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Liu H, Laporte AG, Gónzalez Pinardo D, Fernández I, Hazelard D, Compain P. An Unexpected Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Cascade during the Synthesis of the DEF-Benzoxocin Ring System of Nogalamycin and Menogaril: Mechanistic Elucidation by Intermediate Trapping Experiments and Density Functional Theory Studies. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5634-5649. [PMID: 38554093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
An unexpected Lewis acid-catalyzed carbohydrate rearrangement of a 1,5-bis-glycopyranoside to the product of a formal intramolecular C-aryl glycosylation reaction is reported. Mechanistic studies based mainly on intermediate trapping experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal a cascade process involving three transient (a)cyclic oxocarbenium cations, the breaking of three single C(sp3)-O bonds, and the formation of three single bonds (i.e., exo-, endo-, and C-glycosidic bonds), leading to the 2,6-epoxybenzoxocine skeleton of bioactive natural glycoconjugates related to serjanione A and mimocaesalpin E. DFT calculations established that the generation of the pyran moiety embedded in the bridged benzoxocin ring system is likely to proceed through an unusual ring-closure of an ortho-quinone methide intermediate in which the attacking nucleophile is a carbonyl oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Liu
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien G Laporte
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Gónzalez Pinardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Damien Hazelard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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2
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Owsianik K, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Koprowski M, Turek M, Knopik Ł, Vivek V, Dudziński B, Bałczewski P. The First Example of the Friedel-Crafts Cyclization Leading to (10-Hydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthr-9-yl)phosphonium Salts without the Expected Bradsher Dehydration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1741. [PMID: 38339017 PMCID: PMC10855353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The reaction of (ortho-acetalaryl)arylmethanols with various phosphines PR1R2R3 (R1 = R2 = R3 = Ph; R1 = R2 = Ph, R3 = Me and R1 = R2 = Me, R3 = Ph) under acidic conditions (e.g., HCl, HBF4, TsOH) unexpectedly led to the formation of (10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthr-9-yl)phosphonium salts instead of the corresponding anthryl phosphonium salts. The cyclization occurred according to the Friedel-Crafts mechanism but without the usually observed Bradsher dehydration, giving cyclic products in the form of cis/trans isomers and their conformers. In case of electron-rich and less-hindered dimethylphenylphosphine, all four stereoisomers were recorded in 31P{1H} NMR spectra, while for the other phosphines, only the two most stable cis/trans stereoisomers were detected. This study was supported by DFT and NCI calculations in combination with FT-IR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Owsianik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (M.T.)
| | - Marek Koprowski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Marika Turek
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (M.T.)
| | - Łucja Knopik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
- The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Łódź and Łódź Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Łódź, Matejki 21/23, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Vivek Vivek
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
- The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Łódź and Łódź Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Łódź, Matejki 21/23, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Bogdan Dudziński
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.K.); (V.V.); (B.D.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (M.T.)
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3
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Marciniak B, Kania S, Bałczewski P, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Wilk J, Koprowski M, Stańdo J, Kuliński J. Highly Substituted 10-RO-(hetero)acenes-Electric Properties of Vacuum-Deposited Molecular Films. Molecules 2023; 28:6422. [PMID: 37687251 PMCID: PMC10490536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of the aromatic backbone allows the improvement of the electrical properties of acene molecules in the amorphous layered structures of organic thin films. In the present work, we discuss the electric properties of the stable, amorphous, vacuum-deposited films prepared from five highly substituted 10-RO-acenes of various electronic properties, i.e., two extreme electron-donor (1,3-dioxa-cyclopenta[b]) anthracenes with all RO substituents, two anthracene carbaldehydes and one benzo[b]carbazole carbaldehyde possessing both electron-donor and acceptor substituents. The hole mobility data were obtained using subsequent steady state space charge limited currents (SCLC) and Time of Flight (TOF) measurements, performed on the same sample and these were then compared with the results of theoretical hole mobility calculations obtained using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) quantum-chemical calculations using the Marcus-Hush theory. The study shows a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental values which allows for the quick and quantitative estimation of Einstein's mobility values for highly substituted 10-RO anthracene and benzo[b]carbazole based on chemical calculations. This agreement also proves that the transport of holes follows the hopping mechanism. The theoretical calculations indicate that the reorganization energy plays a decisive role in the transport of holes in the amorphous layers of highly substituted hetero(acenes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Marciniak
- Structural & Material Chemistry Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (B.M.); (P.B.); (E.R.-S.)
| | - Sylwester Kania
- Centre of Mathematics and Physics, Łódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
- Faculty of Technical Physics, Information Technology and Applied Mathematics, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Structural & Material Chemistry Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (B.M.); (P.B.); (E.R.-S.)
- Functional Materials Synthesis Group, Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (J.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Structural & Material Chemistry Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (B.M.); (P.B.); (E.R.-S.)
| | - Joanna Wilk
- Functional Materials Synthesis Group, Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (J.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Marek Koprowski
- Functional Materials Synthesis Group, Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (J.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Jacek Stańdo
- Faculty of Technical Physics, Information Technology and Applied Mathematics, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Janusz Kuliński
- Centre of Mathematics and Physics, Łódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
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4
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Owsianik K, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Bałczewski P. O,S-Acetals in a New Modification of oxo-Friedel-Crafts-Bradsher Cyclization-Synthesis of Fluorescent (Hetero)acenes and Mechanistic Considerations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062474. [PMID: 36985445 PMCID: PMC10051591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the use of O,S-acetals in a new modification of the oxo-Friedel-Crafts-Bradsher cyclization. In this reaction, under mild reaction conditions (25 °C), three- and four-ring fused RO-acenes (major) and/or HO(CH2)2S-acenes (minor) are formed, the latter products having never been observed before in this type of cyclization. In this way, two electronically different fluorophores could be obtained in a single cyclization reaction, one of them having strong electron donor properties (+M effect of alkoxy groups) and the other having donor-acceptor properties (+M and -I effects of the HO(CH2)2S-group, Hammett's constants). Further increasing the reaction temperature, HCl concentration or prolonging reaction time, surprisingly, yielded a 2:1 mixture of cis and trans dimeric isomers, as the only products of this cyclization. The DFT calculations confirmed a greater stability of the cis isomer compared to the trans isomer. The formation of unexpected dimeric products and HO(CH2)2S-acenes sheds light on the mechanism of oxo-Friedel-Crafts-Bradsher cyclization, involving competitive O/S atom protonation in strained O,S-acetals and in strain-free side groups of intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Owsianik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
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5
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Karunakar GV, Sunil K, Bharath Kumar P, Chandrappa M, Guduru R, Kantevari S, Sridhar B. Catalyst- and Additive-Free Methodical Ring Expansion Protocol to Access Benzooxepino-Fused Pyrroles. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201071. [PMID: 36567599 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient metal-free, additive-free synthetic method was developed to access benzooxepino-fused pyrrole derivatives from alkynyl substituted aziridines. In this organic transformation, two new C-C bonds were formed via initial cleavage of C-C bond of aziridine ring by in situ generated azomethine ylides. Moderate to excellent yields of benzooxepino-fused pyrroles were obtained atom economically in the presence of t-BuOH in one-pot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galla V Karunakar
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500007, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Komalla Sunil
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500007, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Perla Bharath Kumar
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500007, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Muneppa Chandrappa
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500007, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravinder Guduru
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500007, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Kantevari
- Fluoro and Agrochemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500007, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Balasubramanian Sridhar
- Centre for X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, 500007, Hyderabad, India
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Koprowski M, Owsianik K, Knopik Ł, Vivek V, Romaniuk A, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Bałczewski P. Comprehensive Review on Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Phosphorus (P III, P IV, P V) Substituted Acenes with More Than Two Fused Benzene Rings. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196611. [PMID: 36235148 PMCID: PMC9570788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review, covering the years 1968-2022, is not only a retrospective investigation of a certain group of linearly fused aromatics, called acenes, but also a presentation of the current state of the knowledge on the synthesis, reactions, and applications of these compounds. Their characteristic feature is substitution of the aromatic system by one, two, or three organophosphorus groups, which determine their properties and applications. The (PIII, PIV, PV) phosphorus atom in organophosphorus groups is linked to the acene directly by a P-Csp2 bond or indirectly through an oxygen atom by a P-O-Csp2 bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Koprowski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Krzysztof Owsianik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Łucja Knopik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Vivek Vivek
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Adrian Romaniuk
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (P.B.)
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Bałczewski P, Kowalska E, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Uznański P, Wilk J, Koprowski M, Owsianik K, Marciniak B. Organosulfur Materials with High Photo- and Photo-Oxidation Stability: 10-Anthryl Sulfoxides and Sulfones and Their Photophysical Properties Dependent on the Sulfur Oxidation State. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3506. [PMID: 34201740 PMCID: PMC8269563 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While few studies show only symmetrical and poorly mono-SOn (n = 0-2) substituted acenes, in this study, we present a synthesis of a new group of unsymmetrical, significantly substituted derivatives, which revealed unique photophysical properties. Both sulfides (S), sulfoxides (SO) and sulfones (SO2) showed very high photochemical stabilities, unusual for these groups, during UV-irradiation at 254/365 nm (air O2 and Ar), which was higher than any found in the literature. For the (S)/(SO) series (254 nm), the stabilities of 80-519 min. (air O2 and Ar) were found. At 365 nm, stabilities of 124-812 min./(air O2) for (S)/(SO) and higher for (SO2) were observed. Photoluminescence lifetimes of (SOn) of the lower anthryl symmetry remained in the following order: (SO2) < (S) < (SO); those with full symmetry were in the following order: (S) < (SO) < (SO2). The enhanced photostability was explained with DFT/MS/Hammett's constants, which showed the leading role of the SOn groups in stabilization of HOMO/LUMO frontier orbitals. The SOn (n = 0-2) substituted acenes turned out to be tunable violet/blue/green emitters by oxidation of S atoms and the introduction of rich substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bałczewski
- Functional Materials Synthesis Group, Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (E.K.); (J.W.); (M.K.); (K.O.)
- Structural & Material Chemistry Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (B.M.)
| | - Emilia Kowalska
- Functional Materials Synthesis Group, Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (E.K.); (J.W.); (M.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Structural & Material Chemistry Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (B.M.)
| | - Paweł Uznański
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Division of Polymers, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wilk
- Functional Materials Synthesis Group, Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (E.K.); (J.W.); (M.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Marek Koprowski
- Functional Materials Synthesis Group, Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (E.K.); (J.W.); (M.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Owsianik
- Functional Materials Synthesis Group, Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; (E.K.); (J.W.); (M.K.); (K.O.)
| | - Bernard Marciniak
- Structural & Material Chemistry Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland; (E.R.-S.); (B.M.)
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8
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Skalik J, Koprowski M, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Bałczewski P. The hetero-Friedel-Crafts-Bradsher Cyclizations with Formation of Ring Carbon-Heteroatom (P, S) Bonds, Leading to Organic Functional Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:ma13214751. [PMID: 33114241 PMCID: PMC7660621 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interest in functional materials possessing improved properties led to development of new methods of their synthesis, which allowed to obtain new molecular arrangements with carbon and heteroatom motifs. Two of the classical reactions of versatile use are the Friedel-Crafts and the Bradsher reactions, which in the new heteroatomic versions allow to replace ring carbon atoms by heteroatoms. In the present work, we review methods of synthesis of C-S and C-P bonds utilizing thia- and phospha-Friedel-Crafts-Bradsher cyclizations. Single examples of C-As and lack of C-Se bond formation, involving two of the closest neighbors of P and S in the periodic table, have also been noted. Applications of the obtained π-conjugated molecules, mainly as semiconducting materials, flame retardants, and resins hardeners, designed on the basis of five- and six-membered cyclic molecules containing ring phosphorus and sulfur atoms, are also included. This comprehensive review covers literature up to August 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Skalik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Marek Koprowski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland;
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland;
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland;
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