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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39052606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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2
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Campos IS, Fermi A, Ventura B, Moraes CAF, Ribeiro GH, Venâncio T, Ceroni P, Carlos RM. Modulation of the Excited States of Ruthenium(II)-perylene Dyad to Access Near-IR Luminescence, Long-Lived Perylene Triplet State and Singlet Oxygen Photosensitization. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4595-4603. [PMID: 38420685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel ruthenium(II)-perylene dyad (RuPDI-Py) that combines the photophysical properties of pyrrolidine-substituted perylene diimide (PDI-Py) and the ruthenium(II) polypyridine complex [Ru(phen)3]2+. A comprehensive study of excited-state dynamics was carried out using time-resolved and steady-state methods in a dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The RuPDI-Py dyad demonstrated excitation wavelength-dependent photophysical behavior. Upon photoexcitation above 600 nm, the dyad exclusively exhibits the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence of the 1PDI-Py state at 785 nm (τfl = 1.50 ns). In contrast, upon photoexcitation between 350 and 450 nm, the dyad also exhibits a photoinduced electron transfer from the {[Ru(phen)3]2+} moiety to PDI-Py, generating the charge-separated intermediate state {Ru(III)-(PDI-Py)•-} (4 μs). This state subsequently decays to the long-lived triplet excited state 3PDI-Py (36 μs), which is able to sensitize singlet oxygen (1O2). Overall, tuning 1O2 photoactivation or NIR fluorescence makes RuPDI-Py a promising candidate for using absorbed light energy to perform the desired functions in theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabele S Campos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Fermi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Ventura
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlos A F Moraes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel H Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Venâncio
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rose M Carlos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, São Carlos, CEP 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
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Krupka O, Hudhomme P. Recent Advances in Applications of Fluorescent Perylenediimide and Perylenemonoimide Dyes in Bioimaging, Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076308. [PMID: 37047280 PMCID: PMC10094654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The emblematic perylenediimide (PDI) motif which was initially used as a simple dye has undergone incredible development in recent decades. The increasing power of synthetic organic chemistry has allowed it to decorate PDIs to achieve highly functional dyes. As these PDI derivatives combine thermal, chemical and photostability, with an additional high absorption coefficient and near-unity fluorescence quantum yield, they have been widely studied for applications in materials science, particularly in photovoltaics. Although PDIs have always been in the spotlight, their asymmetric counterparts, perylenemonoimide (PMI) analogues, are now experiencing a resurgence of interest with new efforts to create architectures with equally exciting properties. Namely, their exceptional fluorescence properties have recently been used to develop novel systems for applications in bioimaging, biosensing and photodynamic therapy. This review covers the state of the art in the synthesis, photophysical characterizations and recently reported applications demonstrating the versatility of these two sister PDI and PMI compounds. The objective is to show that after well-known applications in materials science, the emerging trends in the use of PDI- and PMI-based derivatives concern very specific biomedicinal applications including drug delivery, diagnostics and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Krupka
- Univ. Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MINT, SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (P.H.); Tel.: +33-2-41-73-85-59 (O.K.); +33-2-41-73-50-94 (P.H.)
| | - Piétrick Hudhomme
- Univ. Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
- Correspondence: (O.K.); (P.H.); Tel.: +33-2-41-73-85-59 (O.K.); +33-2-41-73-50-94 (P.H.)
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4
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Recent advances on organelle specific Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) based complexes for photodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Iridium and Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Perylene Ligands. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227928. [PMID: 36432028 PMCID: PMC9697229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review summarizes the work carried out mostly in the last decade on iridium and ruthenium complexes bearing various perylene ligands, of particular interest for bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, and solar energy conversion. In these complexes, the absorption spectra and the electrochemical properties are those of the perylene subunit plus those of the metal moiety. In contrast, the emissions are completely changed with respect to perylenes considered alone. Thus, fully organic perylenes are characterized by a strong fluorescence in the visible region, lifetimes of a few nanoseconds, and luminescence quantum yields approaching 100%, whereas perylene Ir and Ru complexes usually do not emit; however, in few cases, weak phosphorescent emissions, with lifetimes in the range of microseconds and relatively low quantum yields, are reported. This is due to a strong interaction between the perylene core and the heavy metal center, taking place after the excitation. Nevertheless, an important advantage deriving from the presence of the heavy metal center is represented by the ability to generate large amounts of singlet oxygen, which plays a key role in photodynamic therapy.
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Liew HS, Mai CW, Zulkefeli M, Madheswaran T, Kiew LV, Pua LJW, Hii LW, Lim WM, Low ML. Novel Gemcitabine-Re(I) Bisquinolinyl Complex Combinations and Formulations With Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles for Pancreatic Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903210. [PMID: 35873548 PMCID: PMC9299370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With less than 10% of 5-year survival rate, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is known to be one of the most lethal types of cancer. Current literature supports that gemcitabine is the first-line treatment of PDAC. However, poor cellular penetration of gemcitabine along with the acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance of tumor against it often reduced its efficacy and hence necessitates the administration of high gemcitabine dose during chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a more selective and minimally invasive treatment, may be used synergistically with gemcitabine to reduce the doses utilized and dose-related side effects. This study reports the synergistic use of Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex, a transition metal complex photosensitizer with gemcitabine against PDAC. Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex was found to act synergistically with gemcitabine against PDAC in vitro at various ratios. With the aim to enhance cellular uptake and therapeutic efficiency, the Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex and gemcitabine were encapsulated into liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) system. The formulations were found to produce homogeneous drug-loaded LCNPs (average size: 159-173 nm, zeta potential +1.06 to -10 mV). Around 70% of gemcitabine and 90% of the Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex were found to be entrapped efficiently in the formulated LCNPs. The release rate of gemcitabine or/and the Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex loaded into LCNPs was evaluated in vitro, and the hydrophilic gemcitabine was released at a faster rate than the lipophilic Re(I) complex. LCNPs loaded with gemcitabine and Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex in a 1:1 ratio illustrated the best anti-cancer activity among the LCNP formulations (IC50 of BxPC3: 0.15 μM; IC50 of SW 1990: 0.76 μM) through apoptosis. The current findings suggest the potential use of transition metal-based photosensitizer as an adjunctive agent for gemcitabine-based chemotherapy against PDAC and the importance of nano-formulation in such application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan Liew
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkefeli
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lesley Jia Wei Pua
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ling Wei Hii
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Meng Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - May Lee Low
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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He SF, Liao JX, Huang MY, Zhang YQ, Zou YM, Wu CL, Lin WY, Chen JX, Sun J. Rhenium-guanidine complex as photosensitizer: trigger HeLa cell apoptosis through death receptor-mediated, mitochondria-mediated and cell cycle arrest pathways. Metallomics 2022; 14:6527583. [PMID: 35150263 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, growing evidence indicates that the photodynamic antitumor activity of transition metal complexes, and Re(I) compounds are potential candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT). This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and anti-tumor activity of three new Re(I)-guadinium complexes. Cytotoxicity tests reveal that complex Re1 increased cytotoxicity by 145-fold from IC50 > 180 μM in the dark to 1.3 ± 0.7 μM following 10 min of light irradiation (425 nm) in HeLa cells. Further, the mechanism by which Re1 induces apoptosis in the presence or absence of light irradiation was investigated, and results indicate that cell death was caused through different pathways. Upon irradiation, Re1 first accumulates on the cell membrane and interacts with death receptors to activate the extrinsic death receptor-mediated signaling pathway, then is transported into the cell cytoplasm. Most of the intracellular Re1 locates within mitochondria, improving the ROS level, and decreasing MMP and ATP levels, and inducing the activation of caspase-9 and, thus, apoptosis. Subsequently, the residual Re1 can translocate into the cell nucleus, and activates the p53 pathway, causing cell-cycle arrest and eventually cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Dongguan Peaple's Hospital, Dongguan, 523059, China
| | - Jia-Xin Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Min-Ying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yi-Min Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ci-Ling Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jia-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
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Schindler K, Zobi F. Anticancer and Antibiotic Rhenium Tri- and Dicarbonyl Complexes: Current Research and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2022; 27:539. [PMID: 35056856 PMCID: PMC8777860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organometallic compounds are increasingly recognized as promising anticancer and antibiotic drug candidates. Among the transition metal ions investigated for these purposes, rhenium occupies a special role. Its tri- and dicarbonyl complexes, in particular, attract continuous attention due to their relative ease of preparation, stability and unique photophysical and luminescent properties that allow the combination of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, thereby permitting, e.g., molecules to be tracked within cells. In this review, we discuss the anticancer and antibiotic properties of rhenium tri- and dicarbonyl complexes described in the last seven years, mainly in terms of their structural variations and in vitro efficacy. Given the abundant literature available, the focus is initially directed on tricarbonyl complexes of rhenium. Dicarbonyl species of the metal ion, which are slowly gaining momentum, are discussed in the second part in terms of future perspective for the possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
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Álvarez D, Menéndez MI, López R. Computational Design of Rhenium(I) Carbonyl Complexes for Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:439-455. [PMID: 34913679 PMCID: PMC8753654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New Re(I) carbonyl complexes are proposed as candidates for photodynamic therapy after investigating the effects of the pyridocarbazole-type ligand conjugation, addition of substituents to this ligand, and replacement of one CO by phosphines in [Re(pyridocarbazole)(CO)3(pyridine)] complexes by means of the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. We have found, first, that increasing the conjugation in the bidentate ligand reduces the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap of the complex, so its absorption wavelength red-shifts. When the enlargement of this ligand is carried out by merging the electron-withdrawing 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione heterocycle, it enhances even more the stabilization of the LUMO due to its electron-acceptor character. Second, the analysis of the shape and composition of the orbitals involved in the band of interest indicates which substituents of the bidentate ligand and which positions are optimal for reducing the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. The introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents into the pyridine ring of the pyridocarbazole ligand mainly stabilizes the LUMO, whereas the HOMO energy increases primarily when electron-donating substituents are introduced into its indole moiety. Each type of substituents results in a bathochromic shift of the lowest-lying absorption band, which is even larger if they are combined in the same complex. Finally, the removal of the π-backbonding interaction between Re and the CO trans to the monodentate pyridine when it is replaced by phosphines PMe3, 1,4-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), and 1,4,7-triaza-9-phosphatricyclo[5.3.2.1]tridecane (CAP) causes another extra bathochromic shift due to the destabilization of the HOMO, which is low with DAPTA, moderate with PMe3, but especially large with CAP. Through the combination of the PMe3 or CAP ligands with adequate electron-withdrawing and/or electron-donating substituents at the pyridocarbazole ligand, we have found several complexes with significant absorption at the therapeutic window. In addition, according to our results on the singlet-triplet energy gap, all of them should be able to produce cytotoxic singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Física
y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Física
y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ramón López
- Departamento de Química Física
y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Strategic design of photofunctional transition metal complexes for cancer diagnosis and therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sovari SN, Radakovic N, Roch P, Crochet A, Pavic A, Zobi F. Combatting AMR: A molecular approach to the discovery of potent and non-toxic rhenium complexes active against C. albicans-MRSA co-infection. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113858. [PMID: 34562853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major emerging threat to public health, causing serious issues in the successful prevention and treatment of persistent diseases. While the problem escalates, lack of financial incentive has lead major pharmaceutical companies to interrupt their antibiotic drug discovery programs. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has called for novel solutions outside the traditional development pathway, with emphasis on new classes of active compounds with non-classical mechanisms of action. Metal complexes are an untapped source of antibiotic potential owing to unique modes of action and a wider range of three-dimensional geometries as compared to purely organic compounds. In this study, we present the antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy of a family of rhenium tricarbonyl diimine complexes with varying ligands, charge and lipophilicity. Our study allowed the identification of potent and non-toxic complexes active in vivo against S. aureus infections at MIC doses as low as 300 ng/mL, as well as against C. albicans-MRSA mixed co-infection. The compounds are capable of suppressing the C. albicans morphogenetic yeast-to-hyphal transition, eradicating fungal-S. aureus co-infection, while showing no sign of cardio-, hepato-, hematotoxiciy or teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nasiri Sovari
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Radakovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paul Roch
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Pavic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Xu G, Lee LC, Kwok CW, Leung PK, Zhu J, Lo KK. Utilization of Rhenium(I) Polypyridine Complexes Featuring a Dinitrophenylsulfonamide Moiety as Biothiol‐Selective Phosphorogenic Bioimaging Reagents and Photocytotoxic Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang‐Xi Xu
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Lawrence Cho‐Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Cyrus Wing‐Ching Kwok
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Peter Kam‐Keung Leung
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Jing‐Hui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam‐Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- Center of Functional Photonics City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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Ramos LD, de Macedo LH, Gobo NRS, de Oliveira KT, Cerchiaro G, Morelli Frin KP. Understanding the photophysical properties of rhenium(I) compounds coordinated to 4,7-diamine-1,10-phenanthroline: synthetic, luminescence and biological studies. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:16154-16165. [PMID: 32270852 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00436g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the photophysical properties and preliminary time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) data of new rhenium(i) polypyridyl compounds, fac-[Re(L)(Am2phen)(CO)3]0/+, where Am2phen = 4,7-diamine-1,10-phenanthroline and L = Cl and ethyl isonicotinate (et-isonic), provided new insights into excited-state deactivation through an unusual inversion between two metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited states. In addition, their cellular uptake using breast cancer (MCF-7) and melanoma (SkMel-147 and SkMel-29) cell lines and bioactivity were investigated and their cell-killing mechanism and protein expression were also studied. Preliminary TD-DFT results showed that both compounds exhibited a strong and broad absorption band around 300-400 nm which corresponds to a combination of ILAm2phen and MLCTRe→Am2phen transitions, and a strong contribution of charge transfer transition MLCTRe→et-isonic for fac-[Re(et-isonic)(Am2phen)(CO)3]+ is also observed. In contrast to typical Re(i) polypyridyl complexes, the substitution of Cl with the et-isonic ligand showed a bathochromic shift of the emission maxima, relatively low emission quantum yield and fast lifetime. Photophysical investigation of the fac-[ReCl(et-isonic)2(CO)3] compound provided meaningful information on the excited state manifold of the fac-[Re(L)(Am2phen)(CO)3]0/+ complexes. As shown in the absorption profile, a remarkable inversion of the lowest-lying excited state takes place from the usually observed MLCTRe→Am2phen to the unusual MLCTRe→et-isonic. The lipophilicity of the positive-complex was higher than that of the non-charge compound and the same trend for the activity against cells was observed, in the absence of light. In addition, flow cytometry and Western Blot analyses showed an overexpression of pro-caspase-9, suggesting a caspase proteolytic cascade through an intrinsic-pathway apoptosis mechanism. The photophysical properties of these compounds reported herein provide new fundamental insights into the understanding of substituent groups on polypyridyl ligands which are relevant to practical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz D Ramos
- Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
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Perylene diimide/MXene-modified graphitic pencil electrode-based electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:230. [PMID: 34117945 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel architecture comprising perylene diimide (PDI)-MXene (Ti3C2TX)-integrated graphitic pencil electrode for electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) is reported. The good electron passage between PDI-MXene resulted in an unprecedented nano-adduct bearing enhanced electrocatalytic activity with low-energy electronic transitions. The anionic groups of PDI corroborated enhanced active surface area for selective binding and robust oxidation of DA, thereby decreasing the applied potential. Meanwhile, the MXene layers acted as functional conducive support for PDI absorption via strong H-bonding. The considerable conductivity of MXene enhanced electron transportation thus increasing the sensitivity of sensing interface. The inclusively engineered nano-adduct resulted in robust DA oxidation with ultra-sensitivity (38.1 μAμM-1cm-2), and low detection limit (240 nM) at very low oxidation potential (-0.135 V). Moreover, it selectively signaled DA in the presence of physiological interferents with wide linearity (100-1000 μM). The developed transducing interface performed well in human serum samples with RSD (0.1 to 0.4%) and recovery (98.6 to 100.2%) corroborating the viability of the practical implementation of this integrated system. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of the oxidative process involved on constructed sensing interface for the development of a non-enzymatic dopamine sensor.
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Tan CP, Zhong YM, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Phosphorescent metal complexes as theranostic anticancer agents: combining imaging and therapy in a single molecule. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2357-2367. [PMID: 34164000 PMCID: PMC8179279 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06885c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorescent metal complexes are a new kind of multifunctional antitumor compounds that can integrate imaging and antitumor functions in a single molecule. In this minireview, we summarize the recent research progress in this field, concentrating on the theranostic applications of phosphorescent iridium(iii), ruthenium(ii) and rhenium(i) complexes. The molecular design that affords these complexes with tumour- or subcellular organelle-targeting properties is elucidated. The potential of these complexes to induce and monitor the dynamic behavior of subcellular organelles and the changes in microenvironment during the process of therapy is demonstrated. Moreover, the potential and advantages of applying new technologies, such as super-resolution imaging and phosphorescence lifetime imaging, are also described. Finally, the challenges faced in the development of novel theranostic metallo-anticancer complexes for possible clinical translation are proposed. The recent development in phosphorescent iridium, ruthenium and rhenium complexes as theranostic anticancer agents is summarized.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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Arevalo R, López R, Falvello LR, Riera L, Perez J. Building C(sp 3 ) Molecular Complexity on 2,2'-Bipyridine and 1,10-Phenanthroline in Rhenium Tricarbonyl Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:379-389. [PMID: 33001533 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of [Re(N-N)(CO)3 (PMe3 )]OTf (N-N=2,2'-bipyridine, bipy; 1,10-phenanthroline, phen) compounds with tBuLi and with LiHBEt3 have been explored. Addition to the N-N chelate took place with different site-selectivity depending on both chelate and nucleophile. Thus, with tBuLi, an unprecedented addition to C5 of bipy, a regiochemistry not accessible for free bipy, was obtained, whereas coordinated phen underwent tBuLi addition to C2 and C4. Remarkably, when LiHBEt3 reacted with [Re(bipy)(CO)3 (PMe3 )]OTf, hydride addition to the 4 and 6 positions of bipy triggered an intermolecular cyclodimerization of two dearomatized pyridyl rings. In contrast, hydride addition to the phen analog resulted in partial reduction of one pyridine ring. The resulting neutral ReI products showed a varied reactivity with HOTf and with MeOTf to yield cationic complexes. These strategies rendered access to ReI complexes containing bipy- and phen-derived chelates with several C(sp3 ) centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Arevalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, 95343, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Ramón López
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Larry R Falvello
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Riera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología-CINN, CSIC- Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avda. de la Vega 4-6, 33940, El Entrego, Spain
| | - Julio Perez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología-CINN, CSIC- Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avda. de la Vega 4-6, 33940, El Entrego, Spain
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17
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Liew HS, Mai CW, Zulkefeli M, Madheswaran T, Kiew LV, Delsuc N, Low ML. Recent Emergence of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes as Photosensitisers for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4176. [PMID: 32932573 PMCID: PMC7571230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a significant complementary or alternative approach for cancer treatment. PDT drugs act as photosensitisers, which upon using appropriate wavelength light and in the presence of molecular oxygen, can lead to cell death. Herein, we reviewed the general characteristics of the different generation of photosensitisers. We also outlined the emergence of rhenium (Re) and more specifically, Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes as a new generation of metal-based photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy that are of great interest in multidisciplinary research. The photophysical properties and structures of Re(I) complexes discussed in this review are summarised to determine basic features and similarities among the structures that are important for their phototoxic activity and future investigations. We further examined the in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the Re(I) complexes that have been synthesised for anticancer purposes. We also discussed Re(I) complexes in conjunction with the advancement of two-photon PDT, drug combination study, nanomedicine, and photothermal therapy to overcome the limitation of such complexes, which generally absorb short wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan Liew
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Mohd Zulkefeli
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
| | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Nicolas Delsuc
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - May Lee Low
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (T.M.)
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Álvarez D, López-Castro E, Guerrero A, Riera L, Pérez J, Díaz J, Menéndez MI, López R. Influence of the Nucleophilic Ligand on the Reactivity of Carbonyl Rhenium(I) Complexes towards Methyl Propiolate: A Computational Chemistry Perspective. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184134. [PMID: 32927650 PMCID: PMC7571231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative theoretical study on the reactivity of the complexes [ReY(CO)3(bipy)] (Y = NH2, NHMe, NHpTol, OH, OMe, OPh, PH2, PHMe, PMe2, PHPh, PPh2, PMePh, SH, SMe, SPh; bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) towards methyl propiolate was carried out to analyze the influence of both the heteroatom (N, O, P, S) and the alkyl and/or aryl substituents of the Y ligand on the nature of the product obtained. The methyl substituent tends to accelerate the reactions. However, an aromatic ring bonded to N and O makes the reaction more difficult, whereas its linkage to P and S favour it. On the whole, ligands with O and S heteroatoms seem to disfavour these processes more than ligands with N and P heteroatoms, respectively. Phosphido and thiolato ligands tend to yield a coupling product with the bipy ligand, which is not the general case for hydroxo, alcoxo or amido ligands. When the Y ligand has an O/N and an H atom the most likely product is the one containing a coupling with the carbonyl ligand, which is not always obtained when Y contains P/S. Only for OMe and OPh, the product resulting from formal insertion into the Re-Y bond is the preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (D.Á.); (E.L.-C.); (A.G.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Elena López-Castro
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (D.Á.); (E.L.-C.); (A.G.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Arturo Guerrero
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (D.Á.); (E.L.-C.); (A.G.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Lucía Riera
- Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN), CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avenida de la Vega 4-6, 33940 El Entrego, Spain; (L.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Julio Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN), CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avenida de la Vega 4-6, 33940 El Entrego, Spain; (L.R.); (J.P.)
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10071 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain;
| | - M. Isabel Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (D.Á.); (E.L.-C.); (A.G.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Ramón López
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (D.Á.); (E.L.-C.); (A.G.); (M.I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-985-102-967
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19
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Pan Z, Tan C, Rao L, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Hao L, Ji L, Mao Z. Recoding the Cancer Epigenome by Intervening in Metabolism and Iron Homeostasis with Mitochondria‐Targeted Rhenium(I) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng‐Yin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Cai‐Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Lu‐Si Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Liang Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Liang‐Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Zong‐Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
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20
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Pan ZY, Tan CP, Rao LS, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Hao L, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Recoding the Cancer Epigenome by Intervening in Metabolism and Iron Homeostasis with Mitochondria-Targeted Rhenium(I) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18755-18762. [PMID: 32634290 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and malignancy of cancer cells are closely related to the changes of the epigenome. In this work, a mitochondria-targeted rhenium(I) complex (DFX-Re3), integrating the clinical iron chelating agent deferasirox (DFX), has been designed. By relocating iron to the mitochondria and changing the key metabolic species related to epigenetic modifications, DFX-Re3 can elevate the methylation levels of histone, DNA, and RNA. As a consequence, DFX-Re3 affects the events related to apoptosis, RNA polymerases, and T-cell receptor signaling pathways. Finally, it is shown that DFX-Re3 induces immunogenic apoptotic cell death and exhibits potent antitumor activity in vivo. This study provides a new approach for the design of novel epigenetic drugs that can recode the cancer epigenome by intervening in mitochondrial metabolism and iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Si Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Liang Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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21
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Singh P, Sharma P, Kaur N, Mittal LS, Kumar K. Perylene diimides: will they flourish as reaction-based probes? ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3560-3574. [PMID: 32701085 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00966k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perylene diimides (PDI) are a well-studied class of functional organic dyes, and in recent years, they have been accepted as promising scaffolds for the design of small molecule/polymer-based chromogenic and fluorogenic reaction-based-probes because of their strong absorption combined with high fluorescence quantum yield in organic solvents, low reduction potential, good electron-acceptor properties, and broad color range properties. Undoubtedly, the intrinsically poor solubility of PDI-based derivatives in water greatly hampers their exploitation as reaction-based probes; however, a vast array of functionalizations now offer design strategies that have resulted in >50% solubility of PDI derivatives in water. A chemodosimeter, wherein chemical transformation is achieved by specific reactions, affords naked-eye visibility, fast response time, sensitivity, ratiometric response, and low cost. The present review focuses on the progress of PDI-based chemodosimeters achieved so far since the inception of this member in the rylene diimide family. This comprehensive review may facilitate the development of more powerful chemodosimeters based on PDI for broad and exciting applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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22
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Shum J, Zhang P, Lee LC, Lo KK. Bioorthogonal Phosphorogenic Rhenium(I) Polypyridine Sydnone Complexes for Specific Lysosome Labeling. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1374-1378. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Shum
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Pei‐Zhi Zhang
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Lawrence Cho‐Cheung Lee
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam‐Wing Lo
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter WavesCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- Center of Functional PhotonicsCity University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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