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Wang K, Wang L, Shang Z, Yang X, Li H, Wang X, Zhu M, Meng Q. A series of DNA targeted Cu (II) complexes containing 1,8-naphthalimide ligands: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer activity. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 261:112721. [PMID: 39236444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Copper(II) complexes are very promising candidates for platinum-based anticancer agents. Herein, three Cu (II) complexes (1-3) containing 1,8-naphthalimide ligands were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, ESI-MS and single crystal X-ray diffraction (complex 3). In addition, a control compound (complex 4) without 1,8-naphthalimide ligand was synthesized and characterized. The in vitro anticancer activity of the synthesized complexes against five cancer cell lines and one normal cell line was evaluated by MTS assay. The results displayed the antitumor activity of complexes 1-3 was controlled by the aliphatic chain length of ligands, their cytotoxicity was in the order 3 > 2 > 1, giving the IC50 values ranging from 2.874 ± 0.155 μM to 31.47 ± 0.29 μM against five cancer cell lines. Complex 4 showed less activity in comparison with complex 1-3. Notably, complexes 1-3 displayed much higher selectivity (SI = 2.65 to 10.16) compared to complex 4 (SI = 1.0), indicated that the introduction of 1,8-naphthalimide group not only increased the activity of this series of compounds but also enhanced their specific selectivity to cancer cells. Compound 3 induced apoptosis in cancer cells and blocked the S-phase and G2/M of cancer cells. The interaction with DNA of complexes 3 and 4 was studied by UV/Vis spectroscopic titrations, competitive DNA-binding experiment, viscometry and CD spectra. The results showed that complex 3 interacted with DNA in an intercalating mode, but the interaction mode of compound 4 with DNA was electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, PR China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, Liaoning 114007, PR China
| | - Ling Wang
- The Key Laboratory of the Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemistry of Liaoning Province, Department of Coordination Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China
| | - Zhuye Shang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, PR China
| | - Xingzhi Yang
- Center for Natural Drug Activity Screening, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Center for Natural Drug Activity Screening, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, Liaoning 114007, PR China
| | - Mingchang Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of the Inorganic Molecule-Based Chemistry of Liaoning Province, Department of Coordination Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, PR China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, PR China.
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2
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Cai DH, Liang BF, Chen BH, Liu QY, Pan ZY, Le XY, He L. A novel water-soluble Cu(II) gluconate complex inhibits cancer cell growth by triggering apoptosis and ferroptosis related mechanisms. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112299. [PMID: 37354603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Metal copper complexes have attracted extensive attention as potential alternatives to platinum-based anticancer drugs due to their possible different modes of action. Herein, a new copper(II) gluconate complex, namely [Cu(DPQ)(Gluc)]·2H2O (CuGluc, DPQ = pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline), with good water-solubility and high anticancer activity was synthesized by using D-gluconic acid (Gluc-2H) as an auxiliary ligand. The complex was well characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The DNA-binding experiments revealed that CuGluc was bound to DNA by intercalation with end-stacking binding. CuGluc could oxidatively cleave DNA, in which 1O2 and H2O2 were involved. In addition, CuGluc was bound to the IIA subdomain of human serum albumin (HSA) through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, showing a good affinity for HSA. The complex showed superior anticancer activity toward several cancer cells than cisplatin in vitro. Further studies indicated that CuGluc caused apoptotic cell death in human liver cancer (HepG2) cells through elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell cycle arrest, and caspase activation. Interestingly, CuGluc also triggered the ferroptosis mechanism through lipid peroxide accumulation and inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity. More importantly, CuGluc significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo, which may benefit from the combined effects of apoptosis and ferroptosis. This work provides a promising strategy to develop highly effective antitumor copper complexes by coordinating with the glucose metabolite D-gluconic acid and exploiting the synergistic effects of apoptosis and ferroptosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hong Cai
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin-Fa Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bai-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qi-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zheng-Yin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
| | - Xue-Yi Le
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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3
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McGorman B, Fantoni NZ, O'Carroll S, Ziemele A, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Kellett A. Enzymatic Synthesis of Chemical Nuclease Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotides with Gene-Silencing Applications. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5467-5481. [PMID: 35640595 PMCID: PMC9177962 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) are short, single-stranded oligomers that hybridise to a specific sequence of duplex DNA. TFOs can block transcription and thereby inhibit protein production, making them highly appealing in the field of antigene therapeutics. In this work, a primer extension protocol was developed to enzymatically prepare chemical nuclease TFO hybrid constructs, with gene-silencing applications. Click chemistry was employed to generate novel artificial metallo-nuclease (AMN)-dNTPs, which were selectively incorporated into the TFO strand by a DNA polymerase. This purely enzymatic protocol was then extended to facilitate the construction of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) modified TFOs that displayed increased thermal stability. The utility of the enzymatically synthesised di-(2-picolyl)amine (DPA)-TFOs was assessed and compared to a specifically prepared solid-phase synthesis counterpart through gel electrophoresis, quantitative PCR, and Sanger sequencing, which revealed similar recognition and damage properties to target genes. The specificity was then enhanced through coordinated designer intercalators-DPQ and DPPZ-and high-precision DNA cleavage was achieved. To our knowledge, this is the first example of the enzymatic production of an AMN-TFO hybrid and is the largest base modification incorporated using this method. These results indicate how chemical nuclease-TFOs may overcome limitations associated with non-molecularly targeted metallodrugs and open new avenues for artificial gene-editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bríonna McGorman
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nicolò Zuin Fantoni
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK
| | - Sinéad O'Carroll
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Anna Ziemele
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK.,Department of Science and Mathematics, Suez University, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining, Engineering, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,SSPC, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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4
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Khursheed S, Tabassum S, Arjmand F. Comprehensive biological {DNA/RNA binding profile, cleavage &cytotoxicity activity} of structurally well-characterized chromone-appended Cu(II)(L1-3)(phen) potential anticancer drug candidates. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Banasiak A, Zuin Fantoni N, Kellett A, Colleran J. Mapping the DNA Damaging Effects of Polypyridyl Copper Complexes with DNA Electrochemical Biosensors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030645. [PMID: 35163909 PMCID: PMC8838702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of copper complexes are known to induce oxidative DNA damage that mediates cell death. These compounds are potentially useful anticancer agents and detailed investigation can reveal the mode of DNA interaction, binding strength, and type of oxidative lesion formed. We recently reported the development of a DNA electrochemical biosensor employed to quantify the DNA cleavage activity of the well-studied [Cu(phen)2]2+ chemical nuclease. However, to validate the broader compatibility of this sensor for use with more diverse—and biologically compatible—copper complexes, and to probe its use from a drug discovery perspective, analysis involving new compound libraries is required. Here, we report on the DNA binding and quantitative cleavage activity of the [Cu(TPMA)(N,N)]2+ class (where TPMA = tris-2-pyridylmethylamine) using a DNA electrochemical biosensor. TPMA is a tripodal copper caging ligand, while N,N represents a bidentate planar phenanthrene ligand capable of enhancing DNA interactions through intercalation. All complexes exhibited electroactivity and interact with DNA through partial (or semi-) intercalation but predominantly through electrostatic attraction. Although TPMA provides excellent solution stability, the bulky ligand enforces a non-planar geometry on the complex, which sterically impedes full interaction. [Cu(TPMA)(phen)]2+ and [Cu(TPMA)(DPQ)]2+ cleaved 39% and 48% of the DNA strands from the biosensor surface, respectively, while complexes [Cu(TPMA)(bipy)]2+ and [Cu(TPMA)(PD)]2+ exhibit comparatively moderate nuclease efficacy (ca. 26%). Comparing the nuclease activities of [Cu(TPMA)(phen)] 2+ and [Cu(phen)2]2+ (ca. 23%) confirms the presence of TPMA significantly enhances chemical nuclease activity. Therefore, the use of this DNA electrochemical biosensor is compatible with copper(II) polypyridyl complexes and reveals TPMA complexes as a promising class of DNA damaging agent with tuneable activity due to coordinated ancillary phenanthrene ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Banasiak
- Applied Electrochemistry Group, FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, Dublin 8, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nicolò Zuin Fantoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK;
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (J.C.); Tel.: +353-1-700-5461 (A.K.); +353-1-220-5562 (J.C.)
| | - John Colleran
- Applied Electrochemistry Group, FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, Camden Row, Dublin 8, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Central Quad Grangegorman, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (J.C.); Tel.: +353-1-700-5461 (A.K.); +353-1-220-5562 (J.C.)
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6
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Copper(II) and silver(I)-1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione complexes interact with double-stranded DNA: further evidence of their apparent multi-modal activity towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:201-213. [PMID: 35006347 PMCID: PMC8840922 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tackling microbial resistance requires continuous efforts for the development of new molecules with novel mechanisms of action and potent antimicrobial activity. Our group has previously identified metal-based compounds, [Ag(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione)2]ClO4 (Ag-phendione) and [Cu(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione)3](ClO4)2.4H2O (Cu-phendione), with efficient antimicrobial action against multidrug-resistant species. Herein, we investigated the ability of Ag-phendione and Cu-phendione to bind with double-stranded DNA using a combination of in silico and in vitro approaches. Molecular docking revealed that both phendione derivatives can interact with the DNA by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Cu-phendione exhibited the highest binding affinity to either major (− 7.9 kcal/mol) or minor (− 7.2 kcal/mol) DNA grooves. In vitro competitive quenching assays involving duplex DNA with Hoechst 33258 or ethidium bromide demonstrated that Ag-phendione and Cu-phendione preferentially bind DNA in the minor grooves. The competitive ethidium bromide displacement technique revealed Cu-phendione has a higher binding affinity to DNA (Kapp = 2.55 × 106 M−1) than Ag-phendione (Kapp = 2.79 × 105 M−1) and phendione (Kapp = 1.33 × 105 M−1). Cu-phendione induced topoisomerase I-mediated DNA relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA. Moreover, Cu-phendione was able to induce oxidative DNA injuries with the addition of free radical scavengers inhibiting DNA damage. Ag-phendione and Cu-phendione avidly displaced propidium iodide bound to DNA in permeabilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells in a dose-dependent manner as judged by flow cytometry. The treatment of P. aeruginosa with bactericidal concentrations of Cu-phendione (15 µM) induced DNA fragmentation as visualized by either agarose gel or TUNEL assays. Altogether, these results highlight a possible novel DNA-targeted mechanism by which phendione-containing complexes, in part, elicit toxicity toward the multidrug-resistant pathogen P. aeruginosa.
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7
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Phenanthroline-based Ni(II) coordination compounds involving unconventional discrete fumarate-water-nitrate clusters and energetically significant cooperative ternary π-stacked assemblies: Antiproliferative evaluation and theoretical studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Zehra S, Cirilli I, Silvestri S, Gómez-Ruiz S, Tabassum S, Arjmand F. Structure elucidation, in vitro binding studies and ROS-dependent anti-cancer activity of Cu(II) and Zn(II) phthaloylglycinate(phen) complexes against MDA-MB-231 cells. Metallomics 2021; 13:6415206. [PMID: 34724067 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New mononuclear Cu(II) and Zn(II)-based complexes 1 [Cu(L)2(diimine)HOCH3] and 2 [Zn(L)2(diimine)] have been synthesized as anti-cancer chemotherapeutics targeted to tRNA. The structure elucidation of complexes 1 and 2 was carried out by spectroscopic and single X-ray diffraction studies. In vitro interaction studies of complexes 1 and 2 with ct-DNA/tRNA were performed by employing various biophysical techniques to evaluate and predict their interaction behavior and preferential selectivity at biomolecular therapeutic targets. The corroborative results of the interaction studies demonstrated that complexes 1 and 2 exhibited avid binding propensity via intercalative mode of binding toward ct-DNA/tRNA. Electrophoretic assay revealed that the complexes 1 and 2 were able to promote single- and double-strand cleavage of the plasmid DNA at low micromolar concentrations under physiological conditions in the absence of an additional oxidizing or reducing agent. RNA hydrolysis studies revealed that the complexes 1 and 2 could promote tRNA cleavage in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The cytotoxic potential of complexes 1 and 2 was evaluated against the MDA-MB-231 cell line, which showed that the complexes were able to inhibit the cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. The intracellular ROS production and mitochondrial superoxide anion assay revealed that the complexes 1 and 2 induce a dose-dependent activity, suggesting the involvement of ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siffeen Zehra
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP 202002, India
| | - Ilenia Cirilli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy.,School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Santiago Gómez-Ruiz
- COMET-NANO Group, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica,, E.S.C.E.T., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP 202002, India
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP 202002, India
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9
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Levín P, Balsa LM, Silva CP, Herzog AE, Vega A, Pavez J, León IE, Lemus L. Artificial Chemical Nuclease and Cytotoxic Activity of a Mononuclear Copper(I) Complex and a Related Binuclear Double‐Stranded Helicate. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Levín
- Departamento Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Libertador B. O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago Chile
| | - Lucía M. Balsa
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR-CONICET-UNLP) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata Bv 120 1465 La Plata Argentina
| | - Carlos P. Silva
- Departamento Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Libertador B. O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago Chile
- Soft Matter Research and Technology Center, SMAT-C Santiago Chile
| | - Austin E. Herzog
- Chemistry Department Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Andrés Vega
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Andrés Bello Viña del Mar Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA Santiago Chile
| | - Jorge Pavez
- Departamento Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Libertador B. O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago Chile
- Soft Matter Research and Technology Center, SMAT-C Santiago Chile
| | - Ignacio E. León
- Centro de Química Inorgánica (CEQUINOR-CONICET-UNLP) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata Bv 120 1465 La Plata Argentina
| | - Luis Lemus
- Departamento Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile Av. Libertador B. O'Higgins, 3363 Santiago Chile
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10
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McStay N, Slator C, Singh V, Gibney A, Westerlund F, Kellett A. Click and Cut: a click chemistry approach to developing oxidative DNA damaging agents. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10289-10308. [PMID: 34570227 PMCID: PMC8501983 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallodrugs provide important first-line treatment against various forms of human cancer. To overcome chemotherapeutic resistance and widen treatment possibilities, new agents with improved or alternative modes of action are highly sought after. Here, we present a click chemistry strategy for developing DNA damaging metallodrugs. The approach involves the development of a series of polyamine ligands where three primary, secondary or tertiary alkyne-amines were selected and 'clicked' using the copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction to a 1,3,5-azide mesitylene core to produce a family of compounds we call the 'Tri-Click' (TC) series. From the isolated library, one dominant ligand (TC1) emerged as a high-affinity copper(II) binding agent with potent DNA recognition and damaging properties. Using a range of in vitro biophysical and molecular techniques-including free radical scavengers, spin trapping antioxidants and base excision repair (BER) enzymes-the oxidative DNA damaging mechanism of copper-bound TC1 was elucidated. This activity was then compared to intracellular results obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to Cu(II)-TC1 where use of BER enzymes and fluorescently modified dNTPs enabled the characterisation and quantification of genomic DNA lesions produced by the complex. The approach can serve as a new avenue for the design of DNA damaging agents with unique activity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha McStay
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Creina Slator
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Vandana Singh
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alex Gibney
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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11
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Fantoni NZ, Brown T, Kellett A. DNA-Targeted Metallodrugs: An Untapped Source of Artificial Gene Editing Technology. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2184-2205. [PMID: 33570813 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding metal complexes are synonymous with anticancer drug discovery. Given the array of structural and chemical reactivity properties available through careful design, metal complexes have been directed to bind nucleic acid structures through covalent or noncovalent binding modes. Several recognition modes - including crosslinking, intercalation, and oxidation - are central to the clinical success of broad-spectrum anticancer metallodrugs. However, recent progress in nucleic acid click chemistry coupled with advancement in our understanding of metal complex-nucleic acid interactions has opened up new avenues in genetic engineering and targeted therapies. Several of these applications are enabled by the hybridisation of oligonucleotide or polyamine probes to discrete metal complexes, which facilitate site-specific reactivity at the nucleic acid interface under the guidance of the probe. This Review focuses on recent advancements in hybrid design and, by way of an introduction to this topic, we provide a detailed overview of nucleic acid structures and metal complex-nucleic acid interactions. Our aim is to provide readers with an insight on the rational design of metal complexes with DNA recognition properties and an understanding of how the sequence-specific targeting of these interactions can be achieved for gene engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Zuin Fantoni
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for, Cellular Biotechnology and Nano Research Facility, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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12
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Walke GR, Meron S, Shenberger Y, Gevorkyan‐Airapetov L, Ruthstein S. Cellular Uptake of the ATSM-Cu(II) Complex under Hypoxic Conditions. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:486-492. [PMID: 33908707 PMCID: PMC8080296 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cu(II)-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) complex (ATSM-Cu(II)) has been suggested as a promising positron emission tomography (PET) agent for hypoxia imaging. Several in-vivo studies have shown its potential to detect hypoxic tumors. However, its uptake mechanism and its specificity to various cancer cell lines have been less studied. Herein, we tested ATSM-Cu(II) toxicity, uptake, and reduction, using four different cell types: (1) mouse breast cancer cells (DA-3), (2) human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293), (3) breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and (4) cervical cancer cells (Hela) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We showed that ATSM-Cu(II) is toxic to breast cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions; however, it is not toxic to normal HEK-293 non-cancer cells. We showed that the Cu(I) content in breast cancer cell after treatment with ATSM-Cu(II) under hypoxic conditions is higher than in normal cells, despite that the uptake of ATSM-Cu(II) is a bit higher in normal cells than in breast cancer cells. This study suggests that the redox potential of ATSM-Cu(II) is higher in breast cancer cells than in normal cells; thus, its toxicity to cancer cells is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan R. Walke
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
| | - Shelly Meron
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
| | - Yulia Shenberger
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
| | - Lada Gevorkyan‐Airapetov
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
| | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Exact Sciences, and theInstitute for Nanotechnology and advanced materials (BINA)Bar-Ilan University5290002Ramat-GanIsrael
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13
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Pinho JO, da Silva IV, Amaral JD, Rodrigues CMP, Casini A, Soveral G, Gaspar MM. Therapeutic potential of a copper complex loaded in pH-sensitive long circulating liposomes for colon cancer management. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120463. [PMID: 33711474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is a complex malignancy and current therapies are hampered by systemic toxicity and tumor resistance to treatment. In the field of cancer therapy, copper (Cu) compounds hold great promise, with some reaching clinical trials. However, the anticancer potential of Cu complexes has not yet been fully disclosed due to speciation in biological systems, leading to inactivation and/or potential side effects. This is the case of the widely studied Cu(II) complexes featuring phenanthroline ligands, with potent antiproliferative effects in vitro, but often failing in vivo. Aiming to overcome these limitations and maximize its anticancer effects in vivo, the Cu(II) complex (Cu(1,10-phenanthroline)Cl2) (Cuphen), displaying IC50 values <6 μM against different tumor cell lines, was loaded in long circulating liposomes with pH-sensitive properties (F1, DMPC:CHEMS:DSPE-PEG; F2, DOPE:CHEMS:DMPC:DSPE-PEG). This enabled a pH-dependent Cuphen release, with F1 and F2 releasing 36/78% and 47/94% of Cuphen at pH 6/4.5, respectively. The so formed nanoformulations preserved Cuphen effects towards cancer cell lines, with F2 presenting IC50 of 2.7 μM and 4.9 μM towards colon cancer CT-26 and HCT-116 cells, respectively. Additional in vitro studies confirmed that Cuphen antiproliferative activity towards colon cancer cells does not rely on cell cycle effect. Furthermore, in these cells, Cuphen reduced glycerol permeation and impaired cell migration. At 24 h incubation, wound closure was reduced by Cuphen, with migration values of 29% vs 54% (control) and 45% (1,10-phenanthroline) in CT-26 cells, and 33% vs ~44% (control and 1,10-phenanthroline) in HCT-116 cells. These effects were probably due to inhibition of aquaglyceroporins, membrane water and glycerol channels that are often abnormally expressed in tumors. In a syngeneic murine colon cancer model, F2 significantly reduced tumor progression, compared to the control group and to mice treated with free Cuphen or with the ligand, 1,10-phenanthroline, without eliciting toxic side effects. F2 led to a tumor volume reduction of ca. 50%. This was confirmed by RTV analysis, where F2 reached a value of 1.3 vs 4.4 (Control), 5.8 (Phen) and 3.8 (free Cuphen). These results clearly demonstrated the important role of the Cu(II) for the observed biological activity that was maximized following the association to a lipid-based nanosystem. Overall, this study represents a step forward in the development of pH-sensitive nanotherapeutic strategies of metallodrugs for colon cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta O Pinho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês V da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana D Amaral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Angela Casini
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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14
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Sidambaram P, Colleran J. Evaluating the anticancer properties and real-time electrochemical extracellular bio-speciation of bis (1,10-phenanthroline) silver (I) acetate monohydrate in the presence of A549 lung cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 175:112876. [PMID: 33358431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
According to the American Cancer Society report (2019-2021), the majority (63%) of stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are prescribed with chemo and/or radiation therapies, with 5-year relative survival rates of just 19%. Thus, directed drug development, toward personalised cancer treatment, is widely recognised as a necessary strategy in drug discovery research. However, broad generalisations on the modes of action of bioinorganic compounds are not conducive to tailored drug design, hence, fundamental mechanistic research is essential in realising personalised healthcare. In this work, anticancer properties of bis (1,10-phenanthroline) silver (I) acetate monohydrate (Ag-Phen), toward A549 lung cancer cells are presented. Biological assays were carried out to evaluate the effect of Ag-Phen on cell viability, reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane potentials. In tandem with the biological assays, electrochemistry was employed to determine the real-time concentrations of intact Ag-Phen and dissociated Ag+ in the extracellular medium using platinum microelectrodes, as a function of cellular exposure time. Observations from the assays conducted include, Ag-Phen induced cytotoxicity (IC50 4.5 μM at 72 h) and 2-fold ROS generation, and a 50% decrease in mitochondrial membrane potentials with respect to equivalent concentrations of Ag+ and 1,10-phenanthroline. Bio-speciation studies, conducted electrochemically at platinum microelectrodes, revealed almost 50% of the Ag-Phen had dissociated after 2 h. Significant reductions in concentrations of dissociated Ag+ (from 67.7 μM to 6.7 μM), and the Ag-Phen complex (from 50.2 μM to 11.7 μM) between 4 and 24 h from the extracellular medium, indicate cellular uptake of both. This novel method facilitates the real-time identification and quantification of electroactive species, both the intact Ag-Phen and Ag+, in the presence of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Sidambaram
- Applied Electrochemistry Group, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Colleran
- Applied Electrochemistry Group, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Ireland.
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15
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Mathematical modelling of drug delivery from pH-responsive nanocontainers. Comput Biol Med 2021; 131:104238. [PMID: 33618104 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery systems represent a promising strategy to treat localised disease with minimum impact on the surrounding tissue. In particular, polymeric nanocontainers have attracted major interest because of their structural and morphological advantages and the variety of polymers that can be used, allowing the synthesis of materials capable of responding to the biochemical alterations of the environment. While experimental methodologies can provide much insight, the generation of experimental data across a wide parameter space is usually prohibitively time consuming and/or expensive. To better understand the influence of varying design parameters on the release profile and drug kinetics involved, appropriately-designed mathematical models are of great benefit. Here, we developed a continuum-scale mathematical model to describe drug transport within, and release from, a hollow nanocontainer consisting of a core and a pH-responsive polymeric shell. Our two-layer mathematical model accounts for drug dissolution and diffusion and includes a mechanism to account for trapping of drug molecules within the shell. We conduct a sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of varying the model parameters on the overall behaviour of the system. To demonstrate the usefulness of our model, we focus on the particular case of cancer treatment and calibrate the model against release profile data for two anti-cancer therapeutical agents. We show that the model is capable of capturing the experimentally observed pH-dependent release.
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16
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Zehra S, Gómez-Ruiz S, Siddique HR, Tabassum S, Arjmand F. Water soluble ionic Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) diimine-glycinate complexes targeted to tRNA: structural description, in vitro comparative binding, cleavage and cytotoxic studies towards chemoresistant prostate cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16830-16848. [PMID: 33179662 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02657c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four new water soluble Co(ii), Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) ionic metal complexes (1-4) [Cu(diimine)(H2O)2(glycinate)]+[glycinate]-, [Co(diimine)(H2O)4]+[glycinate]- and [Zn(diimine) (H2O)4]+[glycinate]-, where diimine = 2,2'-bipyridine (1-3) and 1,10-phenanthroline (4) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic and single X-ray crystallographic studies. Complex 1 possesses a triclinic crystal system with a penta-coordinated geometry whereas complexes 2-4 crystallized in an isostructural monoclinic system having distorted octahedral geometry. Density functional theory (DFT) studies for complexes 1-4 were performed to correlate their geometrical parameters and to calculate the energy of frontier molecular orbitals. The corroborative results of spectroscopic and voltammetric studies with ct-DNA and tRNA revealed that the complexes bind noncovalently via an electrostatic mode of binding with specificity for tRNA as compared to ct-DNA. Gel electrophoresis experiments revealed that all the complexes unwind the plasmid pBR322 DNA at low micromolar concentrations (2-9 μM) following an oxidative mechanism for Cu(ii) and Co(ii) complexes (1, 2 and 4) whereas the Zn(ii) complex (3) mediates DNA cleavage by the hydrolytic pathway. The tRNA cleavage showed concentration and time dependent activity of the complexes to promote RNA hydrolysis. Furthermore, the BSA binding ability of complexes 1-4 was monitored, which revealed that the complexes could quench the intrinsic fluorescence in a static manner. Complexes 1-4 were found to be non-toxic towards normal prostate epithelial cells, PNT2, but were potent against chemoresistant metastatic prostate cancer cells, Du145, with GI50 values ranging from 12.75-37 μM. Complexes 1 and 2 also showed cytotoxic activity against cancer stem cells having GI50 values of 14.70 and 14.90 μM, respectively. Molecular docking studies were performed with DNA and tRNA which further validated the spectroscopic analysis demonstrating the higher binding affinity of the complexes towards tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siffeen Zehra
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India-202002.
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17
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Lauria T, Slator C, McKee V, Müller M, Stazzoni S, Crisp AL, Carell T, Kellett A. A Click Chemistry Approach to Developing Molecularly Targeted DNA Scissors. Chemistry 2020; 26:16782-16792. [PMID: 32706904 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid click chemistry was used to prepare a family of chemically modified triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) for application as a new gene-targeted technology. Azide-bearing phenanthrene ligands-designed to promote triplex stability and copper binding-were 'clicked' to alkyne-modified parallel TFOs. Using this approach, a library of TFO hybrids was prepared and shown to effectively target purine-rich genetic elements in vitro. Several of the hybrids provide significant stabilisation toward melting in parallel triplexes (>20 °C) and DNA damage can be triggered upon copper binding in the presence of added reductant. Therefore, the TFO and 'clicked' ligands work synergistically to provide sequence-selectivity to the copper cutting unit which, in turn, confers high stabilisation to the DNA triplex. To extend the boundaries of this hybrid system further, a click chemistry-based di-copper binding ligand was developed to accommodate designer ancillary ligands such as DPQ and DPPZ. When this ligand was inserted into a TFO, a dramatic improvement in targeted oxidative cleavage is afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lauria
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Creina Slator
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Vickie McKee
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Antony L Crisp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland.,CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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18
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Fantoni NZ, Molphy Z, O'Carroll S, Menounou G, Mitrikas G, Krokidis MG, Chatgilialoglu C, Colleran J, Banasiak A, Clynes M, Roche S, Kelly S, McKee V, Kellett A. Polypyridyl-Based Copper Phenanthrene Complexes: Combining Stability with Enhanced DNA Recognition. Chemistry 2020; 27:971-983. [PMID: 32519773 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a series of copper(II) artificial metallo-nucleases (AMNs) and demonstrate their DNA damaging properties and in-vitro cytotoxicity against human-derived pancreatic cancer cells. The compounds combine a tris-chelating polypyridyl ligand, di-(2-pycolyl)amine (DPA), and a DNA intercalating phenanthrene unit. Their general formula is Cu-DPA-N,N' (where N,N'=1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), dipyridoquinoxaline (DPQ) or dipyridophenazine (DPPZ)). Characterisation was achieved by X-ray crystallography and continuous-wave EPR (cw-EPR), hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) and Davies electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopies. The presence of the DPA ligand enhances solution stability and facilitates enhanced DNA recognition with apparent binding constants (Kapp ) rising from 105 to 107 m-1 with increasing extent of planar phenanthrene. Cu-DPA-DPPZ, the complex with greatest DNA binding and intercalation effects, recognises the minor groove of guanine-cytosine (G-C) rich sequences. Oxidative DNA damage also occurs in the minor groove and can be inhibited by superoxide and hydroxyl radical trapping agents. The complexes, particularly Cu-DPA-DPPZ, display promising anticancer activity against human pancreatic tumour cells with in-vitro results surpassing the clinical platinum(II) drug oxaliplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló Zuin Fantoni
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland.,Nicolò Zuin Fantoni-Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Zara Molphy
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland.,SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Sinéad O'Carroll
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Georgia Menounou
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISOF, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - George Mitrikas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Demokritos, NCSR "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi Attikis, 153, 10, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios G Krokidis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Demokritos, NCSR "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi Attikis, 153, 10, Athens, Greece
| | | | - John Colleran
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, TU Dublin, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.,Applied Electrochemistry Group, Focas Research Institute, TU Dublin, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Anna Banasiak
- Applied Electrochemistry Group, Focas Research Institute, TU Dublin, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Sandra Roche
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Suainibhe Kelly
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Vickie McKee
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular, Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, 9, Ireland.,SSPC, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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19
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Krasnovskaya OO, Guk DA, Naumov AE, Nikitina VN, Semkina AS, Vlasova KY, Pokrovsky V, Ryabaya OO, Karshieva SS, Skvortsov DA, Zhirkina IV, Shafikov RR, Gorelkin PV, Vaneev AN, Erofeev AS, Mazur DM, Tafeenko VA, Pergushov VI, Melnikov MY, Soldatov MA, Shapovalov VV, Soldatov AV, Akasov RA, Gerasimov VM, Sakharov DA, Moiseeva AA, Zyk NV, Beloglazkina EK, Majouga AG. Novel Copper-Containing Cytotoxic Agents Based on 2-Thioxoimidazolones. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13031-13063. [PMID: 32985193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of 73 ligands and 73 of their Cu+2 and Cu+1 copper complexes with different geometries, oxidation states of the metal, and redox activities were synthesized and characterized. The aim of the study was to establish the structure-activity relationship within a series of analogues with different substituents at the N(3) position, which govern the redox potentials of the Cu+2/Cu+1 redox couples, ROS generation ability, and intracellular accumulation. Possible cytotoxicity mechanisms, such as DNA damage, DNA intercalation, telomerase inhibition, and apoptosis induction, have been investigated. ROS formation in MCF-7 cells and three-dimensional (3D) spheroids was proven using the Pt-nanoelectrode. Drug accumulation and ROS formation at 40-60 μm spheroid depths were found to be the key factors for the drug efficacy in the 3D tumor model, governed by the Cu+2/Cu+1 redox potential. A nontoxic in vivo single-dose evaluation for two binuclear mixed-valence Cu+1/Cu+2 redox-active coordination compounds, 72k and 61k, was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Krasnovskaya
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 101000, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Guk
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey E Naumov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vita N Nikitina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alevtina S Semkina
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnologies, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy 23, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kseniya Yu Vlasova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe Highway 23, Moscow 115478, Russia.,People's Friendship University, Moscow, Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya 6, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Oksana O Ryabaya
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe Highway 23, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Saida S Karshieva
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe Highway 23, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Skvortsov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya 13, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Irina V Zhirkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Radik R Shafikov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr V Gorelkin
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Alexander N Vaneev
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 101000, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander S Erofeev
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Mazur
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Viktor A Tafeenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Pergushov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ya Melnikov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Soldatov
- The Smart Materials Research Institute Southern Federal University Sladkova, 178/24, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Victor V Shapovalov
- The Smart Materials Research Institute Southern Federal University Sladkova, 178/24, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Alexander V Soldatov
- The Smart Materials Research Institute Southern Federal University Sladkova, 178/24, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Roman A Akasov
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 101000, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vasily M Gerasimov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Sakharov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Anna A Moiseeva
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Zyk
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena K Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- Department of Materials Science of Semiconductors and Dielectrics, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 101000, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
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20
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Zuin Fantoni N, McGorman B, Molphy Z, Singleton D, Walsh S, El-Sagheer AH, McKee V, Brown T, Kellett A. Development of Gene-Targeted Polypyridyl Triplex-Forming Oligonucleotide Hybrids. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3563-3574. [PMID: 32755000 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the field of nucleic acid therapy there is major interest in the development of libraries of DNA-reactive small molecules which are tethered to vectors that recognize and bind specific genes. This approach mimics enzymatic gene editors, such as ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR-Cas, but overcomes the limitations imposed by the delivery of a large protein endonuclease which is required for DNA cleavage. Here, we introduce a chemistry-based DNA-cleavage system comprising an artificial metallo-nuclease (AMN) that oxidatively cuts DNA, and a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) that sequence-specifically recognises duplex DNA. The AMN-TFO hybrids coordinate CuII ions to form chimeric catalytic complexes that are programmable - based on the TFO sequence employed - to bind and cut specific DNA sequences. Use of the alkyne-azide cycloaddition click reaction allows scalable and high-throughput generation of hybrid libraries that can be tuned for specific reactivity and gene-of-interest knockout. As a first approach, we demonstrate targeted cleavage of purine-rich sequences, optimisation of the hybrid system to enhance stability, and discrimination between target and off-target sequences. Our results highlight the potential of this approach where the cutting unit, which mimics the endonuclease cleavage machinery, is directly bound to a TFO guide by click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Zuin Fantoni
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Present address: Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Bríonna McGorman
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Zara Molphy
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Daniel Singleton
- ATDBio Ltd., School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sarah Walsh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,ATDBio Ltd., Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez, 43721, Egypt
| | - Vickie McKee
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tom Brown
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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21
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Nunes P, Correia I, Marques F, Matos AP, Dos Santos MMC, Azevedo CG, Capelo JL, Santos HM, Gama S, Pinheiro T, Cavaco I, Pessoa JC. Copper Complexes with 1,10-Phenanthroline Derivatives: Underlying Factors Affecting Their Cytotoxicity. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9116-9134. [PMID: 32578983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interpretation of in vitro cytotoxicity data of Cu(II)-1,10-phenanthroline (phen) complexes normally does not take into account the speciation that complexes undergo in cell incubation media and its implications in cellular uptake and mechanisms of action. We synthesize and test the activity of several distinct Cu(II)-phen compounds; up to 24 h of incubation, the cytotoxic activity differs for the Cu complexes and the corresponding free ligands, but for longer incubation times (e.g., 72 h), all compounds display similar activity. Combining the use of several spectroscopic, spectrometric, and electrochemical techniques, the speciation of Cu-phen compounds in cell incubation media is evaluated, indicating that the originally added complex almost totally decomposed and that Cu(II) and phen are mainly bound to bovine serum albumin. Several methods are used to disclose relationships between structure, activity, speciation in incubation media, cellular uptake, distribution of Cu in cells, and cytotoxicity. Contrary to what is reported in most studies, we conclude that interaction with cell components and cell death involves the separate action of Cu ions and phen molecules, not [Cu(phen)n] species. This conclusion should similarly apply to many other Cu-ligand systems reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrique Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Correia
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - António Pedro Matos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Margarida M C Dos Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina G Azevedo
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José-Luis Capelo
- LAVQ, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-152 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Hugo M Santos
- LAVQ, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-152 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sofia Gama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Teresa Pinheiro
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cavaco
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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Tŏpala T, Pascual–Álvarez A, Moldes–Tolosa MÁ, Bodoki A, Castiñeiras A, Torres J, del Pozo C, Borrás J, Alzuet–Piña G. New sulfonamide complexes with essential metal ions [Cu (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II)]. Effect of the geometry and the metal ion on DNA binding and nuclease activity. BSA protein interaction. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 202:110823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Copper bis-Dipyridoquinoxaline Is a Potent DNA Intercalator that Induces Superoxide-Mediated Cleavage via the Minor Groove. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234301. [PMID: 31779066 PMCID: PMC6930674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis, characterisation, X-ray crystallography, and oxidative DNA binding interactions of the copper artificial metallo-nuclease [Cu(DPQ)2(NO3)](NO3), where DPQ = dipyrido[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline. The cation [Cu(DPQ)2]2+ (Cu-DPQ), is a high-affinity binder of duplex DNA and presents an intercalative profile in topoisomerase unwinding and viscosity experiments. Artificial metallo-nuclease activity occurs in the absence of exogenous reductant but is greatly enhanced by the presence of the reductant Na-L-ascorbate. Mechanistically, oxidative DNA damage occurs in the minor groove, is mediated aerobically by the Cu(I) complex and is dependent on both superoxide and hydroxyl radical generation. To corroborate cleavage at the minor groove, DNA oxidation of a cytosine-guanine (5'-CCGG-3')-rich oligomer was examined in tandem with a 5-methylcytosine (5'-C5mCGG-3') derivative where 5mC served to sterically block the major groove and direct damage to the minor groove. Overall, both the DNA binding affinity and cleavage mechanism of Cu-DPQ depart from Sigman's reagent [Cu(1,10-phenanthroline)2]2+; however, both complexes are potent oxidants of the minor groove.
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24
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Barrett S, De Franco M, Kellett A, Dempsey E, Marzano C, Erxleben A, Gandin V, Montagner D. Anticancer activity, DNA binding and cell mechanistic studies of estrogen-functionalised Cu(II) complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 25:49-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Assessment of DNA Topoisomerase I Unwinding Activity, Radical Scavenging Capacity, and Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Viability of N-alkyl-acridones and N, N'-dialkyl-9,9'-biacridylidenes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050177. [PMID: 31072044 PMCID: PMC6572364 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer activity of acridone derivatives has attracted increasing interest, therefore, a variety of substituted analogs belonging to this family have been developed and evaluated for their anti-cancer properties. A series of N-alkyl-acridones 1–6 and N,N′-dialkyl-9,9′-biacridylidenes 7–12 with variable alkyl chains were examined for their topoisomerase I activity at neutral and acidic conditions as well as for their binding capacity to calf thymus and possible radical trapping antioxidant activity. It was found that at a neutral pH, topoisomerase I activity of both classes of compounds was similar, while under acidic conditions, enhanced intercalation was observed. N-alkyl-acridone derivatives 1–6 exhibited stronger, dose-dependent, cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 human breast epithelial cancer cells than N,N′-dialkyl-9,9′-biacridylidenes 7–12, revealing that conjugation of the heteroaromatic system plays a significant role on the effective distribution of the compound in the intracellular environment. Cellular investigation of long alkyl derivatives against cell migration exhibited 40–50% wound healing effects and cytoplasm diffusion, while compounds with shorter alkyl chains were accumulated both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. All N,N′-dialkyl-9,9′-biacridylidenes showed unexpected high scavenging activity towards DPPH or ABTS radicals which may be explained by higher stabilization of radical cations by the extended conjugation of heteroaromatic ring system.
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26
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Toniolo G, Louka M, Menounou G, Fantoni NZ, Mitrikas G, Efthimiadou EK, Masi A, Bortolotti M, Polito L, Bolognesi A, Kellett A, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C. [Cu(TPMA)(Phen)](ClO 4) 2: Metallodrug Nanocontainer Delivery and Membrane Lipidomics of a Neuroblastoma Cell Line Coupled with a Liposome Biomimetic Model Focusing on Fatty Acid Reactivity. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15952-15965. [PMID: 30556020 PMCID: PMC6288809 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of copper complexes for redox and oxidative-based mechanisms in therapeutic strategies is an important field of multidisciplinary research. Here, a novel Cu(II) complex [Cu(TPMA)(Phen)](ClO4)2 (Cu-TPMA-Phen, where TPMA = tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) was studied using both the free and encapsulated forms. A hollow pH-sensitive drug-delivery system was synthesized, characterized, and used to encapsulate and release the copper complex, thus allowing for the comparison with the free drug. The human neuroblastoma-derived cell line NB100 was treated with 5 μM Cu-PMA-Phen for 24 h, pointing to the consequences on mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA) present in the membrane lipidome, coupled with cell viability and death pathways (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium viability assay, flow cytometry, microscopy, caspase activation). In parallel, the Cu-TPMA-Phen reactivity with the fatty acid moieties of phospholipids was studied using the liposome model to work in a biomimetic environment. The main results concerned: (i) the membrane lipidome in treated cells, involving remodeling with a specific increase of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and a decrease of MUFA, but not PUFA; (ii) cytotoxic events and lipidome changes did not occur for the encapsulated Cu-TPMA-Phen, showing the influence of such nanocarriers on drug activity; and (iii) the liposome behavior confirmed that MUFA and PUFA fatty acid moieties in membranes are not affected by oxidative and isomerization reactions, proving the different reactivities of thiyl radicals generated from amphiphilic and hydrophilic thiols and Cu-TPMA-Phen. This study gives preliminary but important elements of copper(II) complex reactivity in cellular and biomimetic models, pointing mainly to the effects on membrane reactivity and remodeling based on the balance between SFA and MUFA in cell membranes that are subjects of strong interest for chemotherapeutic activities as well as connected to nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Toniolo
- ISOF,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi
Attikis, Greece
| | - Maria Louka
- ISOF,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Laboratory
of Lipidomics, Lipinutragen Srl, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater
Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Georgia Menounou
- ISOF,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicolò Zuin Fantoni
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - George Mitrikas
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi
Attikis, Greece
| | - Eleni K. Efthimiadou
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi
Attikis, Greece
| | - Annalisa Masi
- ISOF,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater
Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater
Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater
Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrew Kellett
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Carla Ferreri
- ISOF,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Laboratory
of Lipidomics, Lipinutragen Srl, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- ISOF,
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi
Attikis, Greece
- Laboratory
of Lipidomics, Lipinutragen Srl, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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