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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Liu H, He X, Chen Z, Zhang J, Fang X, Sun Z, Chu W. N-Trifluoromethyl Succinimide as a New Reagent for Direct C-H Trifluoromethylation of Free Anilines. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300039. [PMID: 36815283 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
N-trifluoromethylsuccinimide (NTFS) as a new trifluoromethylation reagent was designed and prepared via Ag-CF3 , and applied to the direct trifluoromethylation of free aniline, and a series of trifluoromethyl products were obtained with good yields. The practicability of the protocol was verified by a gram-level experiment and the synthesis of the antiasthmatic drug Mabuterol. In addition, a possible radical mechanism was proposed and verified by related experiments. The protocol provided a new solution for C-H trifluoromethylation of free anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jingchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Xinjie Fang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhong Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Chu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, P. R. China
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3
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Wen XR, Zhu WQ, Zhang CL, Li H, Zhang J, Yang MG, Kou YL, Liu YX, Li Y. Synthesis of α-CF 3 Amides via Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of 2-Bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7128-7134. [PMID: 36844566 PMCID: PMC9948557 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Amide compounds are important organic compounds, which play an important role in biomedical chemistry, materials science, life science, and other fields. The synthesis of α-CF3 amides, especially compounds containing 3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepine-2-one, has long been a challenge due to the tensile properties and instability of the rings. Here, we report an example of palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of CF3-containing olefin to form α-CF3 acrylamide. By controlling the ligands, we can get different amide compounds as products. This method has good substrate adaptability and functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Rui Wen
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Wen Qing Zhu
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Cai Lin Zhang
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Hong Li
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Min Ge Yang
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Yong Li Kou
- Shaanxi
Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yu Xia Liu
- Shaanxi
Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College
of Food Science and Technology, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Yang Li
- School
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
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4
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Wang Y, Cao Z, He Q, Huang X, Liu J, Neumann H, Chen G, Beller M. Activation of perfluoroalkyl iodides by anions: extending the scope of halogen bond activation to C(sp 3)-H amidation, C(sp 2)-H iodination, and perfluoroalkylation reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1732-1741. [PMID: 36819859 PMCID: PMC9930934 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06145g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, efficient, and convenient activation of perfluoroalkyl iodides by tBuONa or KOH, without expensive photo- or transition metal catalysts, allows the promotion of versatile α-sp3 C-H amidation reactions of alkyl ethers and benzylic hydrocarbons, C-H iodination of heteroaryl compounds, and perfluoroalkylations of electron-rich π bonds. Mechanistic studies show that these novel protocols are based on the halogen bond interaction between perfluoroalkyl iodides and tBuONa or KOH, which promote homolysis of perfluoroalkyl iodides under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China .,Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Zehui Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Qin He
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai UniversityTianjin 300071China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai UniversityTianjin 300071China
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
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5
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Baguia H, Evano G. Direct Perfluoroalkylation of C−H Bonds in (Hetero)arenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200975. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Baguia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brussels Belgium
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Baguia H, Evano G. Copper-Catalyzed Direct Perfluoroalkylation of Heteroarenes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103599. [PMID: 34842313 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and broadly applicable process is reported for the copper-catalyzed direct perfluoroalkylation of C-H bonds in heteroarenes with commercially available perfluoroalkyl iodides. This reaction is based on a simple combination of copper(I) iodide and 1,10-phenanthroline enabling the easy reduction of perfluoroalkyl iodides to the corresponding radical species that add to a wide range of heteroarenes including benzofurans, benzothiophenes, (aza)indoles, furans and pyrroles. High levels of regioselectivity were obtained in all cases and the efficiency and robustness of this process was highlighted by the direct perfluoroalkylation of furan-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Baguia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et Physic Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Service de Chimie et Physic Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Lantaño B, Yerien DE, Barata-Vallejo S, Postigo A. Visible light-catalyzed fluoroalkylation reactions of free aniline derivatives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:971-983. [PMID: 34283407 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The electron-rich nature of aminoaromatic compounds and the electrophilic character of fluoroalkyl RF radicals allow for a special match in substitution reactions. We herein present visible light photocatalyzed fluoroalkylation reactions of aniline derivatives, with a study of the reaction mechanisms. The examples evaluated make use of different photocatalysts, such as polypyridyl complexes of Ir or Ru transition metals, organic dyes such as Rose Bengal, phthalocyanine-metal organocatalysts, or visible-light activated complexes. Different visible light sources that span from the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum to low power red light irradiation sources deliver the excited photocatalysts that ensue into the production of fluoroalkyl RF radicals. In turn, many sources of RF radicals can be employed, such as fluoroalkyl halides, Togni's reagents, Umemoto's reagent, etc. All these protocol variants demonstrate the expansion of the methodology and the versatility of photocatalytic techniques applied to a special family of organic compounds such as aminoaromatic substrates, which has been studied by different groups. Contributions from our own laboratory will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lantaño
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damian E Yerien
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Barata-Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Al Postigo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, CP 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Qin H, Zhang J, Qiao K, Zhang D, He W, Liu C, Fang Z, Guo K. Palladium-Catalyzed C2-Regioselective Perfluoroalkylation of the Free (NH)-Heteroarenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2840-2853. [PMID: 33433213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A highly regioselective and atom-efficient strategy for the construction of fused free (NH) heteroarenes through a palladium-catalyzed perfluoroalkyl insertion reaction has been accomplished. This protocol employed multiple iodofluoroalkanes as practical and available perfluoroalkyl sources to provide an operationally simple and versatile route for the synthesis of perfluoroalkylated indoles. Moreover, indoles without the assistance of guide groups were utilized as substrates, achieving C(sp2)-H site-selective functionalization of indoles in yields up to 95%. Furthermore, this protocol was also used for late-stage C2 perfluoroalkylation of bioactive compounds such as auxin, tryptophan, and melatonin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kai Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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9
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Li Y, Neumann H, Beller M. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Site-Selective Trifluoromethylations and (Per)Fluoroalkylations of Anilines and Indoles. Chemistry 2020; 26:6784-6788. [PMID: 32216068 PMCID: PMC7317475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introducing (per)fluoroalkyl groups into arenes continues to be an interesting, but challenging area in organofluorine chemistry. We herein report an ortho-selective C-H perfluoroalkylation including trifluoromethylations of anilines and indoles without the need of protecting groups using Rf I and Rf Br as commercially available reagents. The availability and price of the starting materials and the inherent selectivity make this novel methodology attractive for the synthesis of diverse (per)fluoroalkylated building blocks, for example, for bioactive compounds and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringXi'an Polytechnic UniversityNo.19 Jinhua South Road710048Xi'anChina
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
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