1
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Makarov AY, Buravlev AA, Romanenko GV, Bogomyakov AS, Zakharov BA, Morozov VA, Sukhikh AS, Shundrina IK, Shundrin LA, Irtegova IG, Cherepanova SV, Bagryanskaya IY, Nikulshin PV, Zibarev AV. Hysteretic Room-Temperature Magnetic Bistability of the Crystalline 4,7-Difluoro-1,3,2-Benzodithiazolyl Radical. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300736. [PMID: 38332534 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The title radical R⋅, synthesized by reduction of the corresponding cation R+, is thermally stable up to ~380 K in the crystalline state under anaerobic conditions. With SQUID magnetometry, single-crystal and powder XRD, solid-state EPR and TG-DSC, reversible spin-Peierls transition between diamagnetic and paramagnetic states featuring ~10 K hysteretic loop is observed for R⋅ in the temperature range ~310-325 K; ΔH=~2.03 kJ mol-1 and ΔS=~6.23 J mol-1 K-1. The transition is accompanied by mechanical movement of the crystals, i. e., by thermosalient behavior. The low-temperature diamagnetic P-1 polymorph of R⋅ consists of R⋅2 π-dimers arranged in (…R⋅2…)n π-stacks; whereas the high-temperature paramagnetic P21/c polymorph, of uniform (…R⋅…)n π-stacks. With the XRD geometries, CASSCF and broken-symmetry DFT jointly suggest strong antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions within R⋅2 and weak between R⋅2 for the (…R⋅2…)n stacks; and moderate AF interactions between R⋅ for the (…R⋅…)n stacks. The fully hydrocarbon archetype of R⋅ does not reveal the aforementioned properties. Thus, the fluorinated 1,3,2-benzodithiazolyls pave a new pathway in the design and synthesis of metal-less magnetically-bistable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu Makarov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A Buravlev
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences National Research University, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina V Romanenko
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem S Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Boris A Zakharov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences National Research University, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vitaly A Morozov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander S Sukhikh
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, National Research University - Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Inna K Shundrina
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Leonid A Shundrin
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina G Irtegova
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Cherepanova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Bagryanskaya
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel V Nikulshin
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Current address: Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Zibarev
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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2
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Jia Y, Jiang Q, Gan H, Wang B, He X, Zhou J, Ma Z, Zhang J, Ma Y. Band-like transport in solution-processed perylene diimide dianion films with high Hall mobility. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae087. [PMID: 38606386 PMCID: PMC11008685 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to prepare high-mobility organic polycrystalline film through solution processing. However, the delocalized carrier transport of polycrystalline films in organic semiconductors has rarely been investigated through Hall-effect measurement. This study presents a strategy for building strong intermolecular interactions to fabricate solution-crystallized p-type perylene diimide (PDI) dianion films with a closer intermolecular π-π stacking distance of 3.25 Å. The highly delocalized carriers enable a competitive Hall mobility of 3 cm2 V-1 s-1, comparable to that of the reported high-mobility organic single crystals. The PDI dianion films exhibit a high electrical conductivity of 17 S cm-1 and typical band-like transport, as evidenced by the negative temperature linear coefficient of mobility proportional to T-3/2. This work demonstrates that, as the intermolecular π-π interactions become strong enough, they will display high mobility and conductivity, providing a new approach to developing high-mobility organic semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Jia
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qinglin Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hanlin Gan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiandong He
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zetong Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Lessa MD, Stoyanov SR, de Carneiro JWM, da Costa LM. Density functional theory investigation of the contributions of π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding with water to the supramolecular aggregation interactions of model asphaltene heterocyclic compounds. J Mol Model 2024; 30:145. [PMID: 38656715 PMCID: PMC11043155 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT A complex supramolecular process involving electrostatic and dispersion interactions and asphaltene aggregation is associated with detrimental petroleum deposition and scaling that pose challenges to petroleum recovery, transportation, and upgrading. The homodimers of seven heterocyclic model compounds, representative of moieties commonly found in asphaltene structures, were studied: pyridine, thiophene, furan, isoquinoline, pyrazine, thiazole, and 1,3-oxazole. The contributions of hydrogen bonding involving water bridges spanning between dimers and π-π stacking to the total interaction energy were calculated and analyzed. The distance between the planes of the aromatic rings is correlated with the π-π stacking interaction strength. All the dimerization reactions were exothermic, although not spontaneous. This was mostly modulated by the strength of the hydrogen bond of the water bridge and the π-π stacking interaction. Dimers bridged by two water molecules were more stable than those with additional water molecules or without any water molecule in the bridge. Energy decomposition analysis showed that the electrostatic and polarization components were the main stabilizing terms for the hydrogen bond interaction in the bridge, contributing at least 80% of the interaction energy in all dimers. The non-covalent interaction analysis confirmed the molecular sites that had the strongest (hydrogen bond) and weak (π-π stacking) attractive interactions. They were concentrated in the water bridge and in the plane between the aromatic rings, respectively. METHODS The density functional ωB97X-D with a dispersion correction and the Def2-SVP basis set were employed to investigate supramolecular aggregates incorporating heterocycles dimers with 0, 1, 2, and 3 water molecules forming a stabilizing bridge connecting the monomers. The non-covalent interactions were analyzed using the NCIplot software and plotted as isosurface maps using Visual Molecular Dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena D Lessa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química, Departamento de Química Inorgânica e Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista S/N, Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Stanislav R Stoyanov
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB, T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - José Walkimar M de Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química, Departamento de Química Inorgânica e Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista S/N, Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química, Departamento de Química Inorgânica e Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista S/N, Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil.
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4
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Bhattacharjee R, Jervis H, McCormack ME, Petrukhina MA, Kertesz M. Structure and Bonding in π-Stacked Perylenes: The Impact of Charge on Pancake Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10465-10477. [PMID: 38579247 PMCID: PMC11027137 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Perylene (PER) is a prototype of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which play a pivotal role in various functional and electronic materials due to favorable molecule-to-molecule overlaps, which enhance electronic transport. This study provides guidelines regarding the impact of molecular charge on pancake bonding, a form of strong π-stacking interaction. Pancake bonding significantly boosts interaction energies within the monopositive dimer ([(C20H12)2]•+ or PER2+), crucial for stabilizing aggregation and crystal formation. We discovered energetically feasible sliding and rotation pathways within the [(C20H12)2]•+ dimer, connecting different configurations found in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). The dimer's charge profoundly influences the pancake bond order (PBO) and the strength and structural preferences of pancake bonding. The most stable configuration is found in the monocationic state (PER2+), featuring a pancake bond order of 1/2 with one-electron multicenter bonding (1e/mc) with similar characteristics for charge -1. Increasing the total charge of the dimer to +2 or -2 leads to an unstable local minimum. Diverse distribution of pancake bonding types present in crystal structures is interpreted with modeling based on dimer computations with varying charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameswar Bhattacharjee
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Henry Jervis
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Megan E. McCormack
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
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5
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Kino S, Ukai S, Fukui N, Haruki R, Kumai R, Wang Q, Horike S, Phung QM, Sundholm D, Shinokubo H. Close Stacking of Antiaromatic Ni(II) Norcorrole Originating from a Four-Electron Multicentered Bonding Interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9311-9317. [PMID: 38502926 PMCID: PMC10996016 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A π-conjugated molecule with one electronic spin often forms a π-stacked dimer through molecular orbital interactions between two unpaired electrons. The bonding is recognized as a multicentered two-electron interaction between the two π-conjugated molecules. Here, we disclose a multicentered bonding interaction between two antiaromatic molecules involving four electrons. We have synthesized an antiaromatic porphyrin analogue, Ni(II) bis(pentafluorophenyl)norcorrole. Its dimer adopts a face-to-face stacked structure with an extremely short stacking distance of 2.97 Å. The close stacking originates from a multicenter four-electron bonding interaction between the two molecules. The bonding electrons were experimentally observed via synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis and corroborated by theoretical calculations. The intermolecular interaction of the molecular orbitals imparts the stacked dimer with aromatic character that is distinctly different from that of its monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Kino
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Rie Haruki
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure
Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Reiji Kumai
- Photon
Factory, Institute of Materials Structure
Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Qian Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Quan Manh Phung
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department
of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
and Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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6
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Barluzzi L, Ogilvie SP, Dalton AB, Kaden P, Gericke R, Mansikkamäki A, Giblin SR, Layfield RA. Triply Bonded Pancake π-Dimers Stabilized by Tetravalent Actinides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4234-4241. [PMID: 38317384 PMCID: PMC10870716 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic π-stacking is a weakly attractive, noncovalent interaction often found in biological macromolecules and synthetic supramolecular chemistry. The weak nondirectional nature of π-stacking can present challenges in the design of materials owing to their weak, nondirectional nature. However, when aromatic π-systems contain an unpaired electron, stronger attraction involving face-to-face π-orbital overlap is possible, resulting in covalent so-called "pancake" bonds. Two-electron, multicenter single pancake bonds are well known, whereas four-electron double pancake bonds are rare. Higher-order pancake bonds have been predicted, but experimental systems are unknown. Here, we show that six-electron triple pancake bonds can be synthesized by a 3-fold reduction of hexaazatrinaphthylene (HAN) and subsequent stacking of the [HAN]3- triradicals. Our analysis reveals a multicenter covalent triple pancake bond consisting of a σ-orbital and two equivalent π-orbitals. An electrostatic stabilizing role is established for the tetravalent thorium and uranium ions in these systems. We also show that the electronic absorption spectrum of the triple pancake bonds closely matches computational predictions, providing experimental verification of these unique interactions. The discovery of conductivity in thin films of triply bonded π-dimers presents new opportunities for the discovery of single-component molecular conductors and other spin-based molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Barluzzi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QR, U.K.
| | - Sean P. Ogilvie
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QR, U.K.
| | - Alan B. Dalton
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QR, U.K.
| | - Peter Kaden
- Institute
of Resource Ecology, Helmoltz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Robert Gericke
- Institute
of Resource Ecology, Helmoltz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Akseli Mansikkamäki
- NMR
Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Sean R. Giblin
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QR, U.K.
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7
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Inoue T, Matsuura Y, Horii K, Konishi A, Nishida JI, Yasuda M, Kawase T. N-2,6-Di(isopropyl)phenyl-2-azaphenalenyl radical cations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1735-1738. [PMID: 38240365 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05968e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
N-2,6-Di(isopropyl)phenyl-2-azaphenalenyl radical cations were obtained as a dark brown air-sensitive crystalline compound. The high HOMA values and the ACID calculation indicate relatively high aromatic character of a 5,8-di-tert-butyl derivative, and clean generation of a derivative without tert-butyl groups indicates that the di(isopropyl)phenyl group is sufficient for hampering the formation of the σ-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Yuuka Matsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Koki Horii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Nishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
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8
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Yan M, Hou L, Deng X, Shi X, Jiang F, Wang M. Anthraquinodimethane-Based Molecular Switches Tethered by Four-Arm Star-like Polymers. Chemistry 2023:e202303740. [PMID: 38149886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Molecular switches that reversibly change their structures and physical properties are important for applications such as sensing and information processing at molecular scales. In order to avoid the intermolecular aggregation that is often detrimental to the stimuli-responses of molecular switches, previous studies of molecular switches have been often conducted in dilute solutions which are difficult for applications in solid-state devices. Here we report molecular design and synthesis that integrates anthraquinodimethane as molecular switching units into polymers with amenable processibility in solid states. Optical and electron spin resonance characterizations indicate that the four-arm polymers of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) or poly(D,L-lactide) tethered from anthraquinodimethane slow down the dynamics of the conformational switching between the folded and the twisted conformations, enhance the photoluminescence in solid states and impart materials with a small energy gap from singlet ground state to thermally accessible triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Yan
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Liman Hou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xianjun Deng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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9
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Kumar A, Thompson B, Gautam R, Tomat E, Huxter V. Temperature-Dependent Spin-Driven Dimerization Determines the Ultrafast Dynamics of a Copper(II)-Bound Tripyrrindione Radical. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11268-11273. [PMID: 38060441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Radicals and other open-shell molecules play a central role in chemical transformations and redox chemistry. While radicals are often highly reactive, stable radical systems are desirable for a range of potential applications, ranging from materials chemistry and catalysis to spintronics and quantum information. Here we investigate the ultrafast properties of a stable radical system with temperature-dependent spin-tunable properties. This radical complex, Cu(II) hexaethyl tripyrrin-1,14-dione, accommodates unpaired electrons localized on both the copper metal center and the tripyrrolic ligand. The unusual combination of two unpaired electrons and high stability in this radical molecule enable switchable temperature-dependent spin coupling. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy measurements of Cu(II) hexaethyl tripyrrin-1,14-dione were collected at room temperature and at 77 K. At room temperature, the molecules are present as monomers and have short picosecond lifetimes. At 77 K, the molecules are present in a dimer form mediated by ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic coupling. This reversible spin-driven dimerization changes the optical properties of the system, generating long-lived excitonic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ritika Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Vanessa Huxter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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10
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Gao Y, Liu Z, Li T, Zhao W. Mixed-Valence BN-Doped Corannulene Trimer Radical Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314006. [PMID: 37847644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-valence (MV) dimers have been extensively investigated, however, the structure and properties of purely organic MV trimers based on open-shell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons remain elusive. Herein, unprecedented MV BN-doped corannulene radical cations [BN-Cor1]3 ⋅⋅2+ ⋅ 2[BArylF 4 ]- and [BN-Cor2]3 ⋅⋅2+ ⋅ 2[BArylF 4 ]- were synthesized via chemical oxidation, and their structures were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These uncommon radical cations consist of three corannulene cores and two [BArylF 4 ]- anions, and three corannulene motifs [BN-Cor1]3 ⋅⋅2+ and [BN-Cor2]3 ⋅⋅2+ in the unit cell exhibit a trimer structure with a slipped π-stacking configuration. Detailed structural analyses further revealed that the corannulene cores exhibit an infinite layered self-assembly configuration, allowing their potential applications as building blocks for molecular conductors. The detection of a forbidden transition (Δms =±2) by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy further confirmed the existence of two unpaired electrons in the π-trimers and the MV characteristic of these two species. Variable-temperature EPR and conductivity measurements suggested that the BN-doped π-trimers exhibited antiferromagnetic coupling and conductivity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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11
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Kaymaz SV, Nobar HM, Sarıgül H, Soylukan C, Akyüz L, Yüce M. Nanomaterial surface modification toolkit: Principles, components, recipes, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 322:103035. [PMID: 37931382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-functionalized nanostructures are at the forefront of biotechnology, providing new opportunities for biosensors, drug delivery, therapy, and bioimaging applications. The modification of nanostructures significantly impacts the performance and success of various applications by enabling selective and precise targeting. This review elucidates widely practiced surface modification strategies, including click chemistry, cross-coupling, silanization, aldehyde linkers, active ester chemistry, maleimide chemistry, epoxy linkers, and other protein and DNA-based methodologies. We also delve into the application-focused landscape of the nano-bio interface, emphasizing four key domains: therapeutics, biosensing, environmental monitoring, and point-of-care technologies, by highlighting prominent studies. The insights presented herein pave the way for further innovations at the intersection of nanotechnology and biotechnology, providing a useful handbook for beginners and professionals. The review draws on various sources, including the latest research articles (2018-2023), to provide a comprehensive overview of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyra Vural Kaymaz
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | | | - Hasan Sarıgül
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Caner Soylukan
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Lalehan Akyüz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Meral Yüce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey.
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12
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Liang M, Zhang H, Chen B, Meng X, Zhou J, Ma L, He F, Hu W, He C, Zhao N. A Universal Cross-Synthetic Strategy for Sub-10 nm Metal-Based Composites with Excellent Ion Storage Kinetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2307209. [PMID: 37729880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The sub-10 nm metal-based nanomaterials (SMNs) show great potential for the electrochemical energy storage field. However, their ion storage capacity and stability suffer from severe agglomeration and interface problems. Herein, a universal strategy is reported to synthesize a wide range of SMNs (e.g., metal, nitride, oxide, and sulfides) embedded in free-standing carbon foam (SMN/FC-F) composite electrodes by crossing the interfacial confinement of NaCl self-assembly with the thermal-mechanical coupling of powder metallurgy. The pressure-enhanced NaCl self-assembly interfacial confinement is greatly beneficial to preventing SMN agglomeration and promoting SMNs embedded in FC-F which originate from the welding of carbon nanosheets. They are confirmed via a series of advanced characterizations including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, with theoretical computations. Benefiting from the unique structure, SMNs/FC-F delivers ultrafast and stable ion-storage kinetics. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, the MoS2 /FC-F shows excellent ion storage kinetics and superior long-term cycling performance for ion storage (e.g., Na3 V2 (PO4 )2 O2 F/C//MoS2 /FC-F sodium-ion batteries exhibit a high reversible capacity of 185 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 with a decay rate of 0.05% per cycle.). This work provides a new opportunity to design and fabricate promising SMN-based free-standing working electrodes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Biao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Liying Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Fang He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chunnian He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Naiqin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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13
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Tang C, Saielli G, Wang Y. Influence of Anion Species on Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in [EMIm +][X -]/Benzene Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 38031410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
When a molar excess of benzene is mixed with an ionic liquid (IL), liquid-liquid phase separation may appear with a pure liquid phase almost composed of only benzene molecules separated from a liquid clathrate phase with benzene molecules dissolved in the IL. Our previous study (J. Phys. Chem. B, 124, 7929, 2020) on long-chain IL/benzene systems has concluded that benzene molecules, as planar nonpolar ones, majorly dissolve in the IL nonpolar domains consisting of cationic alkyl side chains. Nevertheless, the above mechanism is inadequate for explaining the experimental observations that benzene can also dissolve in IL systems with very short alkyl side chains. In this study, by molecular dynamics simulation of the [EMIm+][X-]/benzene mixtures with X- being Cl-, NO3-, PF6-, or Tf2N-, we still observe liquid-liquid phase separation of the pure benzene phase from a liquid clathrate (mixed IL/benzene) phase where benzene molecules are almost equally distributed near imidazolium rings through π-stacking or near alkyl side chains. The anion species strongly influences the solubility of benzene and the ratio of the two liquid phases via the alteration of anionic charge density, which tunes the strength of the electrostatic interaction among ions and thus the probability of benzene molecules interacting with both imidazolium rings and alkyl side chains: a larger anionic charge density corresponds to a lower solubility of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Giacomo Saielli
- CNR Institute on Membrane Technology, Unit of Padova, Via Marzolo, Padova 1-35131, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, Padova 1-35131, Italy
| | - Yanting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Theoretical Interdisciplinary Sciences, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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14
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Gan H, Jiang Q, Ma Y. A theoretical study on π-stacking and ferromagnetism of the perylene diimide radical anion dimer and tetramer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30005-30013. [PMID: 37905461 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02496b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ferromagnetism is rare in pure organic materials. Recently, the perylene diimide radical anion (PDI-) salt prepared through solvothermal reduction by hydrazine hydrate has shown room-temperature ferromagnetism in our work [Jiang et al., Adv. Mater., 2022, 34, 2108103]. Based on this, herein we conduct a theoretical study based on density functional theory (DFT) to reveal the stacked geometries between two NH4PDI monomers for low-spin (LS) and high-spin (HS) states and their magnetic exchange interactions (JAB) using Yamaguchi's approximate spin projection. It is observed that the pancake-bonded dimer of NH4PDI is the most stable pimer compared to others on both LS and HS potential energy surfaces. A transition of magnetic properties from strong antiferromagnetic (-1333.9 cm-1) to moderate ferromagnetic (67.0 cm-1) appears after increasing the interplanar distance between monomers and their relative rotation angle to access the HS state. According to energy decomposition analysis, the enhanced hydrogen bond formation and decrease of Pauli repulsion is able to counteract the decrease of attraction induced by electron correlation after accessing the HS state. Stacking patterns of exchange-coupled chain consisting of the NH4PDI tetramer are obtained for the HS state after geometry optimization of the structure constructed by two most stable HS pimers. The exchange interactions (51.8 cm-1, 381.2 cm-1 and 53.2 cm-1) between adjacent NH4PDI monomers are ferromagnetic in the HS state, which is in accordance with the experimentally observed room-temperature ferromagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qinglin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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15
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Tsuji Y, Okazawa K, Yoshizawa K. Hückel Molecular Orbital Analysis for Stability and Instability of Stacked Aromatic and Stacked Antiaromatic Systems. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14887-14898. [PMID: 37846097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Face-to-face stacking of aromatic compounds leads to stacked antiaromaticity, while that of antiaromatic compounds leads to stacked aromaticity. This is a prediction with a long history; in the late 2000s, the prediction was confirmed by high-precision quantum chemical calculations, and finally, in 2016, a π-conjugated system with stacked aromaticity was synthesized. Several variations have since been reported, but essentially, they are all the same molecule. To realize stacked aromaticity in a completely new and different molecular system and to trigger an extension of the concept of stacked aromaticity, it is important to understand the origin of stacked aromaticity. The Hückel method, which has been successful in giving qualitatively correct results for π-conjugated systems despite its bold assumptions, is well suited for the analysis of stacked aromaticity. We use this method to model the face-to-face stacking systems of benzene and cyclobutadiene molecules and discuss their stacked antiaromaticity and stacked aromaticity on the basis of their π-electron energies. By further developing the discussion, we search for clues to realize stacked aromaticity in synthesizable molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okazawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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16
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Rosokha SV. Anion-π Interactions: What's in the Name? Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300350. [PMID: 37526504 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The studies of the anion-π interactions advanced during the last two decades from the discussion of the mere existence of this counter-intuitive bonding to its utilization for anion recognition and transport, catalysis, and other applications. Yet, there are substantial differences in the interpretation of nature and the driving forces of anion-π bonding. Most surprisingly, there are still different opinions about the meaning of this term (i. e., which associations can be considered anion-π complexes). After a brief overview of the studies in this area (including early examples of such complexes), we suggested that anion-π bonding occurs when there is evidence of a net attraction between a (close-shell) anion and the face of an electrophilic π-system. This definition encompasses fundamentally similar supramolecular complexes comprising diverse π-systems and anions and its general acceptance would facilitate a discussion of the nature and distinct driving forces of this fascinating interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy V Rosokha
- Chemistry Department, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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17
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Henrich L, Müller PC, Hempelmann J, Mann M, van Leusen J, Steinberg S, Dronskowski R. Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Bispyridine Bisdicyanamide, Fe[C 5H 5N] 2[N(CN) 2] 2. Molecules 2023; 28:4886. [PMID: 37446550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fe[C5H5N]2[N(CN)2]2 (1) was synthesized from a reaction of stoichiometric amounts of NaN(CN)2 and FeCl2·4H2O in a methanol/pyridine solution. Single-crystal and powder diffraction show that 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group I2/m (no. 12), different from Mn[C5H5N]2[N(CN)2]2 (P21/c, no. 14) due to tilted pyridine rings, with a = 7.453(7) Å, b = 13.167(13) Å, c = 8.522(6) Å, β = 114.98(6)° and Z = 2. ATR-IR, AAS, and CHN measurements confirm the presence of dicyanamide and pyridine. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that π-stacking interactions of the pyridine rings play an important role in structural stabilization. Based on DFT-optimized structures, a chemical bonding analysis was performed using a local-orbital framework by projection from a plane-wave basis. The resulting bond orders and atomic charges are in good agreement with the expectations based on the structure analysis. SQUID magnetic susceptibility measurements show a high-spin state FeII compound with predominantly antiferromagnetic exchange interactions at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Henrich
- Chair of Solid State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter C Müller
- Chair of Solid State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Hempelmann
- Chair of Solid State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Mann
- Chair of Solid State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan van Leusen
- Chair of Solid State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Steinberg
- Chair of Solid State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Dronskowski
- Chair of Solid State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
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18
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Tomat E, Curtis CJ, Astashkin AV, Conradie J, Ghosh A. Multicenter interactions and ligand field effects in platinum(II) tripyrrindione radicals. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6559-6568. [PMID: 37185585 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00894k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The tripyrrin-1,14-dione biopyrrin, which shares the scaffold of several naturally occurring heme metabolites, is a redox-active platform for metal coordination. We report the synthesis of square planar platinum(II) tripyrrindiones, in which the biopyrrin binds as a tridentate radical and the fourth coordination position is occupied by either aqua or tert-butyl isocyanide ligands. These complexes are stable through chromatographic purification and exposure to air. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data and density functional theory (DFT) analysis confirm that the spin density is located predominantly on the tripyrrindione ligand. Pancake bonding in solution between the Pt(II) tripyrrindione radicals leads to the formation of diamagnetic π dimers at low temperatures. The identity of the monodentate ligand (i.e., aqua vs. isocyanide) affects both the thermodynamic parameters of dimerization and the tripyrrindione-based redox processes in these complexes. Isolation and structural characterization of the oxidized complexes revealed stacking of the diamagnetic tripyrrindiones in the solid state as well as a metallophilic Pt(II)-Pt(II) contact in the case of the aqua complex. Overall, the properties of Pt(II) tripyrrindiones, including redox potentials and intermolecular interactions in solution and in the solid state, are modulated through easily accessible changes in the redox state of the biopyrrin ligand or the nature of the monodentate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Clayton J Curtis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Andrei V Astashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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20
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Xu J, Guo J, Li S, Yang Y, Lai W, Keoingthong P, Wang S, Zhang L, Dong Q, Zeng Z, Chen Z. Dual Charge Transfer Generated from Stable Mixed-Valence Radical Crystals for Boosting Solar-to-Thermal Conversion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300980. [PMID: 37144542 PMCID: PMC10375089 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Realizing dual charge transfer (CT) based on stable organic radicals in one system is a long-sought goal, however, remains challenging. In this work, a stable mixed-valence radical crystal is designed via a surfactant-assisted method, namely TTF-(TTF+• )2 -RC (where TTF = tetrathiafulvalene), containing dual CT interactions. The solubilization of surfactants enables successful co-crystallization of mixed-valence TTF molecules with different polarity in aqueous solutions. Short intermolecular distances between adjacent TTF moieties within TTF-(TTF+• )2 -RC facilitate both inter-valence CT (IVCT) between neutral TTF and TTF+• , and inter-radical CT (IRCT) between two TTF+• in radical π-dimer, which are confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, solid-state absorption, electron spin resonance measurements, and DFT calculations. Moreover, TTF-(TTF+• )2 -RC reveals an open-shell singlet diradical ground state with the antiferromagnetic coupling of 2J = -657 cm-1 and an unprecedented temperature-dependent magnetic property, manifesting the main monoradical characters of IVCT at 113-203 K while the spin-spin interactions in radical dimers of IRCT are predominant at 263-353 K. Notably, dual CT characters endow TTF-(TTF+• )2 -RC with strong light absorption over the full solar spectrum and outstanding stability. As a result, TTF-(TTF+• )2 -RC exhibits significantly enhanced photothermal property, an increase of 46.6 °C within 180 s upon one-sun illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Xu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Shengkai Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yanxia Yang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Weiming Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Phouphien Keoingthong
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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21
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Koellner CA, Reid AG, Machan CW. Co-electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction mediated by a dibenzophosphole oxide and a chromium complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6359-6362. [PMID: 37139853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00166k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a co-electrocatalytic system for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO, comprised of a previously reported molecular Cr complex and 5-phenylbenzo[b]phosphindole-5-oxide (PhBPO) as a redox mediator. Under protic conditions, the co-electrocatalytic system attains a turnover frequency (TOF) of 15 s-1 and quantitative selectivity for CO. It is proposed that PhBPO interacts with the Cr-based catalyst, coordinating in an axial position trans to an intermediate hydroxycarbonyl species, M-CO2H, mediating electron transfer to the catalyst and lowering the barrier for C-OH bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
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22
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Rizo L, Janesko BG. Reimagining the Wave Function in Density Functional Theory: Exploring Strongly Correlated States in Pancake-Bonded Radical Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3684-3691. [PMID: 37053451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancake bonding between π-conjugated radicals challenges conventional electronic structure approximations, due to the presence of both dispersion (van der Waals) interactions and "strong" electron correlation. Here we use a reimagined wave function-in-density functional theory (DFT) approach to model pancake bonds. Our generalized self-interaction correction extends DFT's reference system of noninteracting electrons, by introducing electron-electron interactions within an active space. We show that a small variation on our previous derivation recovers a DFT-corrected complete active space method proposed by Pijeau and Hohenstein. Comparison of the two approaches shows that the latter provides reasonable dissociation curves for single bonds and pancake bonds, including excited states inaccessible to conventional linear response time-dependent DFT. The results motivate broader adoption of wavefunction-in-DFT approaches for modeling pancake bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rizo
- Intense Laser Physics Theory Unit, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, United States
| | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2800 S. University Drive, Fort Worth, Texas 75039, United States
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23
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Hou B, Li K, He H, Hu J, Xu Z, Xiang Q, Wang P, Chen X, Sun Z. Stable Crystalline Nanohoop Radical and Its Self-Association Promoted by van der Waals Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301046. [PMID: 36754831 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
A stable nanohoop radical (OR3) combining the structures of cycloparaphenylene and an olympicenyl radical is synthesized and isolated in the crystalline state. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that OR3 forms a unique head-to-tail dimer that further aggregates into a one-dimensional chain in the solid state. Variable-temperature NMR and concentration-dependent absorption measurements indicate that the π-dimer is not formed in solution. An energy decomposition analysis indicates that van der Waals interactions are the driving force for the self-association process, in contrast with other olympicenyl derivatives that favor π-dimerization. The physical properties in solution phase have been studied, and the stable cationic species obtained by one-electron chemical oxidation. This study offers a new molecular design to modulate the self-association of organic radicals for overcoming the spin-Peierls transition, and to prepare novel nanohoop compounds with spin-related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxia Hou
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huijie He
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
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24
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Reid AG, Moberg ME, Koellner CA, Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Baugh KR, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Comparisons of bpy and phen Ligand Backbones in Cr-Mediated (Co-)Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Megan E. Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Connor A. Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Juan J. Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Shelby L. Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Kira R. Baugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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25
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Wang W, Ma XH, Liu M, Tang S, Ding X, Zhao Y, Tan YZ, Kertesz M, Wang X. A Triply Negatively Charged Nanographene Bilayer with Spin Frustration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217788. [PMID: 36577698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the largest open-shell graphenic bilayer and also the first example of triply negatively charged radical π-dimer. Upon three-electron reduction, bilayer nanographene fragment molecule (C96 H24 Ar6 )2 (Ar=2,6-dimethylphenyl) (12 ) was transformed to a triply negatively charged species 12 3.- , which has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and magnetic properties on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). 12 3.- features a 96-center-3-electron (96c/3e) pancake bond with a doublet ground state, which can be thermally excited to a quartet state. It consists of 34 π-fused rings with 96 conjugated sp2 carbon atoms. Spin frustration is observed with the frustration parameter f>31.8 at low temperatures in 12 3.- , which indicates graphene upon reduction doping may behave as a quantum spin liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, 241002, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuguang Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, 241002, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 20057-1227, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
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26
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Abstract
Homogeneous electrocatalysis has been well studied over the past several decades for the conversion of small molecules to useful products for green energy applications or as chemical feedstocks. However, in order for these catalyst systems to be used in industrial applications, their activity and stability must be improved. In naturally occurring enzymes, redox equivalents (electrons, often in a concerted manner with protons) are delivered to enzyme active sites by small molecules known as redox mediators (RMs). Inspired by this, co-electrocatalytic systems with homogeneous catalysts and RMs have been developed for the conversion of alcohols, nitrogen, unsaturated organic substrates, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In these systems, the RMs have been shown to both increase the activity of the catalyst and shift selectivity to more desired products by altering catalytic cycles and/or avoiding high-energy intermediates. However, the area is currently underdeveloped and requires additional fundamental advancements in order to become a more general strategy. Here, we summarize the recent examples of homogeneous co-electrocatalysis and discuss possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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27
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Holthoff JM, Engelage E, Ruff A, Galazzo L, Bordignon E, Huber SM, Weiss R. A Potent Auto-Umpolung Ligand for Conjugative Radical Stabilization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203149. [PMID: 36239437 PMCID: PMC10099569 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbenes with conjugatively connected redox system act as "auto-umpolung" ligands. Due to their electronic flexibility, they should also be particularly suitable to stabilize open-shell species. Herein, the first neutral radical of such sort is described in form of a dialkylamino-substituted bis(dicyanomethylene)cyclopropanide. Despite the absence of steric shielding, the radical is stable for an extended amount of time and was consequently characterized in solution via EPR measurements. These data and accompanying X-ray structural analyses indicate that the radical species is in equilibrium with aggregates (formed via π-stacking) and dimers (obtained via σ-bond formation between methylene carbons).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,PPG Packaging Analytical Labs, PPG Deutschland Business Support GmbH, Erlenbrunnenstr. 20, 72411, Bodelshausen, Germany
| | - Laura Galazzo
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry (Sciences II), Université de Genève 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Enrica Bordignon
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry (Sciences II), Université de Genève 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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29
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Kumbhar P, Kolekar K, Khot C, Dabhole S, Salawi A, Sabei FY, Mohite A, Kole K, Mhatre S, Jha NK, Manjappa A, Singh SK, Dua K, Disouza J, Patravale V. Co-crystal nanoarchitectonics as an emerging strategy in attenuating cancer: Fundamentals and applications. J Control Release 2023; 353:1150-1170. [PMID: 36566843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer ranks as the second foremost cause of death in various corners of the globe. The clinical uses of assorted anticancer therapeutics have been limited owing to the poor physicochemical attributes, pharmacokinetic performance, and lethal toxicities. Various sorts of co-crystals or nano co-crystals or co-crystals-laden nanocarriers have presented great promise in targeting cancer via improved physicochemical attributes, pharmacokinetic performance, and reduced toxicities. These systems have also demonstrated the controlled cargo release and passive targeting via enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. In addition, regional delivery of co-crystals via inhalation and transdermal route displayed remarkable potential in targeting lung and skin cancer effectively. However, more research is required on the use of co-crystals in cancer and their commercialization. The present review mainly emphasizes co-crystals as emerging avenues in the treatment of various cancers by modulating the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic attributes of approved anticancer therapeutics. The worth of co-crystals in cancer treatment, computational paths in the co-crystals screening, diverse experimental techniques of co-crystals fabrication, and sorts of co-crystals and their noteworthy applications in targeting cancer are also discussed. Besides, the game changer approaches like nano co-crystals and co-crystals-laden nanocarriers, and co-crystals in regional delivery in cancer are also explained with reported case studies. Furthermore, regulatory directives for pharmaceutical co-crystals and their scale-up, and challenges are also highlighted with concluding remarks and future initiatives. In essence, co-crystals and nano co-crystals emerge to be a promising strategy in overwhelming cancers through improving anticancer efficacy, safety, patient compliance, and reducing the cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Popat Kumbhar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Kaustubh Kolekar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Chinmayee Khot
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Swati Dabhole
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Ahmad Salawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Y Sabei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akshay Mohite
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Kapil Kole
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Susmit Mhatre
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professionals, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Arehalli Manjappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - John Disouza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala, Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India.
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India.
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30
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Progresses and Perspectives of Near-Infrared Emission Materials with "Heavy Metal-Free" Organic Compounds for Electroluminescence. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010098. [PMID: 36616447 PMCID: PMC9823557 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic/polymer light-emitting diodes (OLEDs/PLEDs) have attracted a rising number of investigations due to their promising applications for high-resolution fullcolor displays and energy-saving solid-state lightings. Near-infrared (NIR) emitting dyes have gained increasing attention for their potential applications in electroluminescence and optical imaging in optical tele-communication platforms, sensing and medical diagnosis in recent decades. And a growing number of people focus on the "heavy metal-free" NIR electroluminescent materials to gain more design freedom with cost advantage. This review presents recent progresses in conjugated polymers and organic molecules for OLEDs/PLEDs according to their different luminous mechanism and constructing systems. The relationships between the organic fluorophores structures and electroluminescence properties are the main focus of this review. Finally, the approaches to enhance the performance of NIR OLEDs/PLEDs are described briefly. We hope that this review could provide a new perspective for NIR materials and inspire breakthroughs in fundamental research and applications.
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31
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Hassanzadeh M, Abdouss M. Essential role of structure, architecture, and intermolecular interactions of asphaltene molecules on properties (self-association and surface activity). Heliyon 2022; 8:e12170. [PMID: 36582717 PMCID: PMC9792798 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the important challenges of the oil industry is the formation of asphaltene deposits and emulsions, which cause many operational and economic problems. Asphaltenes are heavy and polar fractions of petroleum with a mixture of diverse molecules. Their structural complexity makes the understanding of their properties puzzling. The purpose of this review is to understand the self-association and surface activity properties of asphaltenes. There are some popular models for the mechanism of asphaltene aggregation; each alone is not complete and without defects. Experimental studies and molecular dynamics demonstrate that the mechanism of aggregation is influenced by asphaltene' structure, architecture, and intermolecular forces. Factors such as oil composition, temperature, and pressure affect its intensity. In this article, these issues and their impact on the self-assembly of asphaltenes and ways to prevent it, especially chemical inhibitors, have been discussed in detail.
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32
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Murata T, Yoshida K, Suzuki S, Ueda A, Nishida S, Kawai J, Fukui K, Sato K, Takui T, Nakasuji K, Morita Y. Double‐σ‐Bonded Close‐Shell Dimers and Peroxy‐Linked Open‐Shell Dimer Derived from a
C
3
Symmetric Trioxophenalenyl Neutral Diradical. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201426. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa Toyota Aichi Japan
| | - Kenta Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University Machikaneyama 1–1 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama 1–3 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Akira Ueda
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami Chuo-ku Kumamoto Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nishida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa Toyota Aichi Japan
| | - Junya Kawai
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University Machikaneyama 1–1 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Kozo Fukui
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University Machikaneyama 1–1 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science Graduate School of Science Osaka City University/Osaka Metropolitan University Sugimoto 3–3-138 Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science Graduate School of Science Osaka City University/Osaka Metropolitan University Sugimoto 3–3-138 Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakasuji
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University Machikaneyama 1–1 Toyonaka Osaka Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Aichi Institute of Technology Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa Toyota Aichi Japan
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33
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Molčanov K, Milašinović V, Kojić-Prodić B, Maltar-Strmečki N, You J, Šantić A, Kanižaj L, Stilinović V, Fotović L. Semiconductive 2D arrays of pancake-bonded oligomers of partially charged TCNQ radicals. IUCRJ 2022; 9:449-467. [PMID: 35844480 PMCID: PMC9252159 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522004717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicentre two-electron (mc/2e or 'pancake bonding') bonding between 7,7,8,8-tetra-cyano-quinodi-methane (TCNQ) radical anions was studied on its 14 novel salts with planar organic cations. The formal charges of the TCNQδ- moieties are -1/2 and -2/3, and they form mc/2e bonded dimers, trimers and tetramers which are further stacked into extended arrays. Multicentre bonding within these oligomers is characterized by short interplanar separations of 2.9-3.2 Å; distances between the oligomers are larger, typically >3.3 Å. The stacks are laterally connected by C-H⋯N hydrogen bonding, forming 2D arrays. The nature of mc/2e bonding is characterized by structural, magnetic and electrical data. The compounds are found to be semiconductors, and high conductivity [10-2 (Ω cm)-1] correlates with short interplanar distances between pancake-bonded oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Molčanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Valentina Milašinović
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Biserka Kojić-Prodić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Nadica Maltar-Strmečki
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Jiangyang You
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ana Šantić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Lidija Kanižaj
- Department of Materials Physics, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
| | - Luka Fotović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia
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34
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Luňák S, Weiter M, Vala M. Complete Set of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Centrosymmetrical Cofacial Stacked Pairs. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200252. [PMID: 35770507 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Stacked centrosymmetrical dimers and simultaneously H-bonded and stacked hexamers of thiophene-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (ThDPP) were studied using DFT as models for crystals with slipped-stacked molecules in 1D columns. Eight stacked dimer arrangements were found, six of which are driven by the minimisation of electron repulsion and realised by placing the partially negatively charged atoms of the diketopyrrolopyrrole rings below the centre of an adjancent thiophene ring. Four of these stacks are related to N,N'-diacylated derivative. An analogous set of eight stacks was discovered computationally for phenyl-substituted DPP (PhDPP), four of which are known among H-bonded DPP pigments, and one more among N,N'-dialkylated PhDPP derivatives. The results shed more light on the mechanisms that drive the formation of stacks between nonaromatic (DPP) and aromatic (Th, Ph) rings. The excitation energies of the lowest four singlet states computed by TD DFT enabled excitonic coupling and energy separation between Frenkel-resonsnce-type and charge-transfer states to be established, depending on the equilibrium stack geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Luňák
- Brno University of Technology: Vysoke uceni technicke v Brne, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova 464/118, 61200, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Martin Weiter
- Brno University of Technology: Vysoke uceni technicke v Brne, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova 464/118, 61200, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Martin Vala
- Brno University of Technology: Vysoke uceni technicke v Brne, Faculty of Chemistry, Purkyňova 464/118, 61200, Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC
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35
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Nano- and Crystal Engineering Approaches in the Development of Therapeutic Agents for Neoplastic Diseases. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is a global quandary that requires the administration of many different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with different characteristics. As is the case with many APIs, cancer treatments exhibit poor aqueous solubility which can lead to low drug absorption, increased doses, and subsequently poor bioavailability and the occurrence of more adverse events. Several strategies have been envisaged to overcome this drawback, specifically for the treatment of neoplastic diseases. These include crystal engineering, in which new crystal structures are formed to improve drug physicochemical properties, and/or nanoengineering in which the reduction in particle size of the pristine crystal results in much improved physicochemical properties. Co-crystals, which are supramolecular complexes that comprise of an API and a co-crystal former (CCF) held together by non-covalent interactions in crystal lattice, have been developed to improve the performance of some anti-cancer drugs. Similarly, nanosizing through the formation of nanocrystals and, in some cases, the use of both crystal and nanoengineering to obtain nano co-crystals (NCC) have been used to increase the solubility as well as overall performance of many anticancer drugs. The formulation process of both micron and sub-micron crystalline formulations for the treatment of cancers makes use of relatively simple techniques and minimal amounts of excipients aside from stabilizers and co-formers. The flexibility of these crystalline formulations with regards to routes of administration and ability to target neoplastic tissue makes them ideal strategies for effectiveness of cancer treatments. In this review, we describe the use of crystalline formulations for the treatment of various neoplastic diseases. In addition, this review attempts to highlight the gaps in the current translation of these potential treatments into authorized medicines for use in clinical practice.
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Ahmed J, Mandal SK. Phenalenyl Radical: Smallest Polycyclic Odd Alternant Hydrocarbon Present in the Graphene Sheet. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11369-11431. [PMID: 35561295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyl, a zigzag-edged odd alternant hydrocarbon unit can be found in the graphene nanosheet. Hückel molecular orbital calculations indicate the presence of a nonbonding molecular orbital (NBMO), which originates from the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) arising from 13 carbon atoms of the phenalenyl molecule. Three redox states (cationic, neutral radical, and anionic) of the phenalenyl-based molecules were attributed to the presence of this NBMO. The cationic state can undergo two consecutive reductions to result in neutral radical and anionic states, stepwise, respectively. The phenalenyl-based radicals were found as crucial building blocks and attracted the attention of various research fields such as organic synthesis, material science, computation, and device physics. From 2012 onward, a strategy was devised using the cationic state of phenalenyl-based molecules and in situ generated phenalenyl radicals, which created a new domain of catalysis. The in situ generated phenalenyl radicals were utilized for the single electron transfer (SET) process resulting in redox catalysis. This emerging range of applications rejuvenates the more than six decades-old phenalenyl chemistry. This review captures such developments ranging from fundamental understanding to multidirectional applications of phenalenyl-based radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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37
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Gribanova TN, Minyaev RM, Minkin VI. A new 3D-aromatic organoboron species on the basis of CB6 unit: Two states of carbon hypercoordination and structural isomerism of non-classical forms. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Xiang Q, Sun Z. Doublet Open-Shell Graphene Fragments. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200251. [PMID: 35438845 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances on neutral delocalized radical species based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with fused hexagonal rings, herein defined as doublet open-shell graphene fragments, are summarized in this review. A few simple yet useful theoretical approaches for structural analysis and molecular design were introduced at first. Then, based on the number of fused hexagonal rings, molecular systems with different size, symmetry and edge structure were discussed with emphasis on those isolated in the crystalline form. Their unique self-association behavior, chemical reactivity and physical properties were summarized and discussed, and insights on their functions and potential applications were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Tianjin University, Institute of Molecular Plus, CHINA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Tianjin University, Institute of molecular plus, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, CHINA
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39
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Sun J, Zhao E, Liang J, Li H, Zhao S, Wang G, Gu X, Tang BZ. Diradical-Featured Organic Small-Molecule Photothermal Material with High-Spin State in Dimers for Ultra-Broadband Solar Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108048. [PMID: 34882850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials with radical characteristics are gaining increasing attention, due to their potential implications in highly efficient utilization of solar energy. Manipulating intermolecular interactions is crucial for tuning radical properties, as well as regulating their absorption bands, and thus improving the photothermal conversion efficiency. Herein, a diradical-featured organic small-molecule croconium derivative, CR-DPA-T, is reported for highly efficient utilization of solar energy. Upon aggregation, CR-DPA-T exists in dimer form, stabilized by the strong intermolecular π-π interactions, and exhibits a rarely reported high-spin state. Benefiting from the synergic effects of radical characteristics and strong intermolecular π-π interactions, CR-DPA-T powder absorbs broadly from 300 to 2000 nm. In-depth investigations with transient absorption analysis reveal that the strong intermolecular π-π interactions can promote nonradiative relaxation by accelerating internal conversion and facilitating intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) between dimeric molecules to open up faster internal conversion pathways. Remarkably, CR-DPA-T powder demonstrates a high photothermal efficiency of 79.5% under 808 nm laser irradiation. By employing CR-DPA-T as a solar harvester, a CR-DPA-T-loaded flexible self-healing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (H-PDMS) film, named as H-PDMS/CR-DPA-T self-healing film, is fabricated and employed for solar-thermal applications. These findings provide a feasible guideline for developing highly efficient diradical-featured organic photothermal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangman Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Engui Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, HIT Campus of University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
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40
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Dexter Tam TL, Moudgil A, Teh WJ, Wong ZM, Handoko AD, Chien SW, Yang SW, Yeo BS, Leong WL, Xu J. Polaron Delocalization Dependence of the Conductivity and the Seebeck Coefficient in Doped Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2073-2085. [PMID: 35200014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are promising materials for thermoelectrics as they offer good performances at near ambient temperatures. The current focus on polymer thermoelectric research mainly targets a higher power factor (PF; a product of the conductivity and square of the Seebeck coefficient) through improving the charge mobility. This is usually accomplished via structural modification in conjugated polymers using different processing techniques and doping. As a result, the structure-charge transport relationship in conjugated polymers is generally well-established. In contrast, the relationship between the structure and the Seebeck coefficient is poorly understood due to its complex nature. A theoretical framework by David Emin (Phys. Rev. B, 1999, 59, 6205-6210) suggests that the Seebeck coefficient can be enhanced via carrier-induced vibrational softening, whose magnitude is governed by the size of the polaron. In this work, we seek to unravel this relationship in conjugated polymers using a series of highly identical pro-quinoid polymers. These polymers are ideal to test Emin's framework experimentally as the quinoid character and polaron delocalization in these polymers can be well controlled even by small atomic differences (<10 at. % per repeating unit). By increasing the polaron delocalization, that is, the polaron size, we demonstrate that both the conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient (and hence PF) can be increased simultaneously, and the latter is due to the increase in the polaron's vibrational entropy. By using literature data, we also show that this phenomenon can be observed in two closely related diketopyrrolopyrrole-conjugated polymers as well as in p-doped P3HT and PANI systems with an increasing molecular order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Lip Dexter Tam
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Akshay Moudgil
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Jie Teh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zicong Marvin Wong
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Albertus Denny Handoko
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Sheau Wei Chien
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Wang Yang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Boon Siang Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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41
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Crystal structures of rare earth cyamelurates obtained under kinetic and thermodynamic controls. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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π-π Stacking Interaction of Metal Phenoxyl Radical Complexes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031135. [PMID: 35164397 PMCID: PMC8840625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
π-π stacking interaction is well-known to be one of the weak interactions. Its importance in the stabilization of protein structures and functionalization has been reported for various systems. We have focused on a single copper oxidase, galactose oxidase, which has the π-π stacking interaction of the alkylthio-substituted phenoxyl radical with the indole ring of the proximal tryptophan residue and catalyzes primary alcohol oxidation to give the corresponding aldehyde. This stacking interaction has been considered to stabilize the alkylthio-phenoxyl radical, but further details of the interaction are still unclear. In this review, we discuss the effect of the π-π stacking interaction of the alkylthio-substituted phenoxyl radical with an indole ring.
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43
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Chen X, Xie H, Lorenzo ER, Zeman CJ, Qi Y, Syed ZH, Stone AEBS, Wang Y, Goswami S, Li P, Islamoglu T, Weiss EA, Hupp JT, Schatz GC, Wasielewski MR, Farha OK. Direct Observation of Modulated Radical Spin States in Metal–Organic Frameworks by Controlled Flexibility. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2685-2693. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haomiao Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emmaline R. Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charles J. Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron E. B. S. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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44
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Meng Z, Jones CG, Farid S, Khan IU, Nelson HM, Mirica KA. Unraveling the Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Layered Conductive Metal‐Organic Framework With Atomic Precision. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Burke Laboratory Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Christopher G. Jones
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Sidra Farid
- Material Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry GC University Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Islam Ullah Khan
- Material Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry GC University Lahore 54000 Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry University of Mianwali Mianwali 42200 Pakistan
| | - Hosea M. Nelson
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Katherine A. Mirica
- Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Burke Laboratory Hanover NH 03755 USA
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45
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Hooe SL, Moreno JJ, Reid AG, Cook EN, Machan CW. Mediated Inner-Sphere Electron Transfer Induces Homogeneous Reduction of CO 2 via Through-Space Electronic Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202109645. [PMID: 34695281 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 is an appealing method for converting renewable energy sources into value-added chemical feedstocks. We report a co-electrocatalytic system for the reduction of CO2 to CO comprised of a molecular Cr complex and dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide (DBTD) as a redox mediator, which achieves high activity (TOF=1.51-2.84×105 s-1 ) and quantitative selectivity. Under aprotic or protic conditions, DBTD produces a co-electrocatalytic response with 1 by coordinating trans to the site of CO2 binding and mediating electron transfer from the electrode with quantitative efficiency for CO. This assembly is reliant on through-space electronic conjugation between the π frameworks of DBTD and the bpy fragment of the catalyst ligand, with contributions from dispersive interactions and weak sulfone coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Emma N Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4319, USA
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46
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Hooe SL, Moreno JJ, Reid AG, Cook EN, Machan CW. Mediated Inner‐Sphere Electron Transfer Induces Homogeneous Reduction of CO
2
via Through‐Space Electronic Conjugation**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L. Hooe
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Juan J. Moreno
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Amelia G. Reid
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Emma N. Cook
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry University of Virginia McCormick Road, PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
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47
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Reid AG, Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Baugh KR, Thomas IH, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Inverse Potential Scaling in Co-Electrocatalytic Activity for CO 2 Reduction Through Redox Mediator Tuning and Catalyst Design. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9595-9606. [PMID: 36091894 PMCID: PMC9400620 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is an attractive strategy to mitigate the continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and generate value-added chemical products. A possible strategy to increase the activity of molecular...
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Kira R Baugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Isobel H Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
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48
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Flynn C, Zhou Z, McCormack ME, Wei Z, Petrukhina MA, Kertesz M. Bonding and uneven charge distribution in infinite pyrene π-stacks. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unusual intermolecular π-stacking in a new charge transfer salt of pyrene (Py), (Py)2+(Ga2Cl7)−, has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Flynn
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington DC 20057-1227, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao'an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Megan E. McCormack
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington DC 20057-1227, USA
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49
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Liu J, Zeng J, Zhao D, Yao Y, Hu D, Ma Y. Comprehending radicals, diradicals and their bondings in aggregates of imide-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9985-9992. [PMID: 36128241 PMCID: PMC9430410 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02906e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures and optical properties of imide-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals, which exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism as discovered recently and the strong pancake bondings in NDI radical aggregates are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Liu
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiarui Zeng
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Duokai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dehua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Romanenko GV, Letyagin GA, Ovcharenko VI. Effect of pressure on the structure of multispin complexes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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