Silver-Catalyzed Carbofluorination of Olefins and α-Fluoroolefins with Carbamoyl Radicals

The reactivity of carbamoyl radicals, generated in situ from sodium oxamate salts, has been investigated in the context of radical carbofluorination reactions of olefins and α-fluoroolefins, respectively. Both transformations are catalyzed by silver salts and required the presence of potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) and SelectfluorTM as a radicophilic fluorine source. The reported methods provide a direct access to β-fluoroamides and β,β-difluoroamides.

Chemo- and Diastereoselective Acylfluorination of Nonactivated Olefins to Access Benzo[b]azepines

Here, we describe a transition-metal-free condition that realized the intramolecular acylfluorination of unactivated olefins. It was designed to access seven-membered-ring-containing benzo[b]annulenones from readily prepared 2-allylamino benzoic acids. The formation of a broad scope of electronically and sterically varied benzo[b]annulenones was demonstrated (>30 examples, up to 88% yield and >20:1 dr ratio). Mechanistic studies indicated that the in situ formed XatlFluor-E-activated anhydride was the active species and induced an electrophilic 7-endo-trig cyclization, followed by fluoride capture of the cation.

A Sterically Tuned Directing Auxiliary Promotes Catalytic 1,2-Carbofluorination of Alkenyl Carbonyl Compounds

The site-selective palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling of unactivated alkenyl carbonyl compounds, aryl- or alkenylboronic acids, and N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide is described herein. Tuning of the steric environment on the bidentate directing auxiliary enhances regioselectivity and facilitates challenging C(sp³ )-F reductive elimination from a Pd^IV intermediate to afford 1,2-carbofluorination products in moderate to good yields.

Current Advances in Meerwein-type Radical Alkene Functionalizations

Alkene functionalizations via Meerwein arylations are becoming increasingly attractive, especially since a variety of mild and sustainable methods for aryl radical generation are available today. This entails a broad spectrum of substrates and radical scavengers, as well as convenient synthetic routes to relevant precursors for further transformations. The present review focuses on recent advances in Meerwein-type alkene functionalizations and gives insights into the key mechanistic details of the respective reactions.

1 Introduction

2 Hydroarylation and Carboarylation

3 Carboamination, Carbooxygenation, and Carbothiolation

4 Carbohalogenation

5 Conclusion and Outlook

The Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction for non-electron-deficient olefins enabled by photoredox catalysis

A strategy for overcoming the limitation of the Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction, which is only applicable to electron-deficient olefins, has been achieved via visible-light induced photoredox catalysis in this report.

Visible-Light-Induced Meerwein Fluoroarylation of Styrenes

An unprecedented approach for assembling a broad range of 1,2-diarylethane derivatives with fluorine-containing fully substituted carbon centers was developed. The protocol features straightforward operation, proceeds under metal-free condition, and accommodates a large variety of synthetically useful functionalities. The critical aspect to the success of this novel transformation lies in using aryldiazonium salts as both aryl radical progenitor and also as single electron acceptor which elegantly enables a radical-polar crossover manifold.

Synthetic Route to Phenyl Diazenes and Pyridazinium Salts from Phenylazosulfonates

The synthesis of pyridazinium salts was achieved from readily available phenylazosulfonates in a single reaction step. The reaction proceeds via the formation of short-lived phenyldiazenes, which-owing to the strongly acidic conditions-are partially protonated. The phenyldiazenes then undergo a rapid cycloaddition to furans to give pyridazinium salts via elimination of water. The fact that the pyridazinium synthesis shows a low sensitivity toward oxygen, although phenyldiazenes occur as intermediates, can be explained by the very fast cycloaddition step and the partial protonation of the phenyldiazene.

Visible Light Promoted, Catalyst-Free Radical Carbohydroxylation and Carboetherification under Mild Biomimetic Conditions

Metal and catalyst-free carbohydroxylations and carboetherifications at room temperature have been achieved by a combination of beneficial factors including high aryl diazonium concentration and visible light irradiation. The acceleration of the reaction by visible light irradiation is particularly remarkable against the background that neither the aryldiazonium salt nor the alkene show absorptions in the respective range of wavelength. These observations point to weak charge transfer interactions between diazonium salt and alkene, which are nevertheless able to considerably influence the reaction course. As highly promising perspective, many more aryldiazonium-based radical arylations might benefit from simple light irradiation without requiring a photocatalyst or particular additive.

Heat- or light-induced acylarylation of unactivated alkenes towards 3-(α-acyl) indolines

A heat- or photoredox/iron dual catalysis-enabled rare example of radical acylation across unactivated alkenes with aldehydes.

The synthesis of quinolines via denitrogenative palladium-catalyzed cascade reaction of o-aminocinnamonitriles with arylhydrazines

The first example of the palladium-catalyzed cascade reaction of o-aminocinnamonitriles with arylhydrazines has been achieved, providing an efficient synthetic pathway to access quinolines with moderate to good yields. Preliminary mechanistic experiments indicate that this cascade process involves sequential denitrogenative addition followed by an intramolecular cyclization.

Pd-catalyzed cascade denitrogenative addition and intramolecular cyclization of o-aminocinnamonitriles with arylhydrazine for the synthesis of quinolines.