1
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Mohammad Faizal NDF, Ramli NA, Mat Rani NNI, Shaibie NA, Aarti, Poonsawas P, Sharma SK, Mohd Amin MCI. Leveraging immunoliposomes as nanocarriers against SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100855. [PMID: 38125653 PMCID: PMC10730353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic arising from SARS-CoV-2 has impacted many lives, gaining interest worldwide ever since it was first identified in December 2019. Till 2023, 752 million cumulative cases and 6.8 million deaths were documented globally. COVID-19 has been rapidly evolving, affecting virus transmissibility and properties and contributing to increased disease severity. The Omicron is the most circulating variant of concern. Although success in its treatment has indicated progress in tackling the virus, limitations in delivering the current antiviral agents in battling emerging variants remain remarkable. With the latest advancements in nanotechnology for controlling infectious diseases, liposomes have the potential to counteract SARS-CoV-2 because of their ability to employ different targeting strategies, incorporating monoclonal antibodies for the active and passive targeting of infected patients. This review will present a concise summary of the possible strategies for utilizing immunoliposomes to improve current treatment against the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Dini Fatini Mohammad Faizal
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Afina Ramli
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP) No.3, Jalan Greentown, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adania Shaibie
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Aarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | | | - Sunil K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine (CENTRIC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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2
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Gueta O, Amiram M. Expanding the chemical repertoire of protein-based polymers for drug-delivery applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114460. [PMID: 36030987 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Expanding the chemical repertoire of natural and artificial protein-based polymers (PBPs) can enable the production of sequence-defined, yet chemically diverse, biopolymers with customized or new properties that cannot be accessed in PBPs composed of only natural amino acids. Various approaches can enable the expansion of the chemical repertoire of PBPs, including chemical and enzymatic treatments or the incorporation of unnatural amino acids. These techniques are employed to install a wide variety of chemical groups-such as bio-orthogonally reactive, cross-linkable, post-translation modifications, and environmentally responsive groups-which, in turn, can facilitate the design of customized PBP-based drug-delivery systems with modified, fine-tuned, or entirely new properties and functions. Here, we detail the existing and emerging technologies for expanding the chemical repertoire of PBPs and review several chemical groups that either demonstrate or are anticipated to show potential in the design of PBP-based drug delivery systems. Finally, we provide our perspective on the remaining challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osher Gueta
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Miriam Amiram
- The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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3
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Podolsky KA, Masubuchi T, Debelouchina GT, Hui E, Devaraj NK. In Situ Assembly of Transmembrane Proteins from Expressed and Synthetic Components in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1015-1021. [PMID: 35482050 PMCID: PMC9255206 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reconstituting functional transmembrane (TM) proteins into model membranes is challenging due to the difficulty of expressing hydrophobic TM domains, which often require stabilizing detergents that can perturb protein structure and function. Recent model systems solve this problem by linking the soluble domains of membrane proteins to lipids, using noncovalent conjugation. Herein, we test an alternative solution involving the in vitro assembly of TM proteins from synthetic TM domains and expressed soluble domains using chemoselective peptide ligation. We developed an intein mediated ligation strategy to semisynthesize single-pass TM proteins in synthetic giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) membranes by covalently attaching soluble protein domains to a synthetic TM polypeptide, avoiding the requirement for detergent. We show that the extracellular domain of programmed cell death protein 1, a mammalian immune checkpoint receptor, retains its ligand-binding function at a membrane interface after ligation to a synthetic TM peptide in GUVs, facilitating the study of receptor-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Podolsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - T. Masubuchi
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - G. T. Debelouchina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - E. Hui
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - N. K. Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Corresponding Author: Neal K. Devaraj,
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4
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Permana D, Putra HE, Djaenudin D. Designed protein multimerization and polymerization for functionalization of proteins. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:341-365. [PMID: 35083582 PMCID: PMC8791688 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Multimeric and polymeric proteins are large biomacromolecules consisting of multiple protein molecules as their monomeric units, connected through covalent or non-covalent bonds. Genetic modification and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins offer alternative strategies for designing and creating multimeric and polymeric proteins. Multimeric proteins are commonly prepared by genetic modification, whereas polymeric proteins are usually created through PTMs. There are two methods that can be applied to create polymeric proteins: self-assembly and crosslinking. Self-assembly offers a spontaneous reaction without a catalyst, while the crosslinking reaction offers some catalyst options, such as chemicals and enzymes. In addition, enzymes are excellent catalysts because they provide site-specificity, rapid reaction, mild reaction conditions, and activity and functionality maintenance of protein polymers. However, only a few enzymes are applicable for the preparation of protein polymers. Most of the other enzymes are effective only for protein conjugation or labeling. Here, we review novel and applicable strategies for the preparation of multimeric proteins through genetic modification and self-assembly. We then describe the formation of protein polymers through site-selective crosslinking reactions catalyzed by enzymes, crosslinking reactions of non-natural amino acids, and protein-peptide (SpyCatcher/SpyTag) interactions. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of these protein polymers. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,Research Unit for Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Cisitu, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
| | - Herlian Eriska Putra
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Cisitu, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Djaenudin Djaenudin
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Cisitu, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
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5
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Garst EH, Das T, Hang HC. Chemical approaches for investigating site-specific protein S-fatty acylation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 65:109-117. [PMID: 34333222 PMCID: PMC8671186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-fatty acylation or S-palmitoylation is a reversible and regulated lipid post-translational modification (PTM) in eukaryotes. Loss-of-function mutagenesis studies have suggested important roles for protein S-fatty acylation in many fundamental biological pathways in development, neurobiology, and immunity that are also associated with human diseases. However, the hydrophobicity and reversibility of this PTM have made site-specific gain-of-function studies more challenging to investigate. In this review, we summarize recent chemical biology approaches and methods that have enabled site-specific gain-of-function studies of protein S-fatty acylation and the investigation of the mechanisms and significance of this PTM in eukaryotic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Garst
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States; Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Tandrila Das
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States; Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States; Departments of Immunology and Microbiology and Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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6
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Gong Z, Tang Y, Ma N, Cao W, Wang Y, Wang S, Tian Y. Applications of DNA-Functionalized Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12911. [PMID: 34884714 PMCID: PMC8657886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important component that constitutes all the cells and tissues of the human body, protein is involved in most of the biological processes. Inspired by natural protein systems, considerable efforts covering many discipline fields were made to design artificial protein assemblies and put them into application in recent decades. The rapid development of structural DNA nanotechnology offers significant means for protein assemblies and promotes their application. Owing to the programmability, addressability and accurate recognition ability of DNA, many protein assemblies with unprecedented structures and improved functions have been successfully fabricated, consequently creating many brand-new researching fields. In this review, we briefly introduced the DNA-based protein assemblies, and highlighted the limitations in application process and corresponding strategies in four aspects, including biological catalysis, protein detection, biomedicine treatment and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiu Gong
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.G.); (Y.T.); (N.M.); (W.C.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.G.); (Y.T.); (N.M.); (W.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ningning Ma
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.G.); (Y.T.); (N.M.); (W.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wenhong Cao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.G.); (Y.T.); (N.M.); (W.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.G.); (Y.T.); (N.M.); (W.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.G.); (Y.T.); (N.M.); (W.C.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.G.); (Y.T.); (N.M.); (W.C.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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7
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Challenges of Current Anticancer Treatment Approaches with Focus on Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090835. [PMID: 34577537 PMCID: PMC8466509 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to a 2020 World Health Organization report (Globocan 2020), cancer was a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The aim of anticancer therapy is to specifically inhibit the growth of cancer cells while sparing normal dividing cells. Conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical treatments have often been plagued by the frequency and severity of side effects as well as severe patient discomfort. Cancer targeting by drug delivery systems, owing to their selective targeting, efficacy, biocompatibility and high drug payload, provides an attractive alternative treatment; however, there are technical, therapeutic, manufacturing and clinical barriers that limit their use. This article provides a brief review of the challenges of conventional anticancer therapies and anticancer drug targeting with a special focus on liposomal drug delivery systems.
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8
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Mishra AK, Tessier R, Hari DP, Waser J. Amphiphilic Iodine(III) Reagents for the Lipophilization of Peptides in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17963-17968. [PMID: 34038604 PMCID: PMC8456932 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the functionalization of cysteine residues with lipophilic alkynes bearing a silyl group or an alkyl chain using amphiphilic ethynylbenziodoxolone reagents (EBXs). The reactions were carried out in buffer (pH 6 to 9), without organic co-solvent or removal of oxygen, either at 37 °C or room temperature. The transformation led to a significant increase of peptide lipophilicity and worked for aromatic thiols, homocysteine, cysteine, and peptides containing 4 to 18 amino acids. His6 -Cys-Ubiquitin was also alkynylated under physiological conditions. Under acidic conditions, the thioalkynes were converted into thioesters, which could be cleaved in the presence of hydroxylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhaya Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Romain Tessier
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
- Present address: Department of Chemical BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyOtto-Hahn-Strasse 1144227DortmundGermany
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 43061015LausanneSwitzerland
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9
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Mishra AK, Tessier R, Hari DP, Waser J. Amphiphilic Iodine(III) Reagents for the Lipophilization of Peptides in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhaya Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Romain Tessier
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Chemical Biology Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Durga Prasad Hari
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 4306 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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10
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de Araujo AD, Nguyen HT, Fairlie DP. Late-Stage Hydrocarbon Conjugation and Cyclisation in Synthetic Peptides and Proteins. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1784-1789. [PMID: 33506598 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The conventional S-alkylation of cysteine relies upon using activated electrophiles. Here we demonstrate high-yielding and selective S-alkylation and S-lipidation of cysteines in unprotected synthetic peptides and proteins by using weak electrophiles and a Zn2+ promoter. Linear or branched iodoalkanes can S-alkylate cysteine in an unprotected 38-residue Myc peptide fragment and in a 91-residue miniprotein Omomyc, thus highlighting selective late-stage synthetic modifications. Metal-assisted cysteine alkylation is also effective for incorporating dehydroalanine into unprotected peptides and for peptide cyclisation via aliphatic thioether crosslinks, including customising macrocycles to stabilise helical peptides for enhanced uptake and delivery to proteins inside cells. Chemoselective and efficient late-stage Zn2+ -promoted cysteine alkylation in unprotected peptides and proteins promises many useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline D de Araujo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Huy T Nguyen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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11
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Permana D, Minamihata K, Goto M, Kamiya N. Strategies for Making Multimeric and Polymeric Bifunctional Protein Conjugates and Their Applications as Bioanalytical Tools. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:425-437. [PMID: 33455962 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20scr07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes play a central role in the detection of target molecules in biotechnological fields. Most probes used in detection are bifunctional proteins comprising enzymes and binding proteins conjugated by chemical reactions. To create a highly sensitive detection probe, it is essential to increase the enzyme-to-binding protein ratio in the probe. However, if the chemical reactions required to prepare the probe are insufficiently site-specific, the detection probe may lose functionality. Genetic modifications and enzyme-mediated post-translational modifications (PTMs) can ensure the site-specific conjugation of proteins. They are therefore promising strategies for the production of detection probes with high enzyme contents, i.e., polymeric bifunctional proteins. Herein, we review recent advances in the preparation of bifunctional protein conjugates and polymeric bifunctional protein conjugates for detection. We have summarized research on genetically fused proteins and enzymatically prepared polymeric bifunctional proteins, and will discuss the potential use of protein polymers in various detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University.,Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Kampus LIPI Bandung
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
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12
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Luo Y, Jiang C, Yu L, Yang A. Chemical Biology of Autophagy-Related Proteins With Posttranslational Modifications: From Chemical Synthesis to Biological Applications. Front Chem 2020; 8:233. [PMID: 32309274 PMCID: PMC7145982 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway in all eukaryotic cells, which is critical for maintaining cell homeostasis. A series of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins are involved in the regulation of autophagy. The activities of ATG proteins are mainly modulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, lipidation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. To tackle molecular mechanisms of autophagy, more and more researches are focusing on the roles of PTMs in regulation of the activity of ATG proteins and autophagy process. The protein ligation techniques have emerged as powerful tools for the chemical engineering of proteins with PTMs, and provided effective methods to elucidate the molecular mechanism and physiological significance of PTMs. Recently, several ATG proteins with PTM were prepared by protein ligation techniques such as native chemical ligation (NCL), expressed protein ligation (EPL), peptide hydrazide-based NCL, and Sortase A-mediated ligation (SML). More importantly, the synthesized ATG proteins are successfully used to probe the mechanism of autophagy. In this review, we summarize protein ligation techniques for the preparation of ATG proteins with PTMs. In addition, we highlight the biological applications of synthetic ATG proteins to probe the autophagy mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Scheibel DM, Hossain MS, Smith AL, Lynch CJ, Mozhdehi D. Post-Translational Modification Mimicry for Programmable Assembly of Elastin-Based Protein Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:371-376. [PMID: 35648543 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) of protein polymers is emerging as a powerful bioinspired strategy to create protein-based hybrid materials with molecularly encoded assembly and function for applications in nanobiotechnology and medicine. While these modifications can be accomplished by harnessing native biological machinery (i.e., enzymes), the evolutionarily programmed specificity of these enzymes (recognition of select substrates and the limited repertoire of ligation chemistries catalyzed by these enzymes) can limit the type and linkage of PTMs appended to proteins. One approach to overcome this limitation is to leverage advances in site-selective biomolecular modification to prepare synthetic mimics of naturally occurring PTMs that are absent in nature. As a proof of concept, we used scalable bio-orthogonal reactions to prepare synthetic mimics of lipidated proteins with tunable assembly and disassembly. Additionally, we demonstrated that our PTM mimicry regulates the stimuli-responsive phase behavior of intrinsically disordered biopolymers, modulates their self-assembly at the nanoscale, and can be used for programmable disassembly of these materials in acidic environments. Synthetic PTM mimicry opens a path to encode new assembly and disassembly capabilities into hybrid materials that cannot be produced via biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter M. Scheibel
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Amy L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Christopher J. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Davoud Mozhdehi
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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