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Saida AB, Mahaut D, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Champagne B, Vanthuyne N, Robiette R, Berionni G. Reactivity and Steric Parameters from 2D to 3D Bulky Pyridines: Increasing Steric Demand at Nitrogen with Chiral Azatriptycenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407503. [PMID: 38781114 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Sterically hindered pyridines embedded in a three-dimensional triptycene framework have been synthesized, and their resolution by chiral HPLC enabled access to unprecedented enantiopure pyridines exceeding the known steric limits. The design principles for new axially chiral pyridine derivatives are then described. To rationalize their associations with Lewis acids and transition metals, a comprehensive determination of the steric and electronic parameters for this new class of pyridines was performed. This led to the general parameterization of the steric parameters (percent buried volume %VBur, Tolman cone angle θ, and He8_steric descriptor) for a large set of two- and three-dimensional pyridine derivatives. These parameters are shown to describe quantitatively their interactions with carbon- and boron-centered Lewis acids and were used to predict the ΔG° of association with the prototypical B(C6F5)3 Lewis acid widely used in frustrated Lewis pair catalysis. This first parameterization of pyridine sterics is a fundamental basis for the future development of predictive reactivity models and for guiding new applications of bulky and chiral pyridines in organocatalysis, frustrated Lewis pairs, and transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben Saida
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1 Box L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
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2
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Tang Y, Wu N, Xu J, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang X. Metal-Free Cascade Formation of C-C and C-N Bond for the Construction of 3-Cyano-2-Pyridones with Insecticidal Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2792. [PMID: 38930857 PMCID: PMC11206961 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A straightforward and efficient methodology has been developed for the synthesis of 3-cyano-2-pyridones via the C-C and C-N bond formation processes. A total of 51 diverse 3-cyano-2-pyridone derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. This reaction featured advantages such as a metal-free process, wide functional group tolerance, simple operation, and mild conditions. A plausible mechanism for the reaction was proposed. 3-cyano-2-pyridones as ricinine analogues for insecticidal properties were evaluated, and the compound 3ci (LC50 = 2.206 mg/mL) showed the best insecticidal property.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaopo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Y.T.); (N.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Youbin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Y.T.); (N.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Haikou Key Laboratory of Li Nationality Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; (Y.T.); (N.W.); (J.X.)
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3
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Baker GJ, White AJP, Casely IJ, Grainger D, Crimmin MR. Catalytic, Z-Selective, Semi-Hydrogenation of Alkynes with a Zinc-Anilide Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7667-7674. [PMID: 36972405 PMCID: PMC10080692 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The reversible activation of dihydrogen with a molecular zinc anilide complex is reported. The mechanism of this reaction has been probed through stoichiometric experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The combined evidence suggests that H2 activation occurs by addition across the Zn-N bond via a four-membered transition state in which the Zn and N atoms play a dual role of Lewis acid and Lewis base. The zinc hydride complex that results from H2 addition has been shown to be remarkably effective for the hydrozincation of C═C bonds at modest temperatures. The scope of hydrozincation includes alkynes, alkenes, and a 1,3-butadiyne. For alkynes, the hydrozincation step is stereospecific leading exclusively to the syn-isomer. Competition experiments show that the hydrozincation of alkynes is faster than the equivalent alkene substrates. These new discoveries have been used to develop a catalytic system for the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes. The catalytic scope includes both aryl- and alkyl-substituted internal alkynes and proceeds with high alkene: alkane, Z:E ratios, and modest functional group tolerance. This work offers a first example of selective hydrogenation catalysis using zinc complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, White City, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, White City, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Casely
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Damian Grainger
- Johnson Matthey, 28 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FP, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, White City, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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4
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Gellrich U, Wech F. Hydrogenation of Olefins, Alkynes, Allenes, and Arenes by Borane-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1684-5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn recent years, borane-based frustrated Lewis pairs have proved to be efficient hydrogenation catalysts and they have become an alternative to transition-metal-based systems. The hydrogen activation by classic FLPs leads to a protonated Lewis base and a borohydride. Consequently, hydrogenations catalyzed by classic FLPs consist of stepwise hydride transfer reactions and protonations (or vice versa). More recently, systems that operate via an initial hydroboration have allowed the substrate scope for FLP-catalyzed hydrogenations to be extended. In this review, hydrogenations of organic substrates catalyzed by borane-based frustrated Lewis pairs are discussed. Emphasis is given to the mechanistic aspects of these catalytic reactions.1 Introduction2 FLP-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Polarized Double Bonds2.1 Hydrogenation of Michael Acceptors by FLPs2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Polarized Double Bonds2.3 Hydrogenation of Arenes and N-Heterocycles3 Hydrogenation of Unactivated Olefins and Alkynes3.1 Hydrogenation of Olefins and Alkynes by an Initial Hydroboration4 Summary and Outlook
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Wech F, Gellrich U. In Situ Formation of an Efficient Catalyst for the Semihydrogenation of Alkynes from Imidazolone and BH 3. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wech
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Urs Gellrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Gellrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Heinrich-Buff-Ring-17 35392 Gießen Germany
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7
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Kittikool T, Phakdeeyothin K, Chantarojsiri T, Yotphan S. Manganese‐Promoted Regioselective Direct
C3
‐Phosphinoylation of 2‐Pyridones. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanakorn Kittikool
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry Faculty of Science Mahidol University Rama VI Road 10400 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Kunita Phakdeeyothin
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry Faculty of Science Mahidol University Rama VI Road 10400 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Teera Chantarojsiri
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry Faculty of Science Mahidol University Rama VI Road 10400 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sirilata Yotphan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry Faculty of Science Mahidol University Rama VI Road 10400 Bangkok Thailand
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8
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Sharma G, Newman PD, Platts JA. A review of quantum chemical studies of Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 105:107846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Liu Q, Yang L, Yao C, Geng J, Wu Y, Hu X. Controlling the Lewis Acidity and Polymerizing Effectively Prevent Frustrated Lewis Pairs from Deactivation in the Hydrogenation of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2021; 23:3685-3690. [PMID: 33877853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two strategies were reported to prevent the deactivation of Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) in the hydrogenation of terminal alkynes: reducing the Lewis acidity and polymerizing the Lewis acid. A polymeric Lewis acid (P-BPh3) with high stability was designed and synthesized. Excellent conversion (up to 99%) and selectivity can be achieved in the hydrogenation of terminal alkynes catalyzed by P-BPh3. This catalytic system works quite well for different substrates. In addition, the P-BPh3 can be easily recycled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chenfei Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiao Geng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Youting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xingbang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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10
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Hasenbeck M, Gellrich U. Boron-Ligand Cooperation: The Concept and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:5615-5626. [PMID: 33296107 PMCID: PMC8048523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The term boron-ligand cooperation was introduced to describe a specific mode of action by which certain metal-free systems activate chemical bonds. The main characteristic of this mode of action is that one covalently bound substituent at the boron is actively involved in the bond activation process and changes to a datively bound ligand in the course of the bond activation. Within this review, how the term boron-ligand cooperation evolved is reflected on and examples of bond activation by boron-ligand cooperation are discussed. It is furthermore shown that systems that operate via boron-ligand cooperation can complement the reactivity of classic intramolecular frustrated Lewis pairs and applications of this new concept for metal-free catalysis are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Hasenbeck
- Institut für Organische ChemieJustus-Liebig-Universität GießenHeinrich-Buff-Ring-1735392GießenGermany
| | - Urs Gellrich
- Institut für Organische ChemieJustus-Liebig-Universität GießenHeinrich-Buff-Ring-1735392GießenGermany
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11
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Gellrich U, Wech F, Müller T, Becker J. Synthesis of 6-Adamantyl-2-pyridone and Reversible Hydrogen Activation by the Corresponding Bis(perfluorophenyl)borane Complex. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe herein describe the two-step synthesis of 6-adamantyl-2-pyridone from 1-acetyladamantane. The borane complex derived from 6-adamantyl-2-pyridone and the Piers borane liberates dihydrogen at 60 °C. The reverse reaction, hydrogen activation by the formed pyridonate borane is accomplished under mild conditions. The mechanism of the hydrogen activation is studied by DFT computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Gellrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Felix Wech
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Tizian Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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12
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Wech F, Hasenbeck M, Gellrich U. Semihydrogenation of Alkynes Catalyzed by a Pyridone Borane Complex: Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity and Boron-Ligand Cooperation in Concert. Chemistry 2020; 26:13445-13450. [PMID: 32242988 PMCID: PMC7693047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The metal‐free cis selective hydrogenation of alkynes catalyzed by a boroxypyridine is reported. A variety of internal alkynes are hydrogenated at 80 °C under 5 bar H2 with good yields and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, the catalyst described herein enables the first metal‐free semihydrogenation of terminal alkynes. Mechanistic investigations, substantiated by DFT computations, reveal that the mode of action by which the boroxypyridine activates H2 is reminiscent of the reactivity of an intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair. However, it is the change in the coordination mode of the boroxypyridine upon H2 activation that allows the dissociation of the formed pyridone borane complex and subsequent hydroboration of an alkyne. This change in the coordination mode upon bond activation is described by the term boron‐ligand cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wech
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Max Hasenbeck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Urs Gellrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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Grams RJ, Garcia CJ, Szwetkowski C, Santos WL. Catalytic, Transition-Metal-Free Semireduction of Propiolamide Derivatives: Scope and Mechanistic Investigation. Org Lett 2020; 22:7013-7018. [PMID: 32846095 PMCID: PMC10998456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a transition-metal-free trans-selective semireduction of alkynes with pinacolborane and catalytic potassium tert-butoxide. A variety of 3-substituted primary and secondary propiolamides, including an analog of FK866, a potent nicotinamide mononucleotide adenyltransferase (NMNAT) inhibitor, are reduced to the corresponding (E)-3-substituted acrylamide derivatives in up to 99% yield with >99:1 E/Z selectivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that an activated Lewis acid-base complex transfers a hydride to the α-carbon followed by rapid protonation in a trans fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Justin Grams
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Christopher J Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Connor Szwetkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Sigmund LM, Greb L. Reversible OH-bond activation and amphoterism by metal-ligand cooperativity of calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9611-9616. [PMID: 34094227 PMCID: PMC8161688 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most p-block metal amides irreversibly react with metal alkoxides when subjected to alcohols, making reversible transformations with OH-substrates a challenging task. Herein, we describe how the combination of a Lewis acidic square-planar-coordinated aluminum(iii) center with metal–ligand cooperativity leverages unconventional reactivity toward protic substrates. Calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate performs OH-bond activation of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, which can be fully reversed under reduced pressure. The products exhibit a new form of metal–ligand cooperative amphoterism and undergo counterintuitive substitution reactions of a polar covalent Al–O bond by a dative Al–N bond. A comprehensive mechanistic picture of all processes is buttressed by isolation of intermediates, spectroscopy, and computation. This study delineates how structural constraints can invert thermodynamics for seemingly simple addition reactions and invert common trends in bond energies. The combination of structural constraint and metal–ligand cooperativity in calix[4]pyrrolato aluminate inverts common trends of bond energies and enables reversible OH-bond activation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 69126 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 69126 Heidelberg Germany
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