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Wei D, Zhang H, Tao Y, Wang K, Wang Y, Deng C, Xu R, Zhu N, Lu Y, Zeng K, Yang Z, Zhang Z. Dual-Emission Single Sensing Element-Assembled Fluorescent Sensor Arrays for the Rapid Discrimination of Multiple Surfactants in Environments. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4987-4996. [PMID: 38466896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Surfactants are considered as typical emerging pollutants, their extensive use of in disinfectants has hugely threatened the ecosystem and human health, particularly during the pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), whereas the rapid discrimination of multiple surfactants in environments is still a great challenge. Herein, we designed a fluorescent sensor array based on luminescent metal-organic frameworks (UiO-66-NH2@Au NCs) for the specific discrimination of six surfactants (AOS, SDS, SDSO, MES, SDBS, and Tween-20). Wherein, UiO-66-NH2@Au NCs were fabricated by integrating UiO-66-NH2 (2-aminoterephthalic acid-anchored-MOFs based on zirconium ions) with gold nanoclusters (Au NCs), which exhibited a dual-emission features, showing good luminescence. Interestingly, due to the interactions of surfactants and UiO-66-NH2@Au NCs, the surfactants can differentially regulate the fluorescence property of UiO-66-NH2@Au NCs, producing diverse fluorescent "fingerprints", which were further identified by pattern recognition methods. The proposed fluorescence sensor array achieved 100% accuracy in identifying various surfactants and multicomponent mixtures, with the detection limit in the range of 0.0032 to 0.0315 mM for six pollutants, which was successfully employed in the discrimination of surfactants in real environmental waters. More importantly, our findings provided a new avenue in rapid detection of surfactants, rendering a promising technique for environmental monitoring against trace multicontaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Wei
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yu Tao
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chunmeng Deng
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Rongfei Xu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nuanfei Zhu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanyan Lu
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kun Zeng
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhugen Yang
- School of Water, Energy, and Environment, Cranfield University, Milton Keynes MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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2
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Yin Y, Shen H. Common methods in mitochondrial research (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:126. [PMID: 36004457 PMCID: PMC9448300 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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3
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Yan J, Zhang J, Zhang M, Shi G. Lanthanide metal-organic framework as a paper strip sensor for visual detection of sulfonamide with smartphone-based point-of-care platform. Talanta 2022; 237:122920. [PMID: 34736657 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues in aquatic environments have attracted wide attention. Considering the impacts on the ecosystem and human health, it is urgent to develop a rapid method for detecting antibiotic residues in the environment. In this work, a nanoscale lanthanide metal-organic framework Eu(TATB) with a stable red luminescence in aqueous solution is synthesized by the microemulsion method. Sulfamethazine (SMZ) is frequently most used in veterinary medicine as one of sulfonamides. Eu(TATB) can be used for sensitively and rapidly specific recognition of SMZ with low detection limit (0.67 μM) and eminent recyclability. In addition, a paper-based visual system for point-of-care (POC) monitoring SMZ is devised by both using filter paper embedded with Eu(TATB) and our developed portable smartphone-involved imaging cassette. The naked eyes can observe that the red luminescence of the paper sensor gradually fades away at the presence of SMZ. This provides a reliable and effective method for on-site detection of sulfonamide antibiotics in the field of environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Engineering Research Centre for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingfei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Engineering Research Centre for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Engineering Research Centre for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Engineering Research Centre for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Cleland NRW, Al-Juboori SI, Dobrinskikh E, Bruce KD. Altered substrate metabolism in neurodegenerative disease: new insights from metabolic imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:248. [PMID: 34711251 PMCID: PMC8555332 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), are relatively common and devastating neurological disorders. For example, there are 6 million individuals living with AD in the United States, a number that is projected to grow to 14 million by the year 2030. Importantly, AD, PD and MS are all characterized by the lack of a true disease-modifying therapy that is able to reverse or halt disease progression. In addition, the existing standard of care for most NDs only addresses the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, alternative strategies that target mechanisms underlying the neuropathogenesis of disease are much needed. Recent studies have indicated that metabolic alterations in neurons and glia are commonly observed in AD, PD and MS and lead to changes in cell function that can either precede or protect against disease onset and progression. Specifically, single-cell RNAseq studies have shown that AD progression is tightly linked to the metabolic phenotype of microglia, the key immune effector cells of the brain. However, these analyses involve removing cells from their native environment and performing measurements in vitro, influencing metabolic status. Therefore, technical approaches that can accurately assess cell-specific metabolism in situ have the potential to be transformative to our understanding of the mechanisms driving AD. Here, we review our current understanding of metabolism in both neurons and glia during homeostasis and disease. We also evaluate recent advances in metabolic imaging, and discuss how emerging modalities, such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) have the potential to determine how metabolic perturbations may drive the progression of NDs. Finally, we propose that the temporal, regional, and cell-specific characterization of brain metabolism afforded by FLIM will be a critical first step in the rational design of metabolism-focused interventions that delay or even prevent NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R W Cleland
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Saif I Al-Juboori
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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Bhat A, Li S, Hammler D, Winterhalder MJ, Marx A, Zumbusch A. Live Cell Imaging of Enzymatic Turnover of an Adenosine 5'-Tetraphosphate Analog. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168616. [PMID: 34445322 PMCID: PMC8395338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrolysis of nucleotides is of paramount importance as an energy source for cellular processes. In addition, the transfer of phosphates from nucleotides onto proteins is important as a post-translational protein modification. Monitoring the enzymatic turnover of nucleotides therefore offers great potential as a tool to follow enzymatic activity. While a number of fluorescence sensors are known, so far, there are no methods available for the real-time monitoring of ATP hydrolysis inside live cells. We present the synthesis and application of a novel fluorogenic adenosine 5′-tetraphosphate (Ap4) analog suited for this task. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis, the molecule displays an increase in fluorescence intensity, which provides a readout of its turnover. We demonstrate how this can be used for monitoring cellular processes involving Ap4 hydrolysis. To this end, we visualized the enzymatic activity in live cells using confocal fluorescence microscopy of the Ap4 analog. Our results demonstrate that the Ap4 analog is hydrolyzed in lysosomes. We show that this approach is suited to visualize the lysosome distribution profiles within the live cell and discuss how it can be employed to gather information regarding autophagic flux.
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Huang C, Luo Y, Li J, Liu C, Zhou T, Deng J. pH-Regulated H 4TCPE@Eu/AMP ICP Sensor Array and Its Fingerprinting on Test Papers: Toward Point-of-Use Systematic Analysis of Environmental Antibiotics. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9183-9192. [PMID: 34164990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 1,1,2,2-tetra(4-carboxylphenyl)ethylene (H4TCPE) was selected as the guest and incorporated into a Eu/AMP ICP host to establish a "lab-on-an-AIE@Ln/ICP" sensor array for identifying and sensing environmental antibiotics simultaneously. First, on the basis of a theoretical study of the antenna effect and reductive photoinduced charge transfer between the as-prepared H4TCPE@Eu/AMP ICPs and antibiotics, respectively, the response from the sensitized time-resolved fluorescence of the host and the unique aggregation-induced emission (AIE) of the guest were selected as the main sensing elements for the sensor array. With the regulation of pH, the diverse fluorescence responses for antibiotics with either structural differences (flumequine, oxytetracycline, and sulfadiazine) or structural similarities (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and doxycycline) were recorded and processed by principal component analysis; systematic analysis of environmental antibiotics was therefore realized. Encouraged by the superior anti-aggregation-caused quenching effect of H4TCPE@Eu/AMP ICPs on the test strip, the distinct fluorescence color changes of the "lab-on-an-AIE@Ln/ICP" sensor array were further explored with the aid of smartphones. The fingerprinting pattern of the sensor array on test paper eventually holds great potential for the point-of-use systematic analysis of environmental antibiotics even in complicated real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Huang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yuxin Luo
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tianshu Zhou
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.,Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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7
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Fluorescence on-off-on with small and charge-tunable nanoparticles enables highly sensitive intracellular microRNA imaging in living cells. Talanta 2021; 226:122114. [PMID: 33676670 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based on-off-on fluorescence sensing strategies are significant particularly in intracellular nucleic acids imaging assay. There still remains challenge to rationally balance fluorescence quenching efficiency and recovery dynamics. We assume that the performance of on-off-on fluorescence sensing strategy can be fundamentally improved on small zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterial with precisely modulated surface charge. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, silicon nanoparticle (SiNP) with ~4 nm was synthesized and used as the quencher model, of which the surface charge density was modulated by modification of triphenylphosphonium (TPP). The influence of particle size, surface charge and charge density of the nanomaterials on sensing performance was systematically investigated. The strategy showed a low limit of detection (LOD) as 26 pM for target model miR-494, which is one of the lowest in nanomaterial-based on-off-on sensing platforms. And the LOD is even comparable to amplification-based methods in a greatly shortened assay time (2.5 h). The miR-494 expresses in cancerous and normal living cells of human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), human lung carcinoma (A549), human breast cancer (MCF-7), and normal human mammary epithelial (MCF-10A) cells were imaged and localized with significantly improved sensitivity and specificity. These excellent performances insure it a promising candidate as convenient and non-enzymatic sensing platform for miRNA-associated disease detection and early diagnosis.
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8
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Kolmakov K, Winter FR, Sednev MV, Ghosh S, Borisov SM, Nizovtsev AV. Everlasting rhodamine dyes and true deciding factors in their STED microscopy performance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1677-1689. [PMID: 33179701 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00304b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The authors took an independent and closer look at the family of red-emitting rhodamine dyes known for a decade due to their excellent performance in STED microscopy. After the family was further extended, the true grounds of this performance became clear. Small-molecule protective agents and/or auxiliary groups were attached at two different sites of the dye's scaffold. Thus, a rhodamine core, which is already quite photostable as it is, and an intramolecular stabilizer - a 4-nitrobenzyl or a 4-nitrobenzylthio group were combined to give potentially "everlasting dyes". The fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) and the fluorescence lifetimes (τ) of the modified dyes were thoroughly measured with comparison to those of the parent dyes. The correlation of their STED performance with photostability and fluorescence color stability under illumination in water were explored. Unexpectedly, the anaerobic GSDIM (GOC) buffer proved unhelpful with respect to STED performance. It was demonstrated that, even dyes with a Φf of only 14-17% allow STED imaging with a sufficient photon budget and good signal-to-noise ratio. For the dyes with photostabilizing groups (PSG) the Φf values are 4-5 times lower than in the reference dyes, and lifetimes τ are also strongly reduced. Noteworthy are very high fluorescence color stability and constant or even increasing fluorescence signal under photobleaching in bulk aqueous solutions, which suggests a sacrificing role of the 4-nitrobenzyl-containing moieties. Straightforward and improved recipes for "last-minute" modifications and preparations of "self-healing" red-emitting fluorescent tags are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kolmakov
- glyXera GmbH, Brenneckestraße 20 * ZENIT II/Haus 66, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Hammler D, Stuber K, Offensperger F, Scheffner M, Zumbusch A, Marx A. Fluorescently Labelled ATP Analogues for Direct Monitoring of Ubiquitin Activation. Chemistry 2020; 26:6279-6284. [PMID: 32154932 PMCID: PMC7317923 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple and robust assays to monitor enzymatic ATP cleavage with high efficiency in real‐time are scarce. To address this shortcoming, we developed fluorescently labelled adenosine tri‐, tetra‐ and pentaphosphate analogues of ATP. The novel ATP analogues bear — in contrast to earlier reports — only a single acridone‐based dye at the terminal phosphate group. The dye's fluorescence is quenched by the adenine component of the ATP analogue and is restored upon cleavage of the phosphate chain and dissociation of the dye from the adenosine moiety. Thereby the activity of ATP‐cleaving enzymes can be followed in real‐time. We demonstrate this proficiency for ubiquitin activation by the ubiquitin‐activating enzymes UBA1 and UBA6 which represents the first step in an enzymatic cascade leading to the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to substrate proteins, a process that is highly conserved from yeast to humans. We found that the efficiency to serve as cofactor for UBA1/UBA6 very much depends on the length of the phosphate chain of the ATP analogue: triphosphates are used poorly while pentaphosphates are most efficiently processed. Notably, the novel pentaphosphate‐harbouring ATP analogue supersedes the efficiency of recently reported dual‐dye labelled analogues and thus, is a promising candidate for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Katrin Stuber
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Fabian Offensperger
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Andreas Zumbusch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied PhotonicsUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078457KonstanzGermany
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Sun Z, Fan YZ, Du SZ, Yang YZ, Ling Y, Li NB, Luo HQ. Conversion of Fluorescence Signals into Optical Fingerprints Realizing High-Throughput Discrimination of Anionic Sulfonate Surfactants with Similar Structure Based on a Statistical Strategy and Luminescent Metal–Organic Frameworks. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7273-7281. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Zhu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shi Zhe Du
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Zhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Ling
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nian Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Qun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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