [PMID: 33476512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of structurally defined heteroleptic coordination cages is a challenging task, and only few examples are known to date. Here we describe a selection approach that allowed the identification of a novel hexanuclear Pd cage containing two types of dipyridyl ligands. A virtual combinatorial library of [PdnL2n](BF4)2n complexes was prepared by mixing six different dipyridyl ligands with substoichiometric amounts of [Pd(CH3CN)4](BF4)2. Analysis of the equilibrated reaction mixture revealed the preferential formation of a heteroleptic [Pd6L6L'6](BF4)12 assembly. The complex was prepared on a preparative scale by a targeted synthesis, and its structure was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It features an unprecedented trigonal-antiprismatic cage structure with two triangular Pd3L3 macrocycles bridged by six L' ligands. A related but significantly larger [Pd6L6L'6](BF4)12 cage was obtained by using metalloligands instead of organic dipyridyl ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sudan
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ru-Jin Li
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne M Jansze
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - André Platzek
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robin Rudolf
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Wu K, Zhang B, Drechsler C, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Backbone-Bridging Promotes Diversity in Heteroleptic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:6403-6407. [PMID: 33113268 PMCID: PMC7986237 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The combination of shape-complementary bis-monodentate ligands LA and LB with PdII cations yields heteroleptic cages cis-[Pd2 LA 2 LB 2 ] by self-sorting. Herein, we report how such assemblies can be diversified by introduction of covalent backbone bridges between two LA units. Together with solvent and guest effects, the flexibility of these linkers can modulate nuclearity, topology, and number of cavities in a family of four structurally diverse assemblies. Ligand LA1 , with flexible linker, reacts in CH3 CN with its LB counterpart to a tetranuclear dimer D1. In DMSO, however, a trinuclear pseudo-tetrahedron T1 is formed. The product of LA2 , with rigid linker, looks similar to D1, but with a rotated ligand arrangement. In presence of an anionic guest, this dimer D2 transforms and a hexanuclear prismatic barrel P2 crystallizes. We demonstrate how controlling a ligand's coordination mode can trigger structural differentiation and increase complexity in metallo-supramolecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Legrand A, Wang Z, Troyano J, Furukawa S. Directional asymmetry over multiple length scales in reticular porous materials. Chem Sci 2020; 12:18-33. [PMID: 34163581 PMCID: PMC8178947 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature and synthetic materials, asymmetry is a useful tool to create complex and functional systems constructed from a limited number of building blocks. Reticular chemistry has allowed the synthesis of a wide range of discrete and extended structures, from which modularity permits the controlled assembly of their constituents to generate asymmetric configurations of pores or architectures. In this perspective, we present the different strategies to impart directional asymmetry over nano/meso/macroscopic length scales in porous materials and the resulting novel properties and applications. Design strategies for the controlled assembly of discrete and extended reticular materials with asymmetric configurations of pores or architectures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan .,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Javier Troyano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan .,Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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Poole DA, Bobylev EO, Mathew S, Reek JNH. Topological prediction of palladium coordination cages. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12350-12357. [PMID: 34094444 PMCID: PMC8162455 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03992f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of functionalized, heteroleptic PdxL2x coordination cages is desirable for catalytic and optoelectronic applications. Current rational design of these cages uses the angle between metal-binding (∠B) sites of the di(pyridyl)arene linker to predict the topology of homoleptic cages obtained via non-covalent chemistry. However, this model neglects the contributions of steric bulk between the pyridyl residues—a prerequisite for endohedrally functionalized cages, and fails to rationalize heteroleptic cages. We describe a classical mechanics (CM) approach to predict the topological outcomes of PdxL2x coordination cage formation with arbitrary linker combinations, accounting for the electronic effects of coordination and steric effects of linker structure. Initial validation of our CM method with reported homoleptic Pd12LFu24 (LFu = 2,5-bis(pyridyl)furan) assembly suggested the formation of a minor topology Pd15LFu30, identified experimentally by mass spectrometry. Application to heteroleptic cage systems employing mixtures of LFu (∠B = 127°) and its thiophene congener LTh (∠B = 149° ∠Bexp = 152.4°) enabled prediction of Pd12L24 and Pd24L48 coordination cages formation, reliably emulating experimental data. Finally, the topological outcome for exohedrally (LEx) and endohedrally (LEn) functionalized heteroleptic PdxL2x coordination cages were predicted to assess the effect of steric bulk on both topological outcomes and coordination cage yields, with comparisons drawn to experimental data. A molecular mechanics approach enables the accurate prediction of polyhedral topology for homoleptic and heteroleptic palladium MxL2x coordination cages, allowing for new insight and design when considering endo- and exo-hedral functionalization.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Poole
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular, and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA) Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eduard O Bobylev
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular, and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA) Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular, and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA) Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular, and Bio-inspired Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA) Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Young TA, Gheorghe R, Duarte F. cgbind: A Python Module and Web App for Automated Metallocage Construction and Host–Guest Characterization. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3546-3557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom A. Young
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Razvan Gheorghe
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Lewis JEM, Crowley JD. Metallo‐Supramolecular Self‐Assembly with Reduced‐Symmetry Ligands. Chempluschem 2020; 85:815-827. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ United Kingdom
| | - James. D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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50
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Lisboa LS, Findlay JA, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. A Reduced‐Symmetry Heterobimetallic [PdPtL
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Cage: Assembly, Guest Binding, and Stimulus‐Induced Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11101-11107. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S. Lisboa
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - James A. Findlay
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - L. James Wright
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Christian G. Hartinger
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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