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Mai S, Sun J, Fang Z, Xiao GB, Cao J. Metal Clusters Based Multifunctional Materials for Solar Cells. Chemistry 2024:e202303973. [PMID: 38179822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
As a multifunctional material, metal clusters have recently received some attention for their application in solar cells.This review delves into the multifaceted role of metal clusters in advancing solar cell technologies, covering diverse aspects from electron transport and interface modification to serving as molecular precursors for inorganic materials and acting as photosensitizers in metal-cluster sensitized solar cells (MCSSCs). The studies conducted by various researchers illustrate the crucial impact of metal clusters, such as gold nanoclusters (Au NCs), on enhancing solar cell efficiency through size-dependent effects, distinct interface behaviors, and tailored interface engineering. From optimizing charge transfer rates to improving light absorption and reducing carrier recombination, metal clusters prove instrumental in shaping the landscape of solar energy conversion.The promising performance of metal-cluster sensitized solar cells, coupled with their scalability and flexibility, positions them as a exciting avenue for future clean energy applications. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for continued interdisciplinary research and technological innovation to unlock the full potential of metal clusters in contributing to sustainable and high-performance solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Bin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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2
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Tian YQ, Dai LF, Mu WL, Yu WD, Yan J, Liu C. Atomically accurate site-specific ligand tailoring of highly acid- and alkali-resistant Ti(iv)-based metallamacrocycle for enhanced CO 2 photoreduction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14280-14289. [PMID: 38098712 PMCID: PMC10718071 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Skillfully engineering surface ligands at specific sites within robust clusters presents both a formidable challenge and a captivating opportunity. Herein we unveil an unprecedented titanium-oxo cluster: a calix[8]arene-stabilized metallamacrocycle (Ti16L4), uniquely crafted through the fusion of four "core-shell" {Ti4@(TBC[8])(L)} subunits with four oxalate moieties. Notably, this cluster showcases an exceptional level of chemical stability, retaining its crystalline integrity even when immersed in highly concentrated acid (1 M HNO3) and alkali (20 M NaOH). The macrocycle's surface unveils four specific, customizable μ2-bridging sites, primed to accommodate diverse carboxylate ligands. This adaptability is highlighted through deliberate modifications achieved by alternating crystal soaking in alkali and carboxylic acid solutions. Furthermore, Ti16L4 macrocycles autonomously self-assemble into one-dimensional nanotubes, which subsequently organize into three distinct solid phases, contingent upon the specific nature of the four μ2-bridging ligands. Notably, the Ti16L4 exhibit a remarkable capacity for photocatalytic activity in selectively reducing CO2 to CO. Exploiting the macrocycle's modifiable shell yields a significant boost in performance, achieving an exceptional maximum CO release rate of 4.047 ± 0.243 mmol g-1 h-1. This study serves as a striking testament to the latent potential of precision-guided surface ligand manipulation within robust clusters, while also underpinning a platform for producing microporous materials endowed with a myriad of surface functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Tian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Lin-Fang Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Wen-Lei Mu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- China College of Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business Changsha 410000 P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
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Said A, Liu C, Gao C, Wang D, Niu H, Liu Y, Wang G, Tung CH, Wang Y. Lead-Decorated Titanium Oxide Compound with a High Performance in Catalytic CO 2 Insertion to Epoxides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1901-1910. [PMID: 36184952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides is an efficient method for CO2 capture and storage, important not only for reducing greenhouse gas emission but also for producing cyclic carbonates, which are valuable industrial materials. In this study, we report a novel high-nuclearity titanium oxide cluster (TOC) inlayed with main-group element Pb2+, H2Ti16Pb9O24(SA)18(DMF)10(OH2)2 (denoted as 1; SA = salicylate; DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), which has the property of visible-light absorption and has shown high catalytic activities for cycloadditions of CO2 under visible-light irradiation. The cluster was synthesized in a high yield in a facial solvothermal process. Its structure and electronic structure were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, density functional theory calculations, and complementary techniques. The cycloaddition reactions were performed under solvent-free conditions. While the catalytic activity due to the Lewis acidity was moderate, visible-light irradiation further folded the reaction rates. The turnover number reached 3400 with a turnover frequency of 120 h-1. Mechanism studies indicated a synergistic effect of the Lewis acidity and photogenerated charge carriers. The performance of 1 in reversible I2 uptake was also investigated. This study demonstrates the high potential of heterometal-decorated TOCs in the cost-effective and efficient CO2 cycloaddition reaction under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Said
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dexin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huihui Niu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanshu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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4
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Brown SE, Mantaloufa I, Andrews RT, Barnes TJ, Lees MR, De Proft F, Cunha AV, Pike SD. Photoactivation of titanium-oxo cluster [Ti 6O 6(OR) 6(O 2C t Bu) 6]: mechanism, photoactivated structures, and onward reactivity with O 2 to a peroxide complex. Chem Sci 2023; 14:675-683. [PMID: 36741534 PMCID: PMC9847671 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05671b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular titanium-oxo cluster [Ti6O6(OiPr)6(O2C t Bu)6] (1) can be photoactivated by UV light, resulting in a deeply coloured mixed valent (photoreduced) Ti (iii/iv) cluster, alongside alcohol and ketone (photooxidised) organic products. Mechanistic studies indicate that a two-electron (not free-radical) mechanism occurs in this process, which utilises the cluster structure to facilitate multielectron reactions. The photoreduced products [Ti6O6(OiPr)4(O2C t Bu)6(sol)2], sol = iPrOH (2) or pyridine (3), can be isolated in good yield and are structurally characterized, each with two, uniquely arranged, antiferromagnetically coupled d-electrons. 2 and 3 undergo onward oxidation under air, with 3 cleanly transforming into peroxide complex, [Ti6O6(OiPr)4(O2C t Bu)6(py)(O2)] (5). 5 reacts with isopropanol to regenerate the initial cluster (1) completing a closed cycle, and suggesting opportunities for the deployment of these easily made and tuneable clusters for sustainable photocatalytic processes using air and light. The redox reactivity described here is only possible in a cluster with multiple Ti sites, which can perform multi-electron processes and can adjust its shape to accommodate changes in electron density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank De Proft
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Ana V. Cunha
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium,University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
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Zhang L, Fan X, Yi X, Lin X, Zhang J. Coordination-Delayed-Hydrolysis Method for the Synthesis and Structural Modulation of Titanium-Oxo Clusters. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3150-3161. [PMID: 36223528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusAtomically precise titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) are the structure and reactivity model compounds of technically important TiO2 materials, which could help build structure-property relationships and achieve property modulation at the molecular level. However, the traditional formation of TOCs has relied on the poorly controllable hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide in the solvent for a long time, limiting the development of TOC structural chemistry to a great extent. In addition, easily hydrolyzable alkoxy groups would be still coordinated on the surface of the TOCs generated by this method, making the clusters sensitive and unstable to the moisture. To achieve controllable preparation of TOCs, we believe it is crucial to attenuate the hydrolysis of titanium ions in the formation process of a cluster. To this end, we have recently applied an effective coordination-delayed-hydrolysis (CDH) strategy for TOC synthesis, which provides powerful tools for tuning their structures.In this Account, at the beginning, a brief introduction to the coordination-delayed-hydrolysis strategy is supplied, and its predominant features for constructing novel TOCs are highlighted. In subsequent sections, we discuss how the applied chelating organic/inorganic ligands (named hydrolysis delayed ligands) influence the hydrolysis process of Ti4+ ions to form a large family of TOCs with various nuclearities and core structures. Various hydrolysis delayed ligands have been explored, ranging from common O-donor ligands (carboxylate, phenol, or sulfate) to rarely used N-donor ligands (pyrazole) or bifunctional O/N-donor ones (quinoline, oxime, or alkanolamine). Breakthroughs in the symmetry, configuration, and cluster nuclei of TOCs have been accordingly achieved. Then, we show that this CDH method can be used to tune the surface structure of TOCs by modifying functional organic ligands. As a result, the physicochemical properties of TOCs, especially optical band gaps, can be optimized, and their stability under ambient conditions is significantly improved. In addition, we illustrate that the reversible bonds between hydrolysis delayed ligands and Ti ions further allows us to introduce active heterometal ions or clusters upon or inside the Ti-O cores to prepare heterometallic TOCs with unprecedented structures and properties. In particular, noble metal (Ag ions or clusters) has been incorporated into Ti-O clusters for the first time. As a summary, the coordination-delayed-hydrolysis strategy has realized the controllable hydrolysis of Ti4+ ions to some extent, breaking through the limitations of traditional synthesis methods and producing fruitful results in the field of titanium-oxo clusters. It is believed that this CDH method would also be effective for synthesizing oxo clusters of other easily hydrolyzed metal ions (Al3+, Sn4+, In3+, etc.) to afford significant contribution for the cluster community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
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Tian YQ, Cui YS, Yu WD, Xu CQ, Yi XY, Yan J, Li J, Liu C. An ultrastable Ti-based metallocalixarene nanocage cluster with photocatalytic amine oxidation activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6028-6031. [PMID: 35502757 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01740g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyhedral metallocalixarene nanocage clusters based on pure Ti(IV) ions are to our knowledge unknown hitherto. Herein we report the first Ti(IV)-based metallocalixarene nanocage cluster by assembling a [Ti13O14] cage with six t-butylcalix[4]arene molecules. Notably, the cluster exhibits extraordinary stability in high-concentration acid/alkali solutions and can act as a stable photocatalyst to catalyze the oxidation of ammonia to imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Yun-Shu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- College of Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
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7
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Mao Y, Chen GH, Yi X, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhang L. Preparation and Visible-Light Response of Salicylate-Stabilized Heterobimetallic Pb-Ti-Oxo Clusters Initiated via Auxiliary Quaternary Ammonium Salts and a Solvent Effect. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5017-5024. [PMID: 35286073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, with the assistance of quaternary ammonium salts we have successfully prepared a new family of salicylate-stabilized heterobimetallic Pb-Ti-oxo clusters, including H(TEA)[Pb2Ti6(μ2-O)2(μ3-O)2(OiPr)4(PA)2(Sal)6(NO3)2] (PTC-321; TEA = tetraethylammonium; HOiPr = isopropanol; H2PA = phenylphosphonic acid; H2Sal = salicylic acid), {PbTi3(μ2-O)(μ3-O)(OiPr)2(PA)(Sal)3(DMF)·CH3CN}n (PTC-322; DMF = dimethylformamide), {PbTi5(μ3-O)6(Sal)3(CH3COO)2(DMF)(OiPr)2}n (PTC-323), [Pb2Ti4(Sal)6(EtO)2(OiPr)6(HOiPr)2]·CH3NH2 (PTC-324; EtOH = CH3CH2OH), H[Pb4Ti9(μ2-O)2(μ3-O)(μ4-O)6(Sal)7(OiPr)13] (PTC-325), and Pb2Ti12(μ2-O)3(μ3-O)3(μ4-O)4(Sal)4(OEt)24 (PTC-326). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate that the {Ti3Pb(Sal)3} unit acts as the building block to constitute the diverse assembly of PTC-321-PTC-323. Thereinto, the clusters in PTC-322 and PTC-323 are connected into infinite one-dimensional chains. Furthermore, the solvent effects have facilitated the heterobimetallic Pb-Ti-oxo clusters into various configurations in PTC-323-PTC-326. Solid-state ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy analysis indicates that the optical absorption bands of these compounds shift effectively toward the visible-light region, and they were also employed as electrode precursors to investigate their visible-light-driven photocurrent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Mao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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Said A, Gao C, Liu C, Niu H, Wang D, Liu Y, Du L, Tung CH, Wang Y. A Mesoporous Lead-Doped Titanium Oxide Compound with High Performance and Recyclability in I 2 Uptake and Photocatalysis. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:586-596. [PMID: 34955011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous material with an atomically precise structure, Ti16Pb5O16(C6H5CO2)2(OCH3)40 (Ti16Pb5), comprised of a novel high-nuclearity Pb-doped titanium oxide cluster (TOC), was synthesized. Ti16Pb5 exhibited a surface area of 45 m2 g-1 and a pore diameter of 3.5 nm. It exhibited an uptake capacity of I2 of ≤2.2 g g-1 in vapor, and the performance was maintained after seven uptake-release cycles. Ti16Pb5 also showed a high adsorption ratio and capacity (93% and 3.1 g g-1) in hexane. The characterization data, including Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and powder X-ray diffraction, suggested the lattice structure of Ti16Pb5 was rigid and I2 was accommodated in the pores of Ti16Pb5. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of using a TOC in I2 adsorption. In addition, Ti16Pb5 showed excellent activity and recyclability in visible-light degradation of dye pollutants and photocurrent generation. Our structural analysis suggested the alkoxide ligands within the channels of Ti16Pb5 build up a confined polar environment and thereby facilitate I2 accommodation, and meanwhile, the improved performances and stabilities of Ti16Pb5 are correlated with its cluster-based, 3D hierarchical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Said
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huihui Niu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dexin Wang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanshu Liu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Chen X, Han Y, Fang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Xia D, Dong X, Xiao C, Wu Y, You S, Li W. Ti-Oxo Clusters with Peripheral Alkyl Groups as Cathode Interlayers for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39671-39677. [PMID: 34396767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three independent Ti-oxo clusters (TOCs) that contain 6, 8, and 12 Ti atoms in the cores and alkyl groups on the surface were developed as cathode interlayers in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). These TOCs have precise chemical structures with a single crystal, excellent solubility in methanol, and well-aligned work function. Smooth films can be facilely obtained by spin-casting their solution on top of the active layer. Therefore, they can be used as an interlayer in OSCs to provide a high power conversion efficiency (17.29%). Further studies reveal that these TOCs can not only reduce the work function of the silver electrode to provide better energy level alignment but also exhibit a significant n-doping effect with the non-fullerene acceptors to facilitate efficient electron extraction and transport. Our results demonstrate that TOCs as semiconductors have great potential application in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yingzi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaona Dong
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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10
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Wang HY, Fu MY, Zhai HL, Zhu QY, Dai J. Mono- and Bismetalphenanthroline-Substituted Ti 12 Clusters: Structural Variance and the Effect on Electronic State and Photocurrent Property. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12255-12262. [PMID: 34351141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the numerous titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) which have been reported, the nature of small clusters (nuclearity < 10) as model compounds showed large deviation from that of nanoscale TiO materials. Therefore, theoretical and experimental studies for large TOCs merit more attention. We recently prepared and crystallographically characterized a series of large TOCs: Ti11O15(OiPr)16(Cophen) (1), Ti11O15(OiPr)16(Mnphen) (2), Ti10O14(OEt)16(Mnphen)2 (3), and Ti10O14(OEt)16(Mnphphen)2 (4) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, phphen = 4,7-biphenyl-phen). These compounds are derivatives of a Ti12 parent cluster by replacing one or two of the five-coordinated titanium atoms of the Ti12 cluster with a transition metal M, Co(II) and Mn(II), that is chelated by a phen group. The effects of mono- and bis-substituted Mphen on the charge and structure of the clusters are discussed. Theoretical evaluation of the frontier orbitals of the clusters is carried out on the basis of the precisely defined crystal structures. Different from the dye molecule to TiO core charge transfer for the dye-modified TOCs, charge transfer in these clusters is from TiO/TiOM to phen/Mphen. The effects of different metal ions and the number of substituted Mphen moieties on the photocurrent properties are evaluated. The results will be of interest to research on cluster chemistry, especially on the TOC chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Meng-Yuan Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Hang-Ling Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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11
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Wang C, Wang SJ, Kong FG. Calixarene-Protected Titanium-Oxo Clusters and Their Photocurrent Responses and Photocatalytic Performances. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5034-5041. [PMID: 33677968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three photosensitive tert-butylcalix[n]arene (TBC[n], n = 4, 6, 8)-protected titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs), formulated as [Ti4(μ3-O)2(TBC[4])2(OiPr)4(DEF)2]·DEF (1, TBC[4]-Ti4, DEF = N,N-diethylformamide), [Ti4(μ4-O)TBC[6](OCH3)9]·H2O (2, TBC[6]-Ti4), and [Ti4(μ3-O)2(OiPr)4TBC[8](DEF)2]·DEF (3, TBC[8]-Ti4), were successfully synthesized and characterized. Because of the generation of charge transfer from TBC[n] to the TiO core, the three TBC[n]-decorated TOCs show a broadened visible-light absorption and narrowed optical band gap based on the UV-visible spectra and density functional theory calculations. The corresponding photosensitive electrodes prepared using these three TOCs exhibit stable photocurrent responses. Furthermore, their photocatalytic performances for hydrogen evolution and methylene blue degradation were evaluated, and all of the materials display excellent photocatalytic activity and stability. The calixarene-Ti coordination is therefore an effective strategy to enlarge the visible-light absorption band of Ti-O materials and improve their photoelectric/photocatalytic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Shou-Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Fan-Gong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
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Hang X, Bi Y. Thiacalix[4]arene-supported molecular clusters for catalytic applications. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3749-3758. [PMID: 33651066 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thiacalixarenes are intriguing ligands that have attracted sustained interest because of their changeable conformations and excellent coordination ability. Thiacalix[4]arene analogues, which can bind metal ions to form modular second building units, are capable of constructing molecular-based functional materials with defined structures and various applications via directional coordination assembly. Due to rich metal-sulfur bonds, thiacalix[4]arene-based molecular clusters also exhibit diverse properties compared to other clusters. In particular, the combination of thiacalixarenes with currently popular molecular architectures, such as high-nuclearity clusters and coordination cages, has shown special catalytic performances. In this perspective, the latest advances in catalytic applications of thiacalix[4]arene-based molecular clusters, including molecular clusters themselves as catalysts and coordination cages serving as reaction vessels encapsulating metal nano-components for catalysis, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Hang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning 113001, P. R. China.
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13
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Zhao C, Zhang Z, Han F, Xia D, Xiao C, Fang J, Zhang Y, Wu B, You S, Wu Y, Li W. An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Electrolyte as a Cathode Interlayer for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Faming Han
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jie Fang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Binghui Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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Zhao C, Zhang Z, Han F, Xia D, Xiao C, Fang J, Zhang Y, Wu B, You S, Wu Y, Li W. An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Electrolyte as a Cathode Interlayer for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8526-8531. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Faming Han
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jie Fang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Binghui Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Institute of Applied Chemistry Jiangxi Academy of Sciences Nanchang 330096 P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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Yuan LB, Sun YY, Zhang J, Zhang L. Unraveling the condensation reactions of heterometallic {BiNb4} moieties into hybrid BixNby-oxo clusters with mass spectrometry. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Syntheses, crystal structures and photocatalytic properties of homometallic and heterometallic titanium-oxo clusters. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Two Novel Titanium(IV)-Based Compounds Supported by Thiacalix[4]arene: Syntheses, Structures and Photocatalytic Properties. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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