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Tahoun M, Engeser M, Svolacchia L, Sander PM, Müller CE. Molecular Taphonomy of Heme: Chemical Degradation of Hemin under Presumed Fossilization Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:4887. [PMID: 37446548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The metalloporphyrin heme acts as the oxygen-complexing prosthetic group of hemoglobin in blood. Heme has been noted to survive for many millions of years in fossils. Here, we investigate its stability and degradation under various conditions expected to occur during fossilization. Oxidative, reductive, aerobic, and anaerobic conditions were studied at neutral and alkaline pH values. Elevated temperatures were applied to accelerate degradation. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) identified four main degradation products. The vinyl residues are oxidized to formyl and further to carboxylate groups. In the presence of air or H2O2, cleavage of the tetrapyrrole ring occurs, and hematinic acid is formed. The highest stability of heme was observed under anaerobic reductive conditions (half-life 9.5 days), while the lowest stability was found in the presence of H2O2 (half-life 1 min). We confirmed that the iron cation plays a crucial role in degradation, since protoporphyrin IX, lacking iron, remained significantly more stable. Under anaerobic, reductive conditions, the above-mentioned degradation products were not observed, suggesting a different degradation pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular taphonomy study on heme, which will be useful for understanding its fate during fossilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Tahoun
- PharmaCenter Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Luca Svolacchia
- PharmaCenter Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul Martin Sander
- Section Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn & Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Böhmer S, Marx C, Goss R, Gilbert M, Sasso S, Happe T, Hemschemeier A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants deficient for Old Yellow Enzyme 3 exhibit increased photooxidative stress. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e480. [PMID: 36685735 PMCID: PMC9840898 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) are flavin-containing ene-reductases that have been intensely studied with regard to their biotechnological potential for sustainable chemical syntheses. OYE-encoding genes are found throughout the domains of life, but their physiological role is mostly unknown, one reason for this being the promiscuity of most ene-reductases studied to date. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii possesses four genes coding for OYEs, three of which we have analyzed biochemically before. Ene-reductase CrOYE3 stood out in that it showed an unusually narrow substrate scope and converted N-methylmaleimide (NMI) with high rates. This was recapitulated in a C. reinhardtii croye3 mutant that, in contrast to the wild type, hardly degraded externally added NMI. Here we show that CrOYE3-mediated NMI conversion depends on electrons generated photosynthetically by photosystem II (PSII) and that the croye3 mutant exhibits slightly decreased photochemical quenching in high light. Non-photochemical quenching is strongly impaired in this mutant, and it shows enhanced oxidative stress. The phenotypes of the mutant suggest that C. reinhardtii CrOYE3 is involved in the protection against photooxidative stress, possibly by converting reactive carbonyl species derived from lipid peroxides or maleimides from tetrapyrrole degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Böhmer
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, PhotobiotechnologyRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Christina Marx
- SolarBioproducts RuhrBusiness Development Agency HerneHerneGermany
| | - Reimund Goss
- Institute of Biology, Plant PhysiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Matthias Gilbert
- Institute of Biology, Plant PhysiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Severin Sasso
- Institute of Biology, Plant PhysiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Thomas Happe
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, PhotobiotechnologyRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Anja Hemschemeier
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, PhotobiotechnologyRuhr University BochumBochumGermany
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Yu FF, Yuan Y, Ao Y, Hua L, Wang W, Cao Y, Xi J, Luan Y, Hou S, Zhang XY. A New Product of Bilirubin Degradation by H 2O 2 and Its Formation in Activated Neutrophils and in an Inflammatory Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091237. [PMID: 36139076 PMCID: PMC9496627 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin (BR) is a tetrapyrrolic compound stemming from heme catabolism with diverse physiological functions. It can be oxidized by H2O2 to form several degradation products, some of which have been detected in vivo and may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain diseases. However, the oxidative degradation of BR is complex and the conditions that BR degradation occurs pathophysiologically remain obscure. Neutrophils are known to generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species, including H2O2, upon activation and they are mobilized to inflammatory sites; therefore, we hypothesized that activated neutrophils could cause BR degradation, which could occur at inflammatory sites. In the present study, we investigated BR degradation by H2O2 and identified hematinic acid (BHP1) and a new product BHP2, whose structure was characterized as 2,5-diformyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-propanoic acid. An LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of the two compounds was then established. Using the LC-MS/MS method, we observed the concentration-dependent formation of BHP1 and BHP2 in mouse neutrophils incubated with 10 and 30 μM of BR with the yields being 16 ± 3.2 and 31 ± 5.9 pmol/106 cells for BHP1, and 25 ± 4.4 and 71 ± 26 pmol/106 cells for BHP2, respectively. After adding phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a neutrophil agonist, to 30 μM of BR-treated cells, the BHP1 yield increased to 43 ± 6.6 pmol/106 cells, whereas the BHP2 one decreased to 47 ± 9.2 pmol/106 cells. The two products were also detected in hemorrhagic skins of mice with dermal inflammation and hemorrhage at levels of 4.5 ± 1.9 and 0.18 ± 0.10 nmol/g tissue, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the non-hemorrhagic skins. BHP2 was neurotoxic starting at 0.10 μM but BHP1 was not, as assessed using Caenorhabditis elegans as the animal model. Neutrophil-mediated BR degradation may be a universally pathophysiological process in inflammation and can be particularly important under pathological conditions concerning hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Hangzhou Future Sci-Tech City Joint Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Hangzhou Innovation Institute for Systems Oncology, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yan Ao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Hua
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.H.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shangwei Hou
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-Hangzhou Future Sci-Tech City Joint Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Hangzhou Innovation Institute for Systems Oncology, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.H.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.H.); (X.-Y.Z.)
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Facile retro-Dieckmann cleavage of a pink phyllobilin: new type of potential downstream steps of natural chlorophyll breakdown. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn senescent leaves of higher plants, colourless chlorophyll (Chl) catabolites typically accumulate temporarily, and undergo natural oxidation, in part, to yellow- and pink-coloured phyllobilins (PBs). The latter, also classified as phylloroseobilins (PrBs), represent the final currently established products of Chl-breakdown, possibly playing important roles in metabolism. However, PrBs, themselves, do not accumulate in the leaves. Indeed, the original PrB identified, then classified as a pink Chl-catabolite (PiCC), is remarkably instable in methanolic solution. As reported here, PiCC readily converts at room temperature into yellow tetrapyrroles. The deduced main process, a retro-Dieckmann reaction, cleaves open its ring E moiety, the α-methoxycarbonyl-cyclopentanone unit characteristic of the Chls and of the natural Chl-derived PBs. This readily occurring reaction of the PiCC represents an unprecedented skeletal transformation of a PB, furnishing a cross-conjugated biladiene with a basic structure more similar to the heme-derived bilins.
Graphical abstract
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Maqbool Q, Barucca G, Sabbatini S, Parlapiano M, Ruello ML, Tittarelli F. Transformation of industrial and organic waste into titanium doped activated carbon - cellulose nanocomposite for rapid removal of organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126958. [PMID: 34464859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Production of cost-efficient composite materials with desired physicochemical properties from low-cost waste material is much needed to meet the growing needs of the industrial sector. As a step forward, the current study reports for the first time an effective utilization of industrial metal (inorganic) waste as well as fall leaves (organic waste), to produce three types of nanomaterials at the same time; "Titanium Doped Activated Carbon Nanostructures (Ti-ACNs)", "Nanocellulose (NCel)", and combination of both "Titanium Doped Activated Carbon Cellulose Nanocomposite (Ti-AC-Cel-NC)". X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and microanalysis (EDXS) measurements reveal that the Ti-ACNs material is formed by Ti-nanostructures, generally poorly crystalized but in some cases forming hexagonal Ti-crystallites of 15 nm, embedded in mutated graphene clouds. Micro- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) confirms that the chemical structure of NCel with bond vibrations between 1035 to 2917 cm-1 remained preserved during Ti-AC-Cel-NC formation. The prepared materials (Ti-ACNs, Ti-AC-Cel-NC) have demonstrated rapid removal of organic pollutants (Crystal Violet, Methyl Violet) from wastewater through surface adsorption and photocatalysis. In the first 20 min, Ti-ACNs have adsorbed ≈87% of the organic pollutants and further photocatalyzed them up to ≈96%. When Ti-ACNs are combined with NCel, their efficiency is increased of about four times. This performance originates from the adsorption by mutated graphene-like carbon and assisted photocatalysis by Ti nanostructures as well as the good supporting capacity of NCel for the homogenous Ti-ACNs distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Maqbool
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianni Barucca
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simona Sabbatini
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Parlapiano
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Ruello
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tittarelli
- Department of "Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, INSTM Research Unit, via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Jeelan Basha N, Basavarajaiah SM, Shyamsunder K. Therapeutic potential of pyrrole and pyrrolidine analogs: an update. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2915-2937. [PMID: 35079946 PMCID: PMC8788913 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India.
| | - S M Basavarajaiah
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560004, India
| | - K Shyamsunder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India
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Diagnostic methods for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: benefits, limitations, requirements, and novel developments. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:277-283. [PMID: 33948000 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invasive bilirubin measurements remain the gold standard for the diagnosis and treatment of infants with severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The present paper describes different methods currently available to assess hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants. Novel point-of-care bilirubin measurement methods, such as the BiliSpec and the Bilistick, would benefit many newborn infants, especially in low-income and middle-income countries where the access to costly multi-analyzer in vitro diagnostic instruments is limited. Total serum bilirubin test results should be accurate within permissible limits of measurement uncertainty to be fit for clinical purposes. This implies correct implementation of internationally endorsed reference measurement systems as well as participation in external quality assessment programs. Novel analytic methods may, apart from bilirubin, include the determination of bilirubin photoisomers and bilirubin oxidation products in blood and even in other biological matrices. IMPACT: Key message: Bilirubin measurements in blood remain the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (SNH). External quality assessment (EQA) plays an important role in revealing inaccuracies in diagnostic bilirubin measurements. What does this article add to the existing literature? We provide analytic performance data on total serum bilirubin (TSB) as measured during recent EQA surveys. We review novel diagnostic point-of-care (POC) bilirubin measurement methods and analytic methods for determining bilirubin levels in biological matrices other than blood. Impact: Manufacturers should make TSB test results traceable to the internationally endorsed total bilirubin reference measurement system and should ensure permissible limits of measurement uncertainty.
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Oetama VSP, Pentzold S, Boland W. The fate of chlorophyll in phytophagous insects goes beyond nutrition. Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:1-9. [PMID: 32887212 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is a natural compound that is found in all autotrophic plants. Since phytophagous insects ingest the photosynthetically active material with the plant leaves, the question arises if and how herbivores deal with Chl and its degradation products. Here we review findings on Chl degradation in phytophagous insects and highlight the role of these ubiquitous plant metabolites for plant-feeding insects. Due to the anaerobic gut of many insects, the degradation is limited to the removal of the peripheral substituents, while the tetrapyrrole core remains intact. Proteins, such as red fluorescent protein, P252 (a novel 252-kDa protein), and chlorophyllide binding protein have been reported to occur in the insect gut and might be indirectly connected to Chl degradation. Besides of an nutritional value, e.g., by taking up Mg2+ ions or by sequestration of carbon from the phytol side chain, the Chl degradation products may serve the insect, after binding to certain proteins, as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral factors. The protein complexes may also confer protection against reactive oxygen species. The antibiotic potential of proteins and degradation products does not only benefit phytophagous insects but also human being in medical application of cancer treatment for instance. This review highlights these aspects from a molecular, biochemical, and ecological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincensius S P Oetama
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Pentzold
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University Jena, University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knvll-Stra_e 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Ritter M, Oetama VSP, Schulze D, Muetzlaff K, Meents AK, Seidel RA, Görls H, Westerhausen M, Boland W, Pohnert G. Pyrrolic and Dipyrrolic Chlorophyll Degradation Products in Plants and Herbivores. Chemistry 2020; 26:6205-6213. [PMID: 31971638 PMCID: PMC7318184 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of chlorophyll, the omnipresent green pigment, has been investigated intensively over the last 30 years resulting in many elucidated tetrapyrrolic degradation products. With a comparison to the degradation of the structurally similar heme, we hereby propose a novel additional chlorophyll degradation mechanism to mono- and dipyrrolic products. This is the first proof of the occurrence of a family of mono- and dipyrrols in leaves that are previously only known as heme degradation products. This product family is also found in spit and feces of herbivores with specific metabolomic patterns reflecting the origin of the samples. Based on chromatographic and mass spectrometric evidence as well as on mechanistic considerations we also suggest several tentative new degradation products. One of them, dihydro BOX A, was fully confirmed as a novel natural product by synthesis and comparison of its spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ritter
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | | | - Daniel Schulze
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Katrin Muetzlaff
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Anja K. Meents
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
| | - Raphael A. Seidel
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryLessingstr. 807743JenaGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knöll-Str. 807745JenaGermany
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