1
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Conboy A, Goodfellow AS, Kasten K, Dunne J, Cordes DB, Bühl M, Smith AD. De-epimerizing DyKAT of β-lactones generated by isothiourea-catalysed enantioselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8896-8904. [PMID: 38873072 PMCID: PMC11168096 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
An enantioselective isothiourea-catalysed [2 + 2] cycloaddition of C(1)-ammonium enolates with pyrazol-4,5-diones is used to construct spirocyclic β-lactones in good yields, excellent enantioselectivity (99 : 1 er) but with modest diastereocontrol (typically 70 : 30 dr). Upon ring-opening with morpholine or alternative nucleophilic amines and alcohols β-hydroxyamide and β-hydroxyester products are generated with enhanced diastereocontrol (up to >95 : 5 dr). Control experiments show that stereoconvergence is observed in the ring-opening of diastereoisomeric β-lactones, leading to a single product (>95 : 5 dr, >99 : 1 er). Mechanistic studies and DFT analysis indicate a substrate controlled Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (DyKAT) involving epimerisation at C(3) of the β-lactone under the reaction conditions, coupled with a hydrogen bond-assisted nucleophilic addition to the Si-face of the β-lactone and stereodetermining ring-opening. The scope and limitations of a one-pot protocol consisting of isothiourea-catalysed enantio-determining [2 + 2] cycloaddition followed by diastereo-determining ring-opening are subsequently developed. Variation within the anhydride ammonium enolate precursor, as well as N(1) and C(3) within the pyrazol-4,5-dione scaffold is demonstrated, giving a range of functionalised β-hydroxyamides with high diastereo- and enantiocontrol (>20 examples, up to >95 : 5 dr and >99 : 1 er) via this DyKAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aífe Conboy
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alister S Goodfellow
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Kevin Kasten
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Joanne Dunne
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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2
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Piringer M, Hofer M, Vogl LS, Mayer P, Waser M. Enantioselective Syntheses of 3,4-Dihydropyrans Employing Isochalcogenourea-Catalyzed Formal (4+2)-Cycloadditions of Allenoates. Adv Synth Catal 2024; 366:2115-2122. [PMID: 38840716 PMCID: PMC7616061 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
We herein successfully demonstrate the use of chiral isochalcogenoureas as Lewis Base catalysts for a variety of (4+2)-cycloaddition reactions of allenoates and different Michael acceptors. In all cases the same structural key-motive, a dihydropyran with a (Z)-configurated exocyclic double bond could be accessed as the major regio- and diastereoisomer in an enantioselective manner. Furthermore, these chiral dihydropyrans were successfully engaged in different follow-up transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Piringer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria + 43 732 2468 5411
| | - Mario Hofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria + 43 732 2468 5411
| | - Lukas S. Vogl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria + 43 732 2468 5411
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5–13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria + 43 732 2468 5411
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3
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Mousavi M, Di Mola A, Pierri G, Tedesco C, Hensinger MJ, Sun A, Wang Y, Mayer P, Ofial AR, Massa A. Lactone Enolates of Isochroman-3-ones and 2-Coumaranones: Quantification of Their Nucleophilicity in DMSO and Conjugate Additions to Chalcones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6915-6928. [PMID: 38687827 PMCID: PMC11110064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Owing to stereoelectronic effects, lactones often deviate in reactivity from their open-chain ester analogues as demonstrated by the CH acidity (in DMSO) of 3-isochromanone (pKa = 18.8) and 2-coumaranone (pKa = 13.5), which is higher than that of ethyl phenylacetate (pKa = 22.6). We have now characterized the reactivity of the lactone enolates derived from 3-isochromanone and 2-coumaranone by following the kinetics of their Michael reactions with p-quinone methides and arylidenemalonates (reference electrophiles) in DMSO at 20 °C. Evaluation of the experimentally determined second-order rate constants k2 by the Mayr-Patz equation, lg k2 = sN(N + E), furnished the nucleophilicity parameters N (and sN) of the lactone enolates. By localizing their position on the Mayr nucleophilicity scale, the scope of their electrophilic reaction partners becomes predictable, and we demonstrate a novel catalytic methodology for a series of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions of lactone enolates with chalcones under phase transfer conditions in toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
Sadeq Mousavi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonia Di Mola
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pierri
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Consiglia Tedesco
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Magenta J. Hensinger
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Aijia Sun
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Yilan Wang
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Antonio Massa
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli”, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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4
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Piringer M, Stockhammer L, Vogl L, Weinzierl D, Zebrowski P, Waser M. Enantioselective α-heterofunctionalization reactions of catalytically generated C1-Lewis base enolates. TETRAHEDRON CHEM 2024; 9:100063. [PMID: 38846753 PMCID: PMC7616070 DOI: 10.1016/j.tchem.2024.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Chiral Lewis base (LB) organocatalysis has emerged as a powerful covalent catalysis concept which allows for highly selective asymmetric C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations. Considering significant recent progress in the development of strategies to access α-heterofunctionalized carboxylic acid derivatives under chiral LB catalysis, we wish to summarize the most significant concepts and advances in this field within this mini review now.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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5
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Fan T, Shi Z, Gong QW, Song J, Gong LZ. Rhodium and Isothiourea Dual Catalysis: Enantiodivergent Transformation of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1421-1425. [PMID: 38346910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
A dual rhodium/isothiourea catalytic system was developed for the enantiodivergent transformation of terminal alkynes. Under synergistic rhodium/isothiourea dual catalysis, terminal alkynes can be creatively utilized as precursors for C1-ammonium enolate species, which subsequently participate in [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] annulation reactions with α,β-unsaturated ketimines or ketones, respectively. A wide range of chiral lactams and lactones were obtained in excellent yields and stereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, 98% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhipeng Shi
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qian-Wei Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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6
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Vogl LS, Mayer P, Robiette R, Waser M. Chiral Isochalcogenourea-Catalysed Enantioselective (4+2) Cycloadditions of Allenoates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315345. [PMID: 38010747 PMCID: PMC10952905 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Allenoates are versatile building blocks which are primarily activated and controlled using chiral tert. phosphine and tert. amine Lewis bases. We herein report the first example of allenoate activation by using chiral isochalcogenoureas (IChU) for formal (4+2) cycloaddition reactions. Compared to established phosphine and amine catalysis, the use of these easily available Lewis bases enables new stereoselective reaction pathways proceeding with high enantioselectivities, diastereoselectivities, and in good yields. In addition, the factors governing enantioselectivity and the origin of the observed differences compared to other commonly used Lewis bases are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas S. Vogl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUniversité catholique de LouvainPlace Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.021348Louvain-la-NeuveBelgium
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
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7
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Vogl LS, Mayer P, Robiette R, Waser M. Chiral Isochalcogenourea-Catalysed Enantioselective (4+2) Cycloadditions of Allenoates. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 136:e202315345. [PMID: 38549953 PMCID: PMC10976662 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202315345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Allenoates are versatile building blocks which are primarily activated and controlled using chiral tert. phosphine and tert. amine Lewis bases. We herein report the first example of allenoate activation by using chiral isochalcogenoureas (IChU) for formal (4+2) cycloaddition reactions. Compared to established phosphine and amine catalysis, the use of these easily available Lewis bases enables new stereoselective reaction pathways proceeding with high enantioselectivities, diastereoselectivities, and in good yields. In addition, the factors governing enantioselectivity and the origin of the observed differences compared to other commonly used Lewis bases are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas S. Vogl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesUniversité catholique de LouvainPlace Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.021348Louvain-la-NeuveBelgium
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
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8
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Yuan D, Goodfellow AS, Kasten K, Duan Z, Kang T, Cordes DB, McKay AP, Bühl M, Boyce GR, Smith AD. Understanding divergent substrate stereoselectivity in the isothiourea-catalysed conjugate addition of cyclic α-substituted β-ketoesters to α,β-unsaturated aryl esters. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14146-14156. [PMID: 38098722 PMCID: PMC10717594 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05470e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of enantioselective synthetic methods capable of generating vicinal stereogenic centres, where one is tetrasubstituted (such as either an all-carbon quaternary centre or where one or more substituents are heteroatoms), is a recognised synthetic challenge. Herein, the enantioselective conjugate addition of a range of carbo- and heterocyclic α-substituted β-ketoesters to α,β-unsaturated aryl esters using the isothiourea HyperBTM as a Lewis base catalyst is demonstrated. Notably, divergent diastereoselectivity is observed through the use of either cyclopentanone-derived or indanone-derived substituted β-ketoesters with both generating the desired stereodefined products with high selectivity (>95 : 5 dr, up to 99 : 1 er). The scope and limitations of these processes are demonstrated, alongside application on gram scale. The origin of the divergent substrate selectivity has been probed through the use of DFT-analysis, with preferential orientation driven by dual stabilising CH⋯O interactions. The importance of solvation with strongly polar transition-states is highlighted and the SMD solvation model is demonstrated to capture solvation effects reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yuan
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Panzhihua University Panzhihua 617000 China
| | - Alister S Goodfellow
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Kevin Kasten
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Zhuan Duan
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Tengfei Kang
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Aidan P McKay
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Gregory R Boyce
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers Florida 33965 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, East Stroudsburg University East Stroudsburg Pennsylvania 18301 USA
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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9
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Zebrowski P, Monkowius U, Waser M. Cooperative Chiral Lewis Base/Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Syntheses of Methylene-Containing δ-Lactams. European J Org Chem 2023; 26:e202300982. [PMID: 38601429 PMCID: PMC11005102 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202300982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We herein report a two-step approach for the enantioselective synthesis of novel chiral δ-lactams. By using a cooperative chiral ITU/achiral Pd-catalyst system, this protocol proceeds via an asymmetric α-allylation of activated aryl esters first, followed by an acid-mediated lactam formation. A variety of differently substituted products could be obtained with usually high levels of enantioselectivities and in reasonable yields (16 examples, up to 98 : 2 er and 73 % yield over two steps). In addition, further utilizations of the products via transformations of the exocyclic double bond were successfully carried out as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zebrowski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- School of EducationChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
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10
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Gong Z, Smith A, Farah AO, Dickerson SD, González-Montiel GA, Laddusaw JM, Cheong PHY, Wiskur SL. Investigating Substituent Interactions with Cationic Catalysts. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37993265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Rates of isothiourea catalyzed silylation and acylation reactions were measured for substrates with various electronic substituents at the aryl group. Through these measurements, the intermolecular interactions between cationic catalyst intermediates and different aryl groups were explored. These studies were performed to understand how changes in the catalyst structure affected electrostatic intermolecular interactions. Three different catalysts (N-methylimidazole and two isothioureas) were employed that varied in their ability to delocalize their cationic nature. The results show that more delocalization on the catalyst reduces the sensitivity to the electronics on the aryl group. Surprisingly, the isothiourea with a fused benzene ring provided additional points of interaction with groups that contained lone-pairs, significantly affecting the overall rate. This work helps explore the interactions that dominate in these types of catalytic systems, to aid in future organocatalysis development. Density functional theory (DFT) studies further confirmed isothiourea/aryl ring interaction with the alcohol substrate in the acylation process, which confirmed these hypotheses. Electron rich or lone-pair bearing functional groups stabilize the cationic catalyst core, thereby stabilizing the transition states and accelerating the reaction. It was also discovered that in one case, the formation of a stable substrate dimer was responsible for its lower reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, GSRC 109, Columbia, South Carolina 29206, United States
| | - Alberto Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, GSRC 109, Columbia, South Carolina 29206, United States
| | - Abdikani Omar Farah
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Shelby D Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, GSRC 109, Columbia, South Carolina 29206, United States
| | - Gisela A González-Montiel
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Laddusaw
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Sheryl L Wiskur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, GSRC 109, Columbia, South Carolina 29206, United States
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11
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Stockhammer L, Radetzky M, Khatoon SS, Bechmann M, Waser M. Chiral Lewis Base-Catalysed Asymmetric Syntheses of Benzo-fused ϵ-Lactones. European J Org Chem 2023; 26:e202300704. [PMID: 38601860 PMCID: PMC11005097 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202300704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We herein report a two-step protocol for the asymmetric synthesis of novel chiral benzofused ϵ-lactones starting from O-protected hydroxymethyl-para-quinone methides and activated aryl esters. By using chiral isothiourea Lewis base catalysts a broad variety of differently substituted products could be obtained in yields of around 50 % over both steps with high levels of enantioselectivities, albeit low diastereoselectivities only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Stockhammer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Maximilian Radetzky
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Syeda Sadia Khatoon
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Matthias Bechmann
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJohannes Kepler University LinzAltenbergerstrasse 694040LinzAustria
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12
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Nimmo AJ, Bitai J, Young CM, McLaughlin C, Slawin AMZ, Cordes DB, Smith AD. Enantioselective isothiourea-catalysed reversible Michael addition of aryl esters to 2-benzylidene malononitriles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7537-7544. [PMID: 37449062 PMCID: PMC10337745 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations usually rely upon optimal enantioselectivity being observed in kinetically controlled reaction processes, with energy differences between diastereoisomeric transition state energies translating to stereoisomeric product ratios. Herein, stereoselectivity resulting from an unusual reversible Michael addition of an aryl ester to 2-benzylidene malononitrile electrophiles using an isothiourea as a Lewis base catalyst is demonstrated. Notably, the basicity of the aryloxide component and reactivity of the isothiourea Lewis base both affect the observed product selectivity, with control studies and crossover experiments indicating the feasibility of a constructive reversible Michael addition from the desired product. When this reversible addition is coupled with a crystallisation-induced diastereomer transformation (CIDT) it allows isolation of products in high yield and stereocontrol (14 examples, up to 95 : 5 dr and 99 : 1 er). Application of this process to gram scale, plus derivatisations to provide further useful products, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Nimmo
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Claire M Young
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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13
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Stockhammer L, Craik R, Monkowius U, Cordes DB, Smith AD, Waser M. Isothiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective Functionalisation of Glycine Schiff Base Aryl Esters via 1,6- and 1,4-Additions. CHEMISTRYEUROPE 2023; 1:e202300015. [PMID: 38882579 PMCID: PMC7616101 DOI: 10.1002/ceur.202300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The enantioselective α-functionalisation of glycine Schiff base aryl esters through isothiourea catalysis is successfully demonstrated for 1,6-additions to para-quinone methides (21 examples, up to 95:5 dr and 96:4 er) and 1,4-additions to methylene substituted dicarbonyl or disulfonyl Michael acceptors (17 examples, up to 98:2 er). This nucleophilic organocatalysis approach gives access to a range of α-functionalised α-amino acid derivatives and further transformations of the activated aryl ester group provide a straightforward entry to advanced amino acid-based esters, amides or thioesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Stockhammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz (Austria)
| | - Rebecca Craik
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, Fife, (UK)
| | - Uwe Monkowius
- School of Education, Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz (Austria)
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, Fife, (UK)
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST St Andrews, Fife, (UK)
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz (Austria)
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14
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Biswas A. Aromatic C-H bond functionalization through organocatalyzed asymmetric intermolecular aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction: a recent update. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:956-981. [PMID: 37404800 PMCID: PMC10315893 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction allows an efficient coupling of electron-rich aromatic systems with imines for the facile incorporation of aminoalkyl groups into the aromatic ring. This reaction has a great scope of forming aza-stereocenters which can be tuned by different asymmetric catalysts. This review assembles recent advances in asymmetric aza-Friedel-Crafts reactions mediated by organocatalysts. The mechanistic interpretation with the origin of stereoselectivity is also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Hooghly Women’s College, Vivekananda Road, Pipulpati, Hooghly - 712103, WB, India
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15
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Weinzierl D, Piringer M, Zebrowski P, Stockhammer L, Waser M. Photochemical Wolff Rearrangement Initiated Generation and Subsequent α-Chlorination of C1 Ammonium Enolates. Org Lett 2023; 25:3126-3130. [PMID: 37098273 PMCID: PMC10167681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of α-chlorinated carboxylic acid esters with er up to 99:1 and yields up to 82% was achieved via a one-pot multistep protocol starting from α-diazoketones. This process proceeds via a photochemical Wolff rearrangement, trapping of the generated ketene with a chiral Lewis base catalyst, subsequent enantioselective α-chlorination, and a final nucleophilic displacement of the bound catalyst. The obtained products were successfully utilized for stereospecific nucleophilic displacement reactions with N- and S-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weinzierl
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Piringer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Paul Zebrowski
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Lotte Stockhammer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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16
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Wang Q, Fan T, Song J. Cooperative Isothiourea/Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Annulation Reactions of Vinyl Aziridines with Pentafluorophenyl Esters. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 36815719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Chiral γ-lactam-containing skeletons are important motifs in bioactive natural products, pharmaceuticals, and bioactive molecules. Herein, we report a general and modular platform to access chiral γ-lactam compounds via an ITU/Ir cooperatively catalyzed [3 + 2] asymmetric annulation reaction of vinyl aziridines with pentafluorophenyl esters. Through the Lewis base and transition metal cooperative catalytic regime, a broad range of optically active γ-lactams were generated in good yields (up to 92%) with high asymmetric induction (up to 98% ee). Furthermore, the utility of this synthetic protocol was also demonstrated by the expedient preparation of diverse enantioenriched architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Polymeric Materials of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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17
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Biswas A. Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Pictet‐Spengler Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Biswas
- Departmentof Chemistry Hooghly Women's College Vivekanada Road, Pipulpati Hooghly 712102 India
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18
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Burke AJ. Asymmetric organocatalysis in drug discovery and development for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:37-46. [PMID: 36527181 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2160437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last 20 years, it has become clear that organocatalysis is the third pillar of catalysis. The low reactivity in the early days of organocatalysis has been overcome with the invention of more efficient catalysts, and by harnessing enabling technologies like continuous-flow chemistry and photo-redox catalysis. AREAS COVERED The main focus of this review is on the development over the last 10-15 years of key APIs using asymmetric organocatalysis. Due to significant engineering advances, and also due to the need for continuous manufacturing, flow and photo-redox approaches are becoming more widespread. EXPERT OPINION Over the last 20 years, organocatalysis has been used on various occasions for accessing chiral drugs. The great advantage of using these catalysts is that the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is metal-free. Also due to their inherent stability in air and water, they are very amenable to recovery via attachment to appropriate solid supports and also application in continuous flow systems. In recent years, more efficient organocatalysts have been developed, which includes the photoredox types, with much potential for chiral API synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Burke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centro de Química de Coimbra, Institute of Molecular Science, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Center for Neurosciences and Cellular Biology (CNC), Polo I, Universidade de Coimbra Rua Larga Faculdade de Medicina, Polo I, Coimbra, Portugal
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19
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Tan SZ, Chen P, Zhu L, Gan MQ, Ouyang Q, Du W, Chen YC. Use of ( E, E)-Dienoic Acids as Switchable ( E, E)- and ( Z, E)-Dienyl Anion Surrogates via Ligand-Controlled Palladium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22689-22697. [PMID: 36468863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are not readily applied as carbon-based nucleophiles due to their intrinsic acidic group. Here, we demonstrate that free (E,E)-2,4-dienoic acids form electron-neutral and highest occupied molecular orbital-raised η2-complexes with Pd(0) and undergo Friedel-Crafts-type additions to imines with exclusive α-regioselectivity, giving formal dienylated products after decarboxylation. Unusual and switchable (E,E)- and (Z,E)-selectivity, along with excellent enantioselectivity, is achieved via ligand-controlled outer-sphere or inner-sphere reaction modes, respectively, which are well supported by comprehensive density functional theory calculation studies. An unprecedented formal reductive Mannich reaction between (E,E)-dienoic acids and imines is also developed to furnish enantioenriched β-amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Zhong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400038, China
| | - Meng-Qi Gan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400038, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China.,College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing400038, China
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20
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Ding WW, Zhou Y, Han ZY, Gong LZ. Asymmetric Cascade Carbonylation/Annulation of Benzyl Bromides, CO, and Vinyl Benzoxazinanones Enabled by Pd/Chiral Lewis-Base Relay Catalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5187-5193. [PMID: 36507840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective cascade carbonylation/annulation of benzyl bromides, CO, and vinyl benzoxazinanones under mild conditions has been established by Pd/chiral Lewis base relay catalysis, providing an efficient method to assemble chiral quinolinones from readily available starting materials in good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The palladium catalyst plays two roles in this reaction, enabling both the carbonylation process and the generation of the zwitterionic π-allyl palladium intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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21
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Zhang XY, Lu K, Guo BK, Shao YP, Wang H, Zhang FM, Tu YQ, Zhang XM. Catalytic Enantioselective Steglich-Type Rearrangement of Enol Lactones: Asymmetric Synthesis of Spirocyclic 1,3-Diketones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15031-15041. [PMID: 36325975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An example of asymmetric Steglich-type rearrangement of enol lactones is reported. This highly enantioselective acyl transfer reaction is catalyzed by chiral isothiourea at ambient temperature and provides a useful synthetic approach to access enantioenriched spirotricyclic β,β'-diketones from a broad range of indanone or tetralone-derived lactones. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest the initial formation of an N-acylated iminium cation intermediate that induces a following facial selective condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ka Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Kuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100109, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100109, P. R. China
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22
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Wang Y, Young CM, Liu H, Hartley WC, Wienhold M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. A Desilylative Approach to Alkyl Substituted C(1)‐Ammonium Enolates: Application in Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208800. [PMID: 35833471 PMCID: PMC9543305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic generation of C(1)‐ammonium enolates from the corresponding α‐silyl‐α‐alkyl substituted carboxylic acids using the isothiourea HyperBTM is reported. This desilylative approach grants access to α‐unsubstituted and α‐alkyl substituted C(1)‐ammonium enolates, which are typically difficult to access through traditional methods reliant upon deprotonation. The scope and limitations of this process is established in enantioselective [2+2]‐cycloaddition processes with perfluoroalkylketones (31 examples, up to 96 % yield and >99 : 1 er), as well as selective [2+2]‐cycloaddition with trifluoromethyl enones (4 examples, up to 75 % yield and >99 : 1 er). Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate this process proceeds through an initial kinetic resolution of an in situ prepared (±)‐α‐silyl‐α‐alkyl substituted anhydride, while the reaction process exhibits overall pseudo zero‐order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wang
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Claire M. Young
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Honglei Liu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Will C. Hartley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Max Wienhold
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - David. B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | | | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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23
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Cromwell S, Sutio R, Zhang C, Such GK, Lupton DW. Lewis Base Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfur Heterocycles via the C1‐Pyridinium Enolate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206647. [PMID: 35718884 PMCID: PMC9545057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While the addition of C1‐Lewis base enolates to carbonyls and related structures are well established, the related addition to thiocarbonyls compounds are unknown. Herein, we report a reaction cascade in which a C1‐pyridinium enolate undergos addition to dithioesters, trithiocarbonates and xanthates. The reaction provides access to a range of dihydrothiophenes and dihydrothiopyrans (28‐examples). Mechanistic investigations, including isolation of intermediates, electronic correlation, and kinetic isotope effect studies support the viability of an activated acid intermediate giving rise to the C1‐pyridinium enolate which undergoes turnover limiting cyclization. Subsequent formation of a β‐thiolactone regenerates the catalyst with loss of carbon oxysulfide providing the observed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cromwell
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800, Victoria Australia
| | - Randy Sutio
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800, Victoria Australia
| | - Changhe Zhang
- School of Chemistry University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Georgina K. Such
- School of Chemistry University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - David W. Lupton
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton 3800, Victoria Australia
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24
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Zhang Q, Zhu M, Zi W. Synergizing palladium with Lewis base catalysis for stereodivergent coupling of 1,3-dienes with pentafluorophenyl acetates. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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25
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Miyazaki K, Nakata K. Two-Step Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Secondary Benzylic Alcohols Using the Combination of Enantioselective Silylation and Acylation: One-Pot Procedure Catalyzed by Chiral Guanidine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10509-10515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Miyazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kenya Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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26
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Smith AD, Wang Y, Young CM, Liu H, Hartley WC, Wienhold M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ. A Desilylative Approach to Alkyl Substituted C(1)‐Ammonium Enolates: Application in Enantioselective [2+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew David Smith
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh FIFE, KY10 3TH St. Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Yihong Wang
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Honglei Liu
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Max Wienhold
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
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27
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Bitai J, Nimmo AJ, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Cooperative Palladium/Isothiourea Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal (3+2) Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes and α,β-Unsaturated Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202621. [PMID: 35389553 PMCID: PMC9324207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the enantioselective synthesis of substituted vinylcyclopentanes has been realised using cooperative palladium and isothiourea catalysis. Treatment of vinylcyclopropanes with Pd(PPh3 )4 generates a zwitterionic π-allyl palladium intermediate that intercepts a catalytically generated α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium species prepared from the corresponding α,β-unsaturated para-nitrophenyl ester and the isothiourea (R)-BTM. Intermolecular formal (3+2) cycloaddition between these reactive intermediates generates functionalised cyclopentanes in generally good yields and excellent diastereo- and enantiocontrol (up to >95 : 5 dr, 97 : 3 er), with the use of LiCl as an additive proving essential for optimal stereocontrol. To the best of our knowledge a dual transition metal/organocatalytic process involving α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium intermediates has not been demonstrated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alastair J Nimmo
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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28
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Cromwell S, Sutio R, Zhang C, Such GK, Lupton DW. Lewis Base Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfur Heterocycles via the C1‐Pyridinium Enolate.**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Randy Sutio
- Monash University School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Changhe Zhang
- University of Melbourne School of Chemistry School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Georgina K. Such
- University of Melbourne School of Chemistry School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - David W Lupton
- Monash University School of Chemistry Science RoadClayton 3800 Melbourne AUSTRALIA
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29
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Mondal S, Ghosh A, Biju AT. N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Catalyzed Transformations Involving Azolium Enolates. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200054. [PMID: 35562645 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-organocatalyzed generation of azolium enolate intermediates and their subsequent interception with electrophiles are highlighted. The NHC-bound azolium intermediates are generated by the addition of NHCs to suitably substituted aldehydes, acid derivatives or ketenes. A broad range of coupling partners can intercept the azolium enolates to form [2+n] cycloadducts (n=2,3,4) and various α-functionalized compounds. The enantioselective synthesis of the target compounds are achieved with the use of chiral NHCs. Herein, we summarized the development that occurred in this subclass of NHC catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santigopal Mondal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012
| | - Arghya Ghosh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012
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30
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Ma W, Montinho‐Inacio E, Iorga BI, Retailleau P, Moreau X, Neuville L, Masson G. Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition Between Dienecarbamates and 2‐Benzothioazolimines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Yang Ma
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1, avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Emeric Montinho‐Inacio
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1, avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Bogdan I. Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1, avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1, avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Xavier Moreau
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV) UMR CNRS 8180 Université Versailles-St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay 45 avenue des États-Unis, Bâtiment Lavoisier 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1, avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
- Labcom HITCAT joint lab CNRS-SEQENS ZI de Limay 2 8 rue de Rouen 78440 Porcheville France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1, avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
- Labcom HITCAT joint lab CNRS-SEQENS ZI de Limay 2 8 rue de Rouen 78440 Porcheville France
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31
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Bitai J, Nimmo AJ, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Cooperative Palladium/Isothiourea Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal (3+2) Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes and a,b‐Unsaturated Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew David Smith
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh FIFE, KY10 3TH St. Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
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32
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Ji DS, Liang H, Yang KX, Feng ZT, Luo YC, Xu GQ, Gu Y, Xu PF. Solvent directed chemically divergent synthesis of β-lactams and α-amino acid derivatives with chiral isothiourea. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1801-1807. [PMID: 35282623 PMCID: PMC8826511 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06127e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the chemically divergent synthesis of β-lactams and α-amino acid derivatives with isothiourea (ITU) catalysis by switching solvents was developed. The stereospecific Mannich reaction occurring between imine and C(1)-ammonium enolate generated zwitterionic intermediates, which underwent intramolecular lactamization and afforded β-lactam derivatives when DCM and CH3CN were used as solvents. However, when EtOH was used as the solvent, the intermediates underwent an intermolecular esterification reaction, and α-amino acid derivatives were produced. Detailed mechanistic experiments were conducted to prove that these two kinds of products came from the same intermediates. Furthermore, chemically diversified transformations of β-lactam and α-amino acid derivatives were achieved. A protocol for the solvent directed chemically divergent synthesis of β-lactam and α-amino acid derivatives with chiral isothiourea was reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Xuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Tao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Yong-Chun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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33
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Xie MS, Shan M, Li N, Chen YG, Wang XB, Cheng X, Tian Y, Wu XX, Deng Y, Qu GR, Guo HM. Chiral 4-Aryl-pyridine-N-oxide Nucleophilic Catalysts: Design, Synthesis, and Application in Acylative Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Xie
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Meng Shan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Ning Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yang-Guang Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
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34
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Yuan S, Zheng WH. Enantioselective Construction of Tertiary α-Alkyl Fluoride via BTM-Catalyzed Fluorination of α-Alkynyl-Substituted Acetic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 87:713-720. [PMID: 34927437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The isothiourea-catalyzed enantioselective construction of tertiary α-fluoro stereogenic centers has been demonstrated by using branched alkynyl-substituted acetic acids as starting materials, providing a broad range of optically active tertiary α-alkyl fluorides in high enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). Furthermore, this methodology was proven to be scaled up to a Gram scale without loss of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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35
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Arokianathar JN, Hartley WC, McLaughlin C, Greenhalgh MD, Stead D, Ng S, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Isothiourea-Catalyzed Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Esters via 1,6-Conjugate Addition to para-Quinone Methides. Molecules 2021; 26:6333. [PMID: 34770741 PMCID: PMC8588318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The isothiourea-catalyzed enantioselective 1,6-conjugate addition of para-nitrophenyl esters to 2,6-disubstituted para-quinone methides is reported. para-Nitrophenoxide, generated in situ from initial N-acylation of the isothiourea by the para-nitrophenyl ester, is proposed to facilitate catalyst turnover in this transformation. A range of para-nitrophenyl ester products can be isolated, or derivatized in situ by addition of benzylamine to give amides at up to 99% yield. Although low diastereocontrol is observed, the diastereoisomeric ester products are separable and formed with high enantiocontrol (up to 94:6 er).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude N. Arokianathar
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
| | - Will C. Hartley
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
| | - Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
| | - Mark D. Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Darren Stead
- AstraZeneca, Oncology R&D, Research & Early Development, Darwin Building, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK;
| | - Sean Ng
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK;
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (J.N.A.); (W.C.H.); (C.M.); (M.D.G.); (A.M.Z.S.)
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36
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McLaughlin C, Bitai J, Barber LJ, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines via the addition of C(1)-ammonium enolates to pyridinium salts. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12001-12011. [PMID: 34667566 PMCID: PMC8457386 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03860e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regio- and stereoselective addition of C(1)-ammonium enolates - generated in situ from aryl esters and the isothiourea catalyst (R)-BTM - to pyridinium salts bearing an electron withdrawing substituent in the 3-position allows the synthesis of a range of enantioenriched 1,4-dihydropyridines. This represents the first organocatalytic approach to pyridine dearomatisation using pronucleophiles at the carboxylic acid oxidation level. Optimisation studies revealed a significant solvent dependency upon product enantioselectivity, with only toluene providing significant asymmetric induction. Using DABCO as a base also proved beneficial for product enantioselectivity, while investigations into the nature of the counterion showed that co-ordinating bromide or chloride substrates led to higher product er than the corresponding tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate. The scope and limitations of this process are developed, with enantioselective addition to 3-cyano- or 3-sulfonylpyridinium salts giving the corresponding 1,4-dihydropyridines (15 examples, up to 95 : 5 dr and 98 : 2 er).
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Lydia J Barber
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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37
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Stockhammer L, Weinzierl D, Bögl T, Waser M. Enantioselective α-Chlorination Reactions of in Situ Generated C1 Ammonium Enolates under Base-Free Conditions. Org Lett 2021; 23:6143-6147. [PMID: 34319102 PMCID: PMC8353620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The asymmetric α-chlorination
of activated aryl acetic acid
esters can be carried out with high levels of enantioselectivities
utilizing commercially available isothiourea catalysts under base-free
conditions. The reaction, which proceeds via the in situ formation
of chiral C1 ammonium enolates, is best carried out under cryogenic
conditions combined with a direct trapping of the activated α-chlorinated
ester derivative to prevent epimerization, thus allowing for enantioselectivities
of up to e.r. 99:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Stockhammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - David Weinzierl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bögl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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38
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Numan A, Brichacek M. Asymmetric Synthesis of Stereogenic Phosphorus P(V) Centers Using Chiral Nucleophilic Catalysis. Molecules 2021; 26:3661. [PMID: 34203996 PMCID: PMC8232703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates have been widely used in agrochemistry, as reagents for organic synthesis, and in biochemistry. Phosphate mimics possessing four unique substituents, and thereby a chirality center, are useful in transition metal catalysis and as nucleotide therapeutics. The catalytic, stereocontrolled synthesis of phosphorus-stereogenic centers is challenging and traditionally depends on a resolution or use of stochiometric auxiliaries. Herein, enantioenriched phosphorus centers have been synthesized using chiral nucleophilic catalysis. Racemic H-phosphinate species were coupled with nucleophilic alcohols under halogenating conditions. Chiral phosphonate products were synthesized in acceptable yields (33-95%) and modest enantioselectivity (up to 62% ee) was observed after identification of an appropriate chiral catalyst and optimization of the solvent, base, and temperature. Nucleophilic catalysis has a tremendous potential to produce enantioenriched phosphate mimics that could be used as prodrugs or chemical biology probes.
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39
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Yuan S, Liao C, Zheng WH. [2.2]Paracyclophane-Based Isothiourea-Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective α-Fluorination of Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:4142-4146. [PMID: 33988375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane-based isothiourea catalysts have been prepared over a few simple steps in high yields. In the presence of these catalysts, highly efficient catalytic enantioselective fluorination of carboxylic acids has been accomplished, providing a broad range of optically active α-fluoroesters in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
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40
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Kinens A, Balkaitis S, Ahmad OK, Piotrowski DW, Suna E. Acylative Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols: Tandem Catalysis by HyperBTM and Bäckvall's Ruthenium Complex. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7189-7202. [PMID: 33974415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of secondary alcohols by enantioselective acylation using an isothiourea-derived HyperBTM catalyst and racemization of slowly reacting alcohol by Bäckvall's ruthenium complex is reported. The DKR approach features high enantioselectivities (up to 99:1), employs easy-to-handle crystalline 4-nitrophenyl isobutyrate as the acylating reagent, and proceeds at room temperature and under an ambient atmosphere. The stereoinduction model featuring cation-π system interactions between the acylated HyperBTM catalyst and π electrons of an alcohol aryl subunit has been elaborated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artis Kinens
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Simonas Balkaitis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Omar K Ahmad
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David W Piotrowski
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
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41
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Zhao F, Shu C, Young CM, Carpenter‐Warren C, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Aryl-β 2 -Amino-Esters by Cooperative Isothiourea and Brønsted Acid Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11892-11900. [PMID: 33646631 PMCID: PMC8252622 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of α-aryl-β2 -amino esters through enantioselective aminomethylation of an arylacetic acid ester in high yields and enantioselectivity via cooperative isothiourea and Brønsted acid catalysis is demonstrated. The scope and limitations of this process are explored (25 examples, up to 94 % yield and 96:4 er), with applications to the synthesis of (S)-Venlafaxine⋅HCl and (S)-Nakinadine B. Mechanistic studies are consistent with a C(1)-ammonium enolate pathway being followed rather than an alternative dynamic kinetic resolution process. Control studies indicate that (i) a linear effect between catalyst and product er is observed; (ii) an acyl ammonium ion can be used as a precatalyst; (iii) reversible isothiourea addition to an in situ generated iminium ion leads to an off-cycle intermediate that can be used as a productive precatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Chang Shu
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Claire M. Young
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | | | | | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
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42
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Zhao F, Shu C, Young CM, Carpenter‐Warren C, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Aryl‐β
2
‐Amino‐Esters by Cooperative Isothiourea and Brønsted Acid Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Chang Shu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Claire M. Young
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | | | | | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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43
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Weinzierl D, Waser M. Chiral isothiourea-catalyzed kinetic resolution of 4-hydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:800-804. [PMID: 33889220 PMCID: PMC8042488 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein report a method for the kinetic resolution of racemic 4-hydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane by means of a chiral isothiourea-catalyzed acylation with isobutyric anhydride. This protocol allows for a reasonable synthetically useful s-factor of 20 and provides a novel entry to obtain this interesting planar chiral motive in an enantioenriched manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weinzierl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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44
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Bitai J, Westwood MT, Smith AD. α,β-Unsaturated acyl ammonium species as reactive intermediates in organocatalysis: an update. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2366-2384. [PMID: 33650626 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α,β-Unsaturated acyl ammonium species are versatile intermediates that have been applied in a variety of transformations including Michael additions, domino reactions and cycloadditions. Many of these transformations are promoted by chiral Lewis base catalysts, enabling the rapid generation of molecular complexity with high stereochemical control. This review highlights recent developments in the generation and application of α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium intermediates reported since a previous review of this area in 2016. Particular emphasis will be placed on reports providing mechanistic insight into catalytic transformations and observed selectivities. A perspective on current challenges and potential future developments in the field of α,β-unsaturated acyl ammonium catalysis is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK.
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45
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Yuan YC, Abd El Sater M, Mellah M, Jaber N, David ORP, Schulz E. Enantiopure isothiourea@carbon-based support: stacking interactions for recycling a lewis base in asymmetric catalysis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00646k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An enantiopure isothiourea (hyperBTM) was functionalized by a pyrene moiety via click chemistry; immobilized on reduced Graphene Oxide, this recyclable chiral organocatalyst promotes formal [3+2] cycloaddition of ammonium enolates with oxaziridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Yuan
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR 8180, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Mariam Abd El Sater
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Médicinale et des Produits Naturels, Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences (I) and PRASE-EDST, Hadath, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Mohamed Mellah
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Nada Jaber
- Laboratoire de Chimie Médicinale et des Produits Naturels, Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences (I) and PRASE-EDST, Hadath, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Olivier R. P. David
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR 8180, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris Saclay, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuelle Schulz
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
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46
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Kim B, Kim Y, Lee SY. Stereodivergent Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation between Iminium and Enolate Intermediates by Synergistic Organocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:73-79. [PMID: 33356216 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here a stereodivergent method for the Michael addition of aryl acetic acid esters to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes catalyzed by a combination of a chiral pyrrolidine and a chiral Lewis base. This reaction proceeds through a synergistic catalytic cycle which consists of one cycle leading to a chiral iminium electrophile and a second cycle generating a nucleophilic chiral enolate for the construction of a carbon-carbon bond. By varying the combinations of catalyst enantiomers, all four stereoisomers of the products with two vicinal stereocenters are accessible with high enantio- and diastereoselectivity. The products of the Michael addition, 1,5-aldehyde esters, can be readily transformed into a variety of other valuable enantioenriched structures, including those bearing three contiguous stereocenters in an acyclic system, thus providing an efficient route to an array of structural and stereochemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Yunmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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