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Bansal D, Ghahramanzadehasl H, Cardenas-Morcoso D, Desport J, Frache G, Bengasi G, Boscher ND. Directly-Fused Ni(II)Porphyrin Conjugated Polymers with Blocked meso-Positions: Impact on Electrocatalytic Properties. Chemistry 2024:e202400665. [PMID: 38629260 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative coupling reaction of two Ni(II) porphyrins meso-substituted with three and four phenyl groups, Ni(II) 5,10,15-(triphenyl)porphyrin (NiPh3P) and Ni(II) 5,10,15,20-(tetraphenyl)porphyrin (NiPh4P) respectively, was investigated in a oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) process. Irrespective of the number of meso-substituents, high-resolution mass spectrometry evidences the formation of oligomeric species containing up to five porphyrin units. UV-Vis-NIR and XPS analyses of the oCVD films highlighted a strong dependence of the intermolecular coupling reaction with the substrate temperature. Specifically, higher substrate temperatures yield lowering of valence band maxima and reduction of the band gap. The formation of conjugated polymeric assemblies results in increased conductivities as compared to their sublimed counterparts. Yet, electrocatalytic measurements exhibit water oxidation onset overpotentials (308 mV for pNiPh3P and 343 mV for pNiPh4P) comparatively higher than the onset overpotential measured for the oCVD film from Ni(II) 5,15-(diphenyl)porphyrin (pNiPh2P), i. e. 283 mV. Although DFT and comparative oCVD studies suggest the formation of directly fused porphyrins involving 'phenyl-mediated' and β-β linkages when reacting tetra-meso-substituted porphyrins, the present findings highlight that multiple direct fusion (β-β/meso-meso/β-β or meso-β/β-meso) is essential for Ni(II) porphyrin-based conjugated polymers to enable a dinuclear radical oxo-coupling operating mechanism for water oxidation at low overpotential and durable catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Hadi Ghahramanzadehasl
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jessica Desport
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Bengasi
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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2
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Cardenas-Morcoso D, Bansal D, Heiderscheid M, Audinot JN, Guillot J, Boscher ND. A Polymer-Derived Co(Fe)O x Oxygen Evolution Catalyst Benefiting from the Oxidative Dehydrogenative Coupling of Cobalt Porphyrins. ACS Catal 2023; 13:15182-15193. [PMID: 38026816 PMCID: PMC10660665 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymers bearing different substituents are prepared by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) and investigated as heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Interestingly, the electrocatalytic activity originates from polymer-derived, highly transparent Co(Fe)Ox species formed under operational alkaline conditions. Structural, compositional, electrical, and electrochemical characterizations reveal that the newly formed active catalyst greatly benefited from both the polymeric conformation of the porphyrin-based thin film and the inclusion of the iron-based species originating from the oCVD reaction. High-resolution mass spectrometry analyses combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that a close relationship exists between the porphyrin substituent, the extension of the π-conjugated system cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymer, and the dynamics of the polymer conversion leading to catalytically active Co(Fe)Ox species. This work evidences the precatalytic role of cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymers and uncovers the benefit of extended π-conjugation of the molecular matrix and iron inclusion on the formation and performance of the true active catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Max Heiderscheid
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jérôme Guillot
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D. Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
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3
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Bousfiha A, Amiri N, Akhssas F, Berthelot M, Echaubard J, Pirrotta M, Cattey H, Fleurat-Lessard P, Roger J, Devillers CH. Synthesis of meso,β-Fused Thiazinamine-Porphyrins via Oxidative C-N Fusion of Pyrimidinyl-Substituted Porphyrins. Org Lett 2023; 25:7979-7983. [PMID: 37910169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
5,15-Bis(pyrimidin-2-ylthio)porphyrins have been synthesized. Their electrochemical oxidation leads to the formation of mono- and bis-C-N-fused thiopyrimidinium intermediates depending on the applied charge and potential. These latter undergo nucleophilic attack with water during workup that drives the ring opening of the pyrimidinium moiety. When piperidine is added before or after workup, the neutral fused porphyrinthiazin-2-amines are generated, and they exhibit a significant bathochromic shift of their Soret and Q bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Bousfiha
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nesrine Amiri
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fatima Akhssas
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mathieu Berthelot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Julie Echaubard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marc Pirrotta
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Cattey
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Julien Roger
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Charles H Devillers
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
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4
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Bansal D, Cardenas-Morcoso D, Boscher N. Conjugated porphyrin polymer films with nickel single sites for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:5188-5198. [PMID: 36911162 PMCID: PMC9990145 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta07748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Directly fused nickel(ii) porphyrins are successfully investigated as heterogeneous single-site catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Conjugated polymer thin films from Ni(ii) 5,15-(di-4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)porphyrin (pNiDCOOMePP) and Ni(ii) 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (pNiDPP) showed an OER onset overpotential of 270 mV, and current densities of 1.6 mA cm-2 and 1.2 mA cm-2 at 1.6 V vs. RHE, respectively, representing almost a hundred times higher activity than those of monomeric thin films. The fused porphyrin thin films are more kinetically and thermodynamically active than their non-polymerized counterparts mainly due to the formation of conjugated structures enabling a dinuclear radical oxo-coupling (ROC) mechanism at low overpotential. More importantly, we have deciphered the role of the porphyrin substituent in the conformation and performance of porphyrin conjugated polymers as (1) to control the extension of the conjugated system during the oCVD reaction, allowing the retention of the valence band deep enough to provide a high thermodynamic water oxidation potential, (2) to provide a flexible molecular geometry to facilitate O2 formation from the interaction between the Ni-O sites and to weaken the π-bond of the *Ni-O sites for enhanced radical character, and (3) to optimize the water interaction with the central metal cation of the porphyrin for superior electrocatalytic properties. These findings open the scope for molecular engineering and further integration of directly fused porphyrin-based conjugated polymers as efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
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5
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Berthelot M, Akhssas F, Dimé AKD, Bousfiha A, Echaubard J, Souissi G, Cattey H, Lucas D, Fleurat-Lessard P, Devillers CH. Stepwise Oxidative C-C Coupling and/or C-N Fusion of Zn(II) meso-Pyridin-2-ylthio-porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7387-7405. [PMID: 35500211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of zinc(II) meso-pyridin-2-ylthio-porphyrins are presented in this manuscript. The (electro)chemical oxidation of [5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)-10,20-bis(p-tolyl)-15-phenylporphyrinato] zinc(II) or [5,15-bis(pyridin-2-ylthio)-10,20-bis(p-tolyl)porphyrinato] zinc(II) leads to the formation of one or two C-N bond(s) by intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the peripheral thiopyridinyl fragment(s) on the neighboring β-pyrrolic position(s) (C-N fusion reaction). In addition, the chemical oxidation of [5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)-10,20-bis(p-tolyl)porphyrinato] zinc(II), i.e., bearing one free meso position, mainly affords the meso,meso-dimer. Further stepwise electrochemical oxidation selectively produces the mono and bis C-N fused meso,meso-dimer. The resulting pyridinium derivatives exhibit important changes in their physicochemical properties (NMR, UV-vis, CV) as compared to their initial unfused precursors. Also, the X-ray crystallographic structures of three unfused monomers, one unfused meso,meso-dimer, and two C-N fused monomers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Berthelot
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Fatima Akhssas
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Abdou K D Dimé
- Département de Chimie, UFR SATIC, Université Alioune Diop de Bambey, MGWC+9M6 Bambey, Senegal
| | - Asmae Bousfiha
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Julie Echaubard
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ghada Souissi
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Cattey
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Dominique Lucas
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Charles H Devillers
- UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon, France
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6
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Hazari AS, Chandra S, Kar S, Sarkar B. Metal Complexes of Singly, Doubly and Triply Linked Porphyrins and Corroles: An Insight into the Physicochemical Properties. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104550. [PMID: 35088477 PMCID: PMC9311859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes of multi‐porphyrins and multi‐corroles are unique systems that display a host of extremely interesting properties. Availability of free meso and β positions allow formation of different types of directly linked bis‐porphyrins giving rise to intriguing optical and electronic properties. While the fields of metalloporphyrin and corroles monomer have seen exponential growth in the last decades, the chemistry of metal complexes of bis‐porphyrins and bis‐corroles remain rather underexplored. Therefore, the impact of covalent linkages on the optical, electronic, (spectro)electrochemical, magnetic and electrocatalytic activities of metal complexes of bis‐porphyrins and ‐corroles has been summarized in this review article. This article shows that despite the (still) somewhat difficult synthetic access to these molecules, their extremely exciting properties do make a strong case for pursuing research on these classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Singha Hazari
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Shubhadeep Chandra
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sanjib Kar
- School of Chemical Sciences National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar 752050 India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Training School Complex Mumbai 400094 (India)
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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7
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Cardenas-Morcoso D, Vey E, Heiderscheid M, Frache G, Boscher ND. Electronic and energy level engineering of directly fused porphyrin-conjugated polymers - impact of the central metal cation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2194-2204. [PMID: 35308894 PMCID: PMC8830115 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The integration of porphyrins and their derivatives in functional devices for solar-assisted fuel production is both highly attractive and challenging due to the difficulties in processing them. This limitation is overcome in the gas-phase approach, particularly by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD), leading to the simultaneous synthesis and deposition of conjugated porphyrin coatings. We have investigated the impact of the metal cation of 5,15-diphenyl metalloporphyrins (MDPP; M = Co, Cu, Mg, Zn, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ru, Ag, and FeCl) on the dehydrogenative coupling reaction leading to fused-metalloporphyrin thin films via oCVD and on the optoelectronic properties of the resulting thin films. We found that the nature of the chelated cation strongly affects the intermolecular coupling efficiency, as well as the occurrence of side reactions such as chlorination, intramolecular cyclization, demetallation/re-metalation, and oxidation of the porphyrin core. Moreover, we discussed the influence of the above-mentioned reactions on the optoelectronic properties of the fused metalloporphyrin coatings, in view of their potential application in photo-electrocatalytic systems. This study paves the way toward the engineering and future implementation of porphyrin-based systems for clean and efficient solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Eloa Vey
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Max Heiderscheid
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
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8
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Ghafourisaleh S, Popov G, Leskelä M, Putkonen M, Ritala M. Oxidative MLD of Conductive PEDOT Thin Films with EDOT and ReCl 5 as Precursors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17545-17554. [PMID: 34278140 PMCID: PMC8280639 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of its high conductivity and intrinsic stability, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) has gained great attention both in academic research and industry over the years. In this study, we used the oxidative molecular layer deposition (oMLD) technique to deposit PEDOT from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and a new inorganic oxidizing agent, rhenium pentachloride (ReCl5). We extensively characterized the properties of the films by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman, and conductivity measurements. The oMLD of polymers is based on the sequential adsorption of the monomer and its oxidation-induced polymerization. However, oMLD has been scarcely used because of the challenge of finding a suitable combination of volatile, reactive, and stable organic monomers applicable at high temperatures. ReCl5 showed promising properties in oMLD because it has high thermal stability and high oxidizing ability for EDOT. PEDOT films were deposited at temperatures of 125-200 °C. EDS and XPS measurements showed that the as-deposited films contained residues of rhenium and chlorine, which could be removed by rinsing the films with deionized water. The polymer films were transparent in the visible region and showed relatively high electrical conductivities within the 2-2000 S cm-1 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ghafourisaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Georgi Popov
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Leskelä
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Matti Putkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Mikko Ritala
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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10
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Baba K, Bengasi G, Loyer F, Fernandes JPC, El Assad D, De Castro O, Boscher ND. Fused Metalloporphyrin Thin Film with Tunable Porosity via Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37732-37740. [PMID: 32692925 PMCID: PMC7472432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porous and highly conjugated multiply fused porphyrin thin films are prepared from a fast and single-step chemical vapor deposition approach. While the solution-based coupling of porphyrins is usually undertaken at room temperature, the gas phase reaction of nickel(II) 5,15-(diphenyl)porphyrin and iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) is investigated for temperatures as high as 200 °C. Helium ion and atomic force microscopy, supported by weight and thickness measurements, shows a drastic decrease of the fused porphyrin thin film's density accompanied by the formation of a mesoporous morphology upon increase of the reaction temperature. The increase of the film's porosity is attributed to formation of a greater amount of HCl (originated from both the oxidative coupling and chlorination reactions) and the release of gaseous FeCl3 byproducts, i.e., Cl2, at higher deposition temperatures. In addition, high resolution mass spectrometry reveals that increase of the reaction temperature promotes a higher degree of conjugation of the fused porphyrins chains, which ensures that high electronic conductivities are maintained along with high porosity. The method reported herein could enable the engineering of fused porphyrin thin films in sensing and catalytic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Baba
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Bengasi
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - François Loyer
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Joao Paulo Cosas Fernandes
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dana El Assad
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier De Castro
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D. Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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11
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Bengasi G, Quétu L, Baba K, Ost A, Cosas Fernandes JP, Grysan P, Heinze K, Boscher ND. Constitution and Conductivity of Metalloporphyrin Tapes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bengasi
- Materials Research and Technology Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts‐Fourneaux 4362 Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Louise Quétu
- Materials Research and Technology Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts‐Fourneaux 4362 Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Kamal Baba
- Materials Research and Technology Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts‐Fourneaux 4362 Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Ost
- Materials Research and Technology Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts‐Fourneaux 4362 Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - João P. Cosas Fernandes
- Materials Research and Technology Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts‐Fourneaux 4362 Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Materials Research and Technology Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts‐Fourneaux 4362 Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10‐14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Nicolas D. Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts‐Fourneaux 4362 Esch/Alzette Luxembourg
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Bengasi G, Desport JS, Baba K, Cosas Fernandes JP, De Castro O, Heinze K, Boscher ND. Molecular flattening effect to enhance the conductivity of fused porphyrin tape thin films. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7048-7057. [PMID: 35493879 PMCID: PMC9049719 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09711b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The straightforward synthesis of directly fused porphyrins (porphyrin tapes) from 5,15-diphenyl porphyrinato nickel(ii) complexes with different substituents on the phenyl rings is achieved while processing from the gas phase. The porphyrin tapes, exhibiting NIR absorption, are readily obtained in thin film form. The gas phase approach cuts the need for solubilizing groups allowing for the first time the study of their conductivity according to the substituent. 2-Point probe and conductivity AFM measurements evidence that reducing the size of the meso substituents, phenyl < mesityl < di(3,5-tert-butyl)phenyl < di(2,6-dodecyloxy)phenyl, improves the thin film conductivity by several orders of magnitude. Density functional theory and gel permeation chromatography, correlate this improvement to changes in the intermolecular distances and molecular geometry. Furthermore, the oCVD of porphyrins with free ortho-phenyl positions causes intramolecular dehydrogenative side reactions inducing a complete planarization of the molecule. This molecular flattening drastically affects the π–π stacking between the porphyrins further enhancing the electronic properties of the films. This work reports the strong correlation between the conductivity of fused porphyrins thin films and the porphyrin substituents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bengasi
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
| | - Jessica S. Desport
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
| | - Kamal Baba
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
| | - João P. Cosas Fernandes
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
| | - Olivier De Castro
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Nicolas D. Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)
- L-4362 Esch/Alzette
- Luxembourg
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13
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Bengasi G, Baba K, Back O, Frache G, Heinze K, Boscher ND. Reactivity of Nickel(II) Porphyrins in oCVD Processes-Polymerisation, Intramolecular Cyclisation and Chlorination. Chemistry 2019; 25:8313-8320. [PMID: 30939219 PMCID: PMC6771558 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative chemical vapour deposition of (5,15‐diphenylporphyrinato)nickel(II) (NiDPP) with iron(III) chloride as oxidant yielded a conjugated poly(metalloporphyrin) as a highly coloured thin film, which is potentially useful for optoelectronic applications. This study clarified the reactive sites of the porphyrin monomer NiDPP by HRMS, UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and EPR spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. Unsubstituted meso positions are essential for successful polymerisation, as demonstrated by varying the porphyrin meso substituent pattern from di‐ to tri‐ and tetraphenyl substitution. DFT calculations support the proposed radical oxidative coupling mechanism and explain the regioselectivity of the C−C coupling processes. Depositing the conjugated polymer on glass slides and on thermoplastic transparent polyethylene naphthalate demonstrated the suitability of the porphyrin material for flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bengasi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kamal Baba
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Oliver Back
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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