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Shi YZ, Wu H, Wang K, Yu J, Ou XM, Zhang XH. Recent progress in thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for nondoped organic light-emitting diodes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3625-3651. [PMID: 35432901 PMCID: PMC8966661 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07180g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nondoped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have drawn immense attention due to their merits of process simplicity, reduced fabrication cost, etc. To realize high-performance nondoped OLEDs, all electrogenerated excitons should be fully utilized. The thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism can theoretically realize 100% internal quantum efficiency (IQE) through an effective upconversion process from nonradiative triplet excitons to radiative singlet ones. Nevertheless, exciton quenching, especially related to triplet excitons, is generally very serious in TADF-based nondoped OLEDs, significantly hindering the pace of development. Enormous efforts have been devoted to alleviating the annoying exciton quenching process, and a number of TADF materials for highly efficient nondoped devices have been reported. In this review, we mainly discuss the mechanism, exciton leaking channels, and reported molecular design strategies of TADF emitters for nondoped devices. We further classify their molecular structures depending on the functional A groups and offer an outlook on their future prospects. It is anticipated that this review can entice researchers to recognize the importance of TADF-based nondoped OLEDs and provide a possible guide for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhong Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Ou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 PR China
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Rodlike 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives, effect of the core length on mesophase behavior and their application as LE-LCD device. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yi RH, Lei YC, Tseng YH, Lin YF, Cheng YC, Fang YC, Ho CY, Tsai WW, Chang CH, Lu CW. Imidazolyl-Phenylcarbazole-Based Host Materials and Their Use for Co-host Designs in Phosphorescent OLEDs. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202102966. [PMID: 34766387 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, owing to the demand for high-efficiency phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (PhOLEDs), many studies have been conducted on the development of bipolar host materials. A series of imidazolyl-phenylcarbazole-based host materials, i. e., im-CzP, im-CzPCz, im-CzPtBu, and im-OCzP, were synthesized to obtain high-efficiency green and red-emitting PhOLEDs. With im-OCzP as the host, satisfactory peak efficiencies of 22.2 (77.0 cd A-1 and 93.1 lm W-1 ) and 14.1 % (9.0 cd A-1 and 10.1 lm W-1 ) could be obtained, respectively. To further improve the performance of the devices, an electron transport material, bis-4,6-(3,5-di-3-pyridylphenyl)-2-methylpyrimidine (B3PyMPM) was selected to construct a co-hosted system. The efficiency of im-OCzP combined with B3PyMPM forming co-hosts could also achieve high values of 23.0 (80.0 cd A-1 and 98.8 lm W-1 ) and 16.5 % (10.2 cd A-1 and 13.4 lm W-1 ) for green and red PhOLEDs, respectively. These results exhibited that the proposed bipolar hosts have great flexibility in adjusting the carrier balance of EML in OLEDs, demonstrating their ingenious design and high potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Huei Yi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chun Lei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Hsiang Tseng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chia Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Fang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yung Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Tsai
- Electronics and Imaging, DuPont de Nemours, Inc., Newark, DE19713, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
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Yi RH, Liu GY, Luo YT, Wang WY, Tsai HY, Lin CH, Shen HL, Chang CH, Lu CW. Dicyano-Imidazole: A Facile Generation of Pure Blue TADF Materials for OLEDs. Chemistry 2021; 27:12998-13008. [PMID: 34288149 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of dicyano-imidazole-based molecules with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties were synthesized to obtain pure blue-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The targeted molecules used dicyano-imidazole with a short-conjugated system as the electron acceptor to strong intermolecular π-π interactions, and provide a relatively shallow energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The cyano group was selected to improve imidazole as an electron acceptor due to its prominent electron-transporting characteristics. Four different electron donors, that is, 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DMAC), 10H-spiro(acridine-9,9'-fluoren) (SPAC), and 9,9-diphenyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DPAC), were used to alternate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level to tune the emission color further. The crowded molecular structure in space makes the electron donor and acceptor almost orthogonal, reducing the energy gap (ΔEST ) between the first excited singlet (S1 ) and the triplet (T1 ) states and introducing significant TADF property. The efficiencies of the blue-emissive devices with imM-SPAC and imM-DMAC obtained in this work are the highest among the reported imidazole-based TADF-OLEDs, which are 13.8 % and 13.4 %, respectively. Both of Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates are close to the saturated blue region at (0.17, 0.18) and (0.16, 0.19), respectively. Combining these tailor-made TADF compounds with specific device architectures, electroluminescent (EL) emission from sky-blue to deep-blue could be achieved, proving their great potential in EL applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Huei Yi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yang Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Teng Luo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ling Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung, 43301, Taiwan
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Novel difluorenyl substituted 1,3,5-triazine and carbazole based bipolar host materials with high thermal stability for efficient green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen T, Lu CH, Chen Z, Gong X, Wu CC, Yang C. Modulating the Electron-Donating Ability of Acridine Donor Units for Orange-Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Chemistry 2021; 27:3151-3158. [PMID: 33241622 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters with orange-red emission still lags behind that of their blue, green, and yellow counterparts. Recent research to address this problem mainly focused on developing new acceptor units. There were few donor units designed especially for orange-red emitters. Herein, with benzothiophene fused to a diphenylacridine donor unit, a new donor moiety, namely, 5,5-diphenyl-5,13-dihydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-c]acridine (BTDPAc), was designed and synthesized. Benefiting from the strong electron-donating ability of the new donor moiety, a new TADF emitter, 2-[4'-(tert-butyl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl]-6-[5,5-diphenylbenzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-c]acridin-13(5H)-yl]-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione (BTDPAc-PhNAI), shows an orange-red emission with a maximum at 610 nm in dilute toluene solution. Also, with the help of the diphenyl rings of the donor unit, high photoluminescence quantum yields were achieved for BTDPAc-PhNAI over a wide concentration range. Consequently, an orange-red organic light-emitting diode based on BTDPAc-PhNAI achieved a high external quantum efficiency of nearly 20 %, which was comparable to state-of-the-art device performances with similar emission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianheng Chen
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Han Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zhanxiang Chen
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Xu Gong
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China
| | - Chung-Chih Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P.R. China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P.R. China
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Chang YM, Li CW, Lu YL, Wu MS, Li H, Lin YS, Lu CW, Chen CP, Chang YJ. Spherical Hole-Transporting Interfacial Layer Passivated Defect for Inverted NiO x-Based Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency of over 20. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:6450-6460. [PMID: 33527837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we achieved a facile and low-cost (18-22 USD/g) synthesis of spiro[fluorene-9,9-phenanthren-10-one]-based interfacial layer materials (MSs; designated MS-PC, MS-PA, MS-OC, and MS-OA). Carbazoles and dimethylacridine substituents with an extended π-conjugation achieved through ortho- or para-orientations were used as donors at the spiro[fluorene-9,9'-phenanthren-10'-one] moiety. Highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with the device architecture of ITO/NiOx/MSs/perovskite/PC61BM/BCP/Ag can be achieved to improve the surface morphology of NiOx when MSs are adopted as the interfacial layer. During a morphological study, the ortho-orientated donor of MS-OC and MS-OA has spherical structures indicated that the films were smooth and that the films of perovskite deposited on them had large grain size and uniformity. The photoluminescence properties of the perovskite layers on the NiOx/MSs were showed better hole-transporting capabilities than the bare NiOx. The dual-functional interfacial layer has shown defect passivation effect, it not only improved the surface morphology of NiOx but also enlarged the perovskite layer grain size. The best PSC device performance of the NiOx/MS-OC was characterized by 22.34 mA cm-2 short-circuit current density (Jsc), 1.128 V open-circuit voltage (Voc), and 80.8% fill factor (FF), resulting in 20.34% power conversion efficiency (PCE). The NiOx/MS-OC PSCs showed good long-term device stability, even retained the original PCE of 93.16% after 370 days under argon (25 °C). Owing to the superior perovskite morphologies of the NiOx/MSs, the resulting devices outperformed the bare NiOx-based PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Material Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shian Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Material Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Yuan Jay Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
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Zhong X, Jiang MH, Lei YM, Chai YQ, Yuan R, Zhuo Y. Tetrakis(4-aminophenyl) ethene-doped perylene microcrystals with strong electrochemiluminescence for biosensing applications. Analyst 2020; 145:5260-5265. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00997k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile and economic method for the inhibition of ACQ effect was developed by doping of non-planar moleculars ETTA into Pe MCs, which exhibited almost 10 times stronger ECL signal in aqueous phase compared to that of pure Pe MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- PR China
| | - Ming-Hui Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- PR China
| | - Yan-Mei Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- PR China
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- PR China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- PR China
| | - Ying Zhuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- PR China
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