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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Janssen M, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Kinetically Stabilized Diarylpnictogenium Ions. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200429. [PMID: 36670087 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The newly prepared and fully characterized stibenium and bismuthenium ions [Rind MesE]+ (E=Sb, Bi; Rind =dispiro[fluorene-9,3'-(1',1',7',7'-tetramethyl-s-hydrindacen-4'-yl)-5',9''-fluorene) were rigorously compared to the previously communicated phosphenium and arsenium ions (E=P, As) as well as the bis(m-terphenyl) pnictogenium ions [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 E]+ (E=Sb, Bi). It is demonstrated that the choice of the aryl substituents dramatically effects the molecular structures (e. g. the primary E-C bond lengths) and the electronic structures (e. g. the energy of the LUMOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Janssen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Duvinage D, Malaspina L, Grabowsky S, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Lewis Superacidic Divalent Bis(m‐terphenyl)element Cations [(2,6‐Mes2C6H3)2E]+ of Group 13 Revisited and Extended (E = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)r. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Mebs
- Universitatsbibliothek der Freien Universitat Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Universitatsbibliothek Physik GERMANY
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Universität Bremen Institut fuer Biologie und Chemie Leobener Str. 28359 Bremen GERMANY
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Olaru M, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Kationische Carben‐Analoga: Donorfreie Phosphenium‐ und Arsenium‐Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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Olaru M, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Cationic Carbene Analogues: Donor-Free Phosphenium and Arsenium Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19133-19138. [PMID: 34219354 PMCID: PMC8456819 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes and their analogues have constantly enthralled chemists with their intriguing reactivity of ambiphilic character stemming from their electronic structures. Phosphenium and arsenium ions are fiercely reactive cationic species, the stabilization of which has been so far achieved in the condensed phase by dispersing the positive charge through electromeric conjugation with at least one electron-rich substituent (frequently amido groups). Although observed in the gas phase, the isolation of dicoordinate phosphenium and arsenium ions lacking such stabilizing ligands has eluded chemists for decades. Herein we show that by judicious choice of aromatic substituents, dicoordinate, donor-free, Lewis-superacidic phosphenium and arsenium ions can be kinetically stabilized. They feature singlet electronic ground states possessing a vacant p-orbital and an electron lone pair with predominantly s-character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
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Duvinage D, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Isolation of an Antiaromatic 9-Hydroxy Fluorenyl Cation. Chemistry 2021; 27:8105-8109. [PMID: 33835609 PMCID: PMC8252458 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorenyl cations are textbook examples of 4π electron antiaromatic five-membered ring systems. So far, they were reported only as short-lived intermediates generated under superacidic conditions or by flash photolysis. Attempts to prepare a m-terphenyl acylium cation by fluoride abstraction from a benzoyl fluoride gave rise to an isolable 9-hydroxy fluorenyl cation that formed by an intramolecular electrophilic attack at a flanking mesityl group prior to a 1,2-methyl shift and proton transfer to oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
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Belli RG, Pantazis DA, McDonald R, Rosenberg L. Reversible Silylium Transfer between P-H and Si-H Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2379-2384. [PMID: 33031611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Mo=PR2 π* orbital in a Mo phosphenium complex acts as acceptor in a new PIII -based Lewis superacid. This Lewis acid (LA) participates in electrophilic Si-H abstraction from E3 SiH to give a Mo-bound secondary phosphine ligand, Mo-PR2 H. The resulting Et3 Si+ ion remains associated with the Mo complex, stabilized by η1 -P-H donation, yet undergoes rapid exchange with an η1 -Si-H adduct of free silane in solution. The equilibrium between these two adducts presents an opportunity to assess the role of this new LA in catalytic reactions of silanes: is the LA acting as a catalyst or as an initiator? Preliminary results suggest that a cycle including the Mo-bound phosphine-silylium adduct dominates in the catalytic hydrosilylation of acetophenone, relative to a putative cycle involving the silane-silylium adduct or "free" silylium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman G Belli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lisa Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Belli RG, Pantazis DA, McDonald R, Rosenberg L. Reversible Silylium Transfer between P‐H and Si‐H Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman G. Belli
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria British Columbia V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Lisa Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria British Columbia V8W 2Y2 Canada
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Olaru M, Duvinage D, Naß Y, Malaspina LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Intramolecular Reaction of Transient Phosphenium and Arsenium Ions Giving Rise to Isolable 9-Phospha- and 9-Arsena-Fluorenium Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14414-14417. [PMID: 32460394 PMCID: PMC7496934 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient phosphenium and arsenium ions, generated by fluoride abstraction from bis(m-terphenyl)fluoropnictogens, underwent intramolecular electrophilic attack prior to methyl group migration and gave rise to isolable 9-phospha- and 9-arsena-fluorenium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Yannik Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
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Olaru M, Duvinage D, Naß Y, Malaspina LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Intramolekulare Reaktionen transienter Phosphenium‐ und Arsenium‐Ionen führen zur Bildung isolierbarer 9‐Phospha‐ und 9‐Arsena‐Fluorenium‐Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Yannik Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
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11
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Olaru M, Mischin A, Malaspina LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Das Bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium‐Ion im neuen Licht betrachtet. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Alexandra Mischin
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Lorraine A. Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie Universität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Deutschland
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Olaru M, Mischin A, Malaspina LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. The Bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium Ion Revisited. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1581-1584. [PMID: 31751492 PMCID: PMC7003730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The bis(ferrocenyl)phosphenium ion, [Fc2P]+, reported by Cowley et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 714–715), was the only claimed donor‐free divalent phosphenium ion. Our examination of the molecular and electronic structure reveals that [Fc2P]+ possesses significant intramolecular Fe⋅⋅⋅P contacts, which are predominantly electrostatic and moderate the Lewis acidity. Nonetheless, [Fc2P]+ undergoes complex formation with the Lewis bases PPh3 and IPr to give the donor–acceptor complexes [Fc2P(PPh3)]+ and [Fc2P(IPr)]+ (IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Mischin
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorraine A Malaspina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Olaru M, Duvinage D, Lork E, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Transient Phosphenium and Arsenium Ions versus Stable Stibenium and Bismuthenium Ions. Chemistry 2019; 25:14758-14761. [PMID: 31404472 PMCID: PMC6900177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride abstraction from bis-m-terphenylelement fluorides (2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 EF (E=P, As) generated the highly reactive phosphenium ion [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 P]+ and the arsenium ion [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 As]+ , which immediately underwent intramolecular electrophilic substitution and formation of an 1,2,4-trimethyl-6-mesityl-5-m-terphenyl-benzo[b]phospholium ion and an 1,2,4-trimethyl-6-mesityl-5-m-terphenyl-benzo[b]arsolium ion, respectively. The formation of the latter involved a methyl group migration from the ortho-position of a flanking mesityl group to the meta-position. This reactivity of [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 E]+ (E=P, As) is in sharp contrast to the related stibenium ion [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 Sb]+ and bismuthenium ion [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 Bi]+ , which have been recently isolated and fully characterized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 10080-10084). On the basis of DFT calculations, a mechanism for the rearrangement of the phosphenium and arsenium ions into the phospholium and arsolium ions is proposed, which is not feasible for the stibenium and bismuthenium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Olaru
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für ExperimentalphysikFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und KristallographieUniversität BremenLeobener Straße 728359BremenGermany
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