1
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Geue N, Freiberger M, Frühwald S, Görling A, Drewello T, Barran PE. Conformational Landscapes and Energetics of Carbon Nanohoops and their Ring-in-Ring Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6805-6811. [PMID: 38913548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanohoops are promising precursors for the synthesis of nanotubes, whose structural dynamics are not well understood. Here, we investigate the conformational landscape and energetics of cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs), a methylene-bridged CPP and a carbon nanobelt. These nanohoops can form host-guest complexes with other rings, and understanding their structure is crucial for predicting their properties and identifying potential applications. We used a combination of ion mobility, tandem mass spectrometry, and density functional theory to characterize the nanohoops and their ring-in-ring complexes, following the energetics and conformations of their disassembly from intact complexes to fragment ions. Our results show structural integrity of the nanohoops and host-guest complexes. They also reveal interesting trends in size, packing density, stability, and structure between [6]CPP, the methylene-bridged CPP, and the carbon nanobelt as guests in ring-in-ring complexes. Taken together, our work illustrates how mass spectrometry data can help to unravel the rules that govern the formation of carbon nanohoop assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Geue
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Markus Freiberger
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Frühwald
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Perdita E Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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2
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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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3
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Freiberger M, Frühwald S, Minameyer MB, Görling A, Drewello T. New Insights into Ring-In-Ring Complexes of [ n]Cycloparaphenylenes including the [12]Carbon Nanobelt. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9495-9501. [PMID: 37934505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The supramolecular chemistry of cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) is characterized by the ability of the ring system to undergo both concave and convex π-π interactions. As a consequence, ring-in-ring complexes can be formed in which the CPP serves as the host as well as the guest molecule ([n + x]CPP⊃[n]CPP). In this work, host-guest ring-in-ring complexes of [n]CPPs (n = 5-12) are investigated by means of electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS2) and laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). Extending the experimentally known complexes with ring size differences of five and six phenyl units (x = 5 and 6), we observe complexes with ring size differences of three up to seven phenyl units (x = 3-7). Energy-resolved collision experiments reveal that the charge is mainly located at the inner ring and complexes with phenyl unit differences of five and six are the most stable. In complexes featuring the same size difference, the complex stabilities slightly increase with an increasing size of the involved [n]CPPs. Utilizing the π-extended [12]carbon nanobelt ([12]CNB) as the guest also revealed an increase in complex stability. This study paves the way for a deeper understanding of the host-guest chemistry of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Freiberger
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Stefan Frühwald
- Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Martin B Minameyer
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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4
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Bradbury NC, Allen T, Nguyen M, Ibrahim KZ, Neuhauser D. Optimized attenuated interaction: Enabling stochastic Bethe-Salpeter spectra for large systems. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2882253. [PMID: 37094001 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop an improved stochastic formalism for the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE), based on an exact separation of the effective-interaction W into two parts, W = (W - vW) + vW, where the latter is formally any translationally invariant interaction, vW(r - r'). When optimizing the fit of the exchange kernel vW to W, using a stochastic sampling W, the difference W - vW becomes quite small. Then, in the main BSE routine, this small difference is stochastically sampled. The number of stochastic samples needed for an accurate spectrum is then largely independent of system size. While the method is formally cubic in scaling, the scaling prefactor is small due to the constant number of stochastic orbitals needed for sampling W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Bradbury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Tucker Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Khaled Z Ibrahim
- Computer Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Neuhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California Nanoscience Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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5
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Freiberger M, Solymosi I, Freiberger EM, Hirsch A, Pérez-Ojeda ME, Drewello T. A molecular Popeye: Li +@C 60 and its complexes with [ n]cycloparaphenylenes. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5665-5670. [PMID: 36896752 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07166e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we compare for the first time the stability of [n]cycloparaphenylene ([n]CPP)-based host-guest complexes with Li+@C60 and C60 in the gas and the solution phase. Our gas-phase experiments reveal a significant increase in stability for the complexes featuring [9-12]CPP with Li+@C60. This increased interaction strength is also observed in solution. Isothermal titration calorimetry shows for the formation of [10]CPP⊃Li+@C60 a two orders of magnitude larger association constant than that for the C60 analog. Additionally, an increased binding entropy is observed. This study contributes to a better understanding of host-guest complexes between [n]CPPs and endohedral metallofullerenes at a molecular level, which is the prerequisite for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Freiberger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut fur Organische Chemie, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany.
| | - Iris Solymosi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut fur Organische Chemie, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany.
| | - Eva Marie Freiberger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut fur Organische Chemie, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut fur Organische Chemie, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany.
| | - M Eugenia Pérez-Ojeda
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut fur Organische Chemie, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany.
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut fur Organische Chemie, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany.
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6
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Freiberger M, Minameyer MB, Solymosi I, Frühwald S, Krug M, Xu Y, Hirsch A, Clark T, Guldi DM, von Delius M, Amsharov K, Görling A, Pérez-Ojeda ME, Drewello T. Two Rings Around One Ball: Stability and Charge Localization of [1 : 1] and [2 : 1] Complex Ions of [10]CPP and C 60/70 [ * ]. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203734. [PMID: 36507855 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the gas-phase chemistry of noncovalent complexes of [10]cycloparaphenylene ([10]CPP) with C60 and C70 by means of atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The literature-known [1 : 1] complexes, namely [10]CPP⊃C60 and [10]CPP⊃C70 , are observed as radical cations and anions. Their stability and charge distribution are studied using energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (ER-CID). These measurements reveal that complexes with a C70 core exhibit a greater stability and, on the other hand, that the radical cations are more stable than the respective radical anions. Regarding the charge distribution, in anionic complexes charges are exclusively located on C60 or C70 , while the charges reside on [10]CPP in the case of cationic complexes. [2 : 1] complexes of the ([10]CPP2 ⊃C60/70 )+ ⋅/- ⋅ type are observed for the first time as isolated solitary gas-phase species. Here, C60 -based [2 : 1] complexes are less stable than the respective C70 analogues. By virtue of the high stability of cationic [1 : 1] complexes, [2 : 1] complexes show a strongly reduced stability of the radical cations. DFT analyses of the minimum geometries as well as molecular dynamics calculations support the experimental data. Furthermore, our novel gas-phase [2 : 1] complexes are also found in 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Insights into the thermodynamic parameters of the binding process as well as the species distribution are derived from isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Freiberger
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin B Minameyer
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris Solymosi
- Organic Chemistry II Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Frühwald
- Theoretical Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcel Krug
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Youzhi Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Organic Chemistry II Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Organic Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Theoretical Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Eugenia Pérez-Ojeda
- Organic Chemistry II Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Yang X, Liu S. Cationic cyclophanes-in-cucurbit[10]uril: host-in-host complexes showing cooperative recognition towards neutral phenol guests. Supramol Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2023.2170233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiran Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Simin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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8
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Kwon H, Newell BS, Bruns CJ. Redox-switchable host-guest complexes of metallocenes and [8]cycloparaphenylene. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14276-14285. [PMID: 36134555 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03852h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cycloparaphenylene (CPP) nanocarbons are an appealing family of macrocyclic organic semiconductors with size-tunable structures and unique optoelectronic properties, which can be further modulated by complexation with guest molecules. While many π-π-stabilized CPP-fullerene host-guest complexes are known, CPPs can also host polycyclic guests stabilized by aromatic CH-π interactions. Here we combine experimental and computational results to report that CH-π interactions can also be tapped to include redox-active metallocene guests in [8]cycloparaphenylene ([8]CPP). Oxidation of a metallocene guest is accompanied by an increase in binding affinity and tilt angle. Crystallographically determined solid-state structures reveal CH-π interactions in the ferrocene complex (Fc⊂[8]CPP) and additional π-π interactions in the cobaltocenium complex (CoCp2+⊂[8]CPP). Functionalizing Fc with oxygen-bearing side chains also improves complex stability to a similar extent as oxidation, due to the formation of CH-O hydrogen bonds with the host's p-phenylene units. This work shows that CH-π bonding can be generalized as a driving force for CPP host-guest complexes and combined with other supramolecular forces to enhance stability. Owing to their semiconducting nature, amenability to functionalization, and reversible redox-dependent behavior, the [8]CPP-metallocene host-guest complexes may expand the library of synthons available for designing bespoke nanoelectronics and artificial molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brian S Newell
- Materials and Molecular Analysis Center, Analytical Resources Core, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Carson J Bruns
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- ATLAS Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 1125 18th Street, 320 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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9
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Hollstein S, Shyshov O, Hanževački M, Zhao J, Rudolf T, Jäger CM, von Delius M. Dynamic Covalent Self-Assembly of Chloride- and Ion-Pair-Templated Cryptates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201831. [PMID: 35384202 PMCID: PMC9400851 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While supramolecular hosts capable of binding and transporting anions and ion pairs are now widely available, self‐assembled architectures are still rare, even though they offer an inherent mechanism for the release of the guest ion(s). In this work, we report the dynamic covalent self‐assembly of tripodal, urea‐based anion cryptates that are held together by two orthoester bridgeheads. These hosts exhibit affinity for anions such as Cl−, Br− or I− in the moderate range that is typically advantageous for applications in membrane transport. In unprecedented experiments, we were able to dissociate the Cs⋅Cl ion pair by simultaneously assembling suitably sized orthoester hosts around the Cs+ and the Cl− ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hollstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Rudolf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christof M Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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10
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Bradbury NC, Nguyen M, Caram J, Neuhauser D. Bethe Salpeter Equation Spectra for Very Large Systems. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:031104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a highly efficient method for the extraction of optical properties of very large molecules via the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The crutch of this approach is the calculation of the action of the effective Coulombic interaction, $W$, through a stochastic TD Hartree propagation, which uses only 10 stochastic orbitals rather than propagating the full sea of occupied states. This leads to a scaling that is at most cubic in system size, with trivial parallelization of the calculation. We apply this new method to calculate the spectra and electronic density of the dominant excitons of a carbon-nanohoop bound fullerene system with 520 electrons, using less than 4000 core hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Claire Bradbury
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
| | - Justin Caram
- UCLA, UCLA Division of Physical Sciences, United States of America
| | - Daniel Neuhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, United States of America
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11
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Hollstein S, Shyshov O, Hanževački M, Zhao J, Rudolf T, Jäger CM, Delius M. Dynamisch kovalente Selbstassemblierung von Chlorid‐ und Ionenpaar‐templierten Kryptaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hollstein
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD Großbritannien
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Tamara Rudolf
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Christof M. Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD Großbritannien
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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12
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Pareras G, Simon S, Poater A, Solà M. Successive Diels-Alder Cycloadditions of Cyclopentadiene to [10]CPP⊃C 60: A Computational Study. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5149-5157. [PMID: 35319187 PMCID: PMC9016765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Fullerenes have potential
applications in many fields. To reach
their full potential, fullerenes have to be functionalized. One of
the most common reactions used to functionalize fullerenes is the
Diels–Alder cycloaddition. In this case, it is important to
control the regioselectivity of the cycloaddition during the formation
of higher adducts. In C60, successive Diels–Alder
cycloadditions lead to the Th-symmetric
hexakisadduct. In this work, we explore computationally using density
functional theory (DFT) how the presence of a [10]cycloparaphenylene
ring encapsulating C60 ([10]CPP⊃C60)
affects the regioselectivity of multiple additions to C60. Our results show that the presence of the [10]CPP ring changes
the preferred sites of cycloaddition compared to free C60 and leads to the formation of the tetrakisadduct. Somewhat surprisingly,
our calculations predict formation of this particular tetrakisadduct
to be more favored in [10]CPP⊃C60 than in free C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Pareras
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,School of Chemistry, University College Cork, College Road, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Sílvia Simon
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Kohrs D, Volkmann J, Wegner HA. Cycloparaphenylenes via [2+2+2] Cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7483-7494. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02289c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The [2+2+2] cycloaddition (CA) offers great potential as an atom economic method for the formation of substituted aromatic rings. In this article, we highlight the application of this versatile method...
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14
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Molecular selectivity of indenopyridines for fullerenes: A comparative study. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Saura‐Sanmartin A, Martinez‐Cuezva A, Marin‐Luna M, Bautista D, Berna J. Effective Encapsulation of C
60
by Metal–Organic Frameworks with Polyamide Macrocyclic Linkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura‐Sanmartin
- Departamento de Quimica Organica Facultad de Quimica Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez‐Cuezva
- Departamento de Quimica Organica Facultad de Quimica Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Marta Marin‐Luna
- Departamento de Quimica Organica Facultad de Quimica Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Delia Bautista
- Seccion Universitaria de Instrumentacion Científica (SUIC) Area Cientifica y Tecnica de Investigacion (ACTI) Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Quimica Organica Facultad de Quimica Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” Universidad de Murcia 30100 Murcia Spain
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Martinez-Cuezva A, Marin-Luna M, Bautista D, Berna J. Effective Encapsulation of C 60 by Metal-Organic Frameworks with Polyamide Macrocyclic Linkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10814-10819. [PMID: 33617658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A flexible benzylic amide macrocycle, functionalized with two carboxylic acid groups, was employed as the organic ligand for the preparation of robust copper(II)- and zinc(II)-based metal-organic frameworks. These polymers crystallized in the C2/m space group of the monoclinic crystal system, creating non-interpenetrated channels in one direction with an extraordinary solvent-accessible volume of 46 %. Unlike metal-organic rotaxane frameworks having benzylic amide macrocycles as linkers, the absence of the thread in these novel reticular materials causes a decrease of dimensionality and an improvement of pore size and dynamic guest adaptability. We studied the incorporation of fullerene C60 inside the adjustable pocket generated between two macrocycles connected to the same dinuclear clusters, occupying a remarkable 98 % of the cavities inside the network. The use of these materials as hosts for the selective recognition of different fullerenes was evaluated, mainly encapsulating the smaller size fullerene derivative in several mixtures of C60 and C70 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Delia Bautista
- Seccion Universitaria de Instrumentacion Científica (SUIC), Area Cientifica y Tecnica de Investigacion (ACTI), Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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17
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Minameyer MB, Xu Y, Frühwald S, Görling A, von Delius M, Drewello T. Investigation of Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) and their Noncovalent Ring-in-Ring and Fullerene-in-Ring Complexes by (Matrix-Assisted) Laser Desorption/Ionization and Density Functional Theory. Chemistry 2020; 26:8729-8741. [PMID: 32476186 PMCID: PMC7497255 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[n]Cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs) with n=5, 8, 10 and 12 and their noncovalent ring‐in‐ring and [m]fullerene‐in‐ring complexes with m=60, 70 and 84 have been studied by direct and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization ((MA)LDI) and density‐functional theory (DFT). LDI is introduced as a straightforward approach for the sensitive analysis of CPPs, free from unwanted decomposition and without the need of a matrix. The ring‐in‐ring system of [[10]CPP⊃[5]CPP]+. was studied in positive‐ion MALDI. Fragmentation and DFT indicate that the positive charge is exclusively located on the inner ring, while in [[10]CPP⊃C60]+. it is located solely on the outer nanohoop. Positive‐ion MALDI is introduced as a new sensitive method for analysis of CPP⊃fullerene complexes, enabling the detection of novel complexes [[12]CPP⊃C60, 70 and 84]+. and [[10]CPP⊃C84]+.. Selective binding can be observed when mixing one fullerene with two CPPs or vice versa, reflecting ideal size requirements for efficient complex formation. Geometries, binding and fragmentation energies of CPP⊃fullerene complexes from DFT calculations explain the observed fragmentation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Minameyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Youzhi Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Frühwald
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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