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Khamis MM, Elsherbiny AS, Salem IA, El-Ghobashy MA. Copper supported Dowex50WX8 resin utilized for the elimination of ammonia and its sustainable application for the degradation of dyes in wastewater. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19884. [PMID: 39191881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To obtain high efficient elimination of ammonia (NH4+) from wastewater, Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II)) were loaded on Dowex-50WX8 resin (D-H) and studied their removal efficiency towards NH4+ from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of Cu(II)-loaded on D-H (D-Cu2+) towards NH4+ (qe = 95.58 mg/g) was the highest one compared with that of D-Ni2+ (qe = 57.29 mg/g) and D-Co2+ (qe = 43.43 mg/g). Detailed studies focused on the removal of NH4+ utilizing D-Cu2+ were accomplished under various experimental conditions. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted well the adsorption data of NH4+ on D-Cu2+. The non-linear Langmuir model was the best model for the adsorption process, producing a maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity (qmax = 280.9 mg/g) at pH = 8.4, and 303 K in less than 20 min. The adsorption of NH4+ onto D-Cu2+ was an exothermic and spontaneous process. In a sustainable step, the resulting D-Cu(II)-ammine composite from the NH4+ adsorption process displayed excellent catalytic activity for the degradation of aniline blue (AB) and methyl violet 2B (MV 2B) dyes utilizing H2O2 as an eco-friendly oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Khamis
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Abeer S Elsherbiny
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim A Salem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Marwa A El-Ghobashy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Li Z, Li X. Treatment techniques and resource recovery of source-separated urine: a bibliometric analysis and literature review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 90:238-255. [PMID: 39007317 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Human urine, which is high in nutrients, acts as a resource as well as a contaminant. Indiscriminate urine discharge causes environmental pollution and wastes resources. To elucidate the research status and developmental trajectory of source-separated urine (SSU) treatment and recovery, this study was based on the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database and used the bibliometric software VOSviewer and CiteSpace to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth bibliometric analysis of the related literature in this field. The findings revealed a general upward trend in SSU treatment and recovery from 2000 to 2023. The compendium of 894 scholarly articles predominantly focused on the disciplines of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Engineering, and Water Resources. China and the USA emerged as the foremost contributors. Keyword co-occurrence mapping, clustering, and burst analysis have shown that the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from urine is currently the main focus, with future prospects leaning toward the retrieval of biochemicals and chemical energy. This study systematically categorizes and compares the developmental status, current advancements, and research progress in this field. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference for understanding developmental pathways in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghong Li
- Basin Research Center for Water Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 10012, China; School Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Basin Research Center for Water Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 10012, China E-mail:
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El-Ghobashy MA, Khamis MM, Elsherbiny AS, Salem IA. Selective removal of ammonia from wastewater using Cu(II)-loaded Amberlite IR-120 resin and its catalytic application for removal of dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:106822-106837. [PMID: 36752924 PMCID: PMC10611889 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cationic ligand exchange is one of the most predominant mechanisms for the removal of ammonia from wastewater through complex formation. The complexation technique occurs between the metal ions loaded on the surface of Amberlite IR-120 and ammonia which is present in the medium. Cu(II)-loaded Amberlite IR-120 (R-Cu2+) was prepared and described using FT-IR, TGA, SEM, and EDX techniques. The prepared R-Cu2+ was applied for the elimination of ammonia from an aqueous solution. Different cations such as Co2+ and Ni2+ were loaded onto Amberlite IR-120 to study the impact of counter cation on the removal efficiency of ammonia. The ammonia removal percentage followed the order; R-Cu2+ > R-Ni2+ > R-Co2+. The effects of contact time, pH, initial concentration, temperature, and coexisting ions on the removal of ammonia from wastewater by R-Cu2+ were investigated. The equilibrium adsorbed amount of ammonia was found to be 200 mg/g at pH = 8.6 and 303 K within 60 min using 0.1 g R-Cu2+ and an initial concentration of ammonia of 1060 mg/L. The removal of ammonia using R-Cu2+ obeyed the non-linear plot of both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption of ammonia onto R-Cu2+ was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The time-adsorption data followed the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Moreover, the resulting product (R-Cu(II)-amine composite) from the adsorption process exhibited high catalytic activity and could be low-cost material for the elimination of dyes such as aniline blue (AB), methyl green (MG), and methyl violet 2B (MV2B) from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A El-Ghobashy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Khamis
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Abeer S Elsherbiny
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A Salem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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4
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Guo L, Zhang Y, Osella S, Webb SM, Yang XJ, Goddard WA, Hoffmann MR. Modular Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Nitrogen Recovery from Fresh Urine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309258. [PMID: 37559432 PMCID: PMC10529058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen recovery from wastewater represents a sustainable route to recycle reactive nitrogen (Nr). It can reduce the demand of producing Nr from the energy-extensive Haber-Bosch process and lower the risk of causing eutrophication simultaneously. In this aspect, source-separated fresh urine is an ideal source for nitrogen recovery given its ubiquity and high nitrogen contents. However, current techniques for nitrogen recovery from fresh urine require high energy input and are of low efficiencies because the recovery target, urea, is a challenge to separate. In this work, we developed a novel fresh urine nitrogen recovery treatment process based on modular functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Specifically, we employed three distinct modification methods to MOF-808 and developed robust functional materials for urea hydrolysis, ammonium adsorption, and ammonia monitoring. By integrating these functional materials into our newly developed nitrogen recovery treatment process, we achieved an average of 75 % total nitrogen reduction and 45 % nitrogen recovery with a 30-minute treatment of synthetic fresh urine. The nitrogen recovery process developed in this work can serve as a sustainable and efficient nutrient management that is suitable for decentralized wastewater treatment. This work also provides a new perspective of implementing versatile advanced materials for water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Linde Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Current address: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Linde Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2 C, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xue-Jing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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Dong H, Laguna CM, Liu MJ, Guo J, Tarpeh WA. Electrified Ion Exchange Enabled by Water Dissociation in Bipolar Membranes for Nitrogen Recovery from Source-Separated Urine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16134-16143. [PMID: 36223185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange (IX) is a promising technology for selective nitrogen recovery from urine; however, IX requires chemical-intensive regeneration that escalates energy consumption and carbon emissions. To overcome this barrier, we demonstrated and investigated a novel electrified IX stripping process (EXS) enabling electrochemical in situ IX regeneration with simultaneous ammonia stripping. EXS combines a weak acid cation exchange resin (WAC) to concentrate ammonia, a bipolar membrane to produce protons for WAC regeneration, and membrane stripping to recover the eluted ammonium from WAC. We observed over 80% regeneration (elution from resin) and recovery (membrane stripping) efficiencies during multiple adsorption-recovery cycles with synthetic and real urine. Comparing WAC with a strong acid cation exchange resin illustrated the critical role of the proton affinity of resin moieties in regulating resin regenerability and conductivity in EXS, which we distinguished from the rationale for material choice in electrodeionization. Compared to other electrochemical recovery methods using unamended wastewater as an electrolyte, EXS enabled control of electrolyte composition during recovery by separating and equalizing influent ammonium via WAC-mediated removal. This electrolyte engineering facilitated tunable EXS energy efficiency (100-300 MJ/kg N). This study informs the design of electrified, intensified systems that enable decentralized nitrogen recovery from urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Chloe Marie Laguna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Matthew J Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Jinyu Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, California94305, United States
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Mendoza Grijalva L, Brown B, Cauble A, Tarpeh WA. Diurnal Variability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Concentrations in Hourly Grab Samples of Wastewater Influent during Low COVID-19 Incidence. ACS ES&T WATER 2022; 2:2125-2133. [PMID: 37552729 PMCID: PMC9063989 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been widely deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic, but with limited evaluation of the utility of discrete sampling for large sewersheds and low COVID-19 incidence. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was measured in 72 consecutive hourly influent grab samples collected at a wastewater treatment plant serving nearly 500 000 residents when incidence was low (approximately 20 cases per 100 000). We characterized diurnal variability and relationships between SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and physicochemical covariates [flow rate, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and total solids (TS)]. The highest detection rate observed was 82% during the first peak flow, which occurred in the early afternoon (14:00). Higher detection rates were also observed when sampling above median TAN concentrations (71%; p < 0.01; median = 40.26 mg of NH4/L). SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations were weakly correlated with flow rate (Kendall's τ = 0.16; p < 0.01), TAN (τ = 0.19; p < 0.05), and TS (τ = 0.18; p < 0.01), suggesting generally low RNA sewer discharges as expected at low incidence. Our results elucidated sensible adjustments to maximize detection rates, including using multiple gene targets, collecting duplicate samples, and sampling during higher flow and TAN discharges. Optimizing the lower-incidence bounds of WBE can help assess its suitability for verifying COVID-19 reemergence or eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelay Mendoza Grijalva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
| | - Blake Brown
- Central Contra Costa Sanitary
District, Martinez, California 94553, United
States
| | - Amanda Cauble
- Central Contra Costa Sanitary
District, Martinez, California 94553, United
States
| | - William A. Tarpeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
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7
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Ye Q, Li Q, Li X. High concentration of nitrogen recovery from anaerobic digested slurry (ADS) using biochars: adsorption and improvement. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:1565-1577. [PMID: 36178824 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biochar produced from biomass has been increasingly used as an environmentally friendly and low-cost adsorbent. This study systemically evaluated the effects of raw materials including corn straw (CS), cattle manure (CM), and cherry woods (CW) as well as pyrolysis temperature (400, 500, and 600 °C) on the physicochemical properties, such as morphological structure, element content, and surface functionality of biochars. The batch experiments of NH4+-N adsorption using anaerobic digested slurry (ADS) confirmed that CM600 (biochar derived from CM at 600 °C) had the highest adsorption capacity of 18.16 mg·g-1. The effects of coexisting ions in ADS, biochar dosage, adsorption time and initial concentration on NH4+-N adsorption from ADS by the biochars were evaluated. The results of the batch equilibrium and kinetics experiments showed that Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model well described NH4+-N adsorption by the biochars, indicating that physical and chemical adsorption occurred simultaneously. Furthermore, compared to the biochar-modified method, the raw material-modified biochar (CM600-modified biochar) showed excellent adsorption capacity with a maximum of 69.82 mg·g-1 (284% increase) for the high NH4+-N concentration (4,000 mg·L-1) from ADS. Therefore, it was concluded that high-concentration nitrogen recovery from ADS using modified biochar was an effective method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ye
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (Key laboratory for clean renewable energy utilization technology, Ministry of Agriculture), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China E-mail:
| | - Qianhui Li
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (Key laboratory for clean renewable energy utilization technology, Ministry of Agriculture), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China E-mail:
| | - Xin Li
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (Key laboratory for clean renewable energy utilization technology, Ministry of Agriculture), Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China E-mail:
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8
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Clark B, Gilles G, Tarpeh WA. Resin-Mediated pH Control of Metal-Loaded Ligand Exchangers for Selective Nitrogen Recovery from Wastewaters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22950-22964. [PMID: 35166118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly selective separation materials that recover total ammonia nitrogen (i.e., ammonia plus ammonium, or TAN) from wastewaters as a pure product can supplement energy-intensive ammonia production and incentivize pollution mitigation. We recently demonstrated that commercial acrylate cation exchange polymer resins loaded with transition metal cations, or metal-loaded ligand exchangers, can recover TAN from wastewater with high selectivity (TAN/K+ equilibrium selectivity of 10.1) via metal-ammine bond formation. However, the TAN adsorption efficiency required further improvement (35%), and the optimal concentration and pH ranges were limited by both low ammonia fractions and an insufficiently strong resin carboxylate-metal bond that caused metal elution. To overcome these deficiencies, we used a zinc-acrylate ligand exchange resin and a tertiary amine acrylic weak base resin (pH buffer resin) together to achieve resin-mediated pH control for optimal adsorption conditions. The high buffer capacity around pH 9 facilitated gains in the adsorbed TAN per ligand resin mass that enhanced the TAN adsorption efficiency to greater than 90%, and constrained zinc elution (below 0.01% up to 1 M TAN) because of decreased ammonia competition for zinc-carboxylate bonds. During TAN recovery, resin-mediated pH buffering facilitated recovery of greater than 99% of adsorbed TAN with 0.2% zinc elution, holding the pH low enough to favor ammonium but high enough to prevent carboxylate protonation. For selective ion separation, solid phase buffers outperform aqueous buffers because the initial solution pH, the buffering capacity, and the ion purity can be independently controlled. Finally, because preserving the resin-zinc bond is crucial to sustained ligand exchange performance, the properties of an ideal ligand resin functional group were investigated to improve the properties beyond those of carboxylate. Ultimately, ligand exchange adsorbents combined with solid pH buffers can advance the selective recovery of nitrogen and potentially other solutes from wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Clark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Genesis Gilles
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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10
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Le T, Chen X, Dong H, Tarpeh W, Perea-Cachero A, Coronas J, Martin SM, Mohammad M, Razmjou A, Esfahani AR, Koutahzadeh N, Cheng P, Kidambi PR, Esfahani MR. An Evolving Insight into Metal Organic Framework-Functionalized Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tin Le
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Hang Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - William Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-6104, United States
| | - Adelaida Perea-Cachero
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Joaquín Coronas
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - Stephen M. Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Munirah Mohammad
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Amir Razmjou
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Amirsalar R. Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0002, United States
| | - Negin Koutahzadeh
- Environmental Health & Safety, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Peifu Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Piran R. Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Milad Rabbani Esfahani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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Tarpeh WA, Chen X. Making wastewater obsolete: Selective separations to enable circular water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 5:100078. [PMID: 36158609 PMCID: PMC9488079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
By 2050, the societal needs and innovation drivers of the 21st century will be in full swing: mitigating climate change, minimizing anthropogenic effects on natural ecosystems, navigating scarcity of natural resources, and ensuring equitable access to quality of life will have matured from future needs to exigent realities. Water is one such natural resource, and will need to be treated and transported to maximize resource efficiency. In particular, wastewater will be mined for the valuable product precursors it contains, which will require highly selective separation processes capable of capturing specific target compounds from complex solutions. As a case study, we focus on the nitrogen cycle because it plays a central role in both natural and engineered systems. Nitrogen occurs as several species, including ammonia, a fertilizer and precursor to many nitrogen products, and nitrate, a fertilizer and component of explosives. We describe two applications of selective separations: selective materials and electrochemical processes. Ultimately, this perspective outlines the next thirty years of modular, selective, resource-efficient separations that will play a major role in enabling element-specific circular economies and redefining wastewater as a resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Re-inventing the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. 443 Via Ortega, Room 387, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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12
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Hoffman JR, Phillip WA. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Integrated Membrane Systems. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1267-1279. [PMID: 35638635 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Membranes fabricated from self-assembled materials are one recent example of how polymer science has been leveraged to advance membrane technology. Due to their well-defined nanostructures, the performance of membranes made from these materials is pushing the boundaries of size-selective filtration. Still, there remains a need for higher performance and more selective membranes. The advent of functional membrane platforms that rely on mechanisms beyond steric hindrance (e.g., charge-selective membranes and membrane sorbents) is one approach to realize improved solute-solute selectivity and further advance membrane technology. To date, the lab-scale demonstration of these platforms has often relied on fabrication schemes that require extended processing times. However, in order to translate lab-scale demonstrations to larger-scale implementation, it is critical that the rate of the functionalization scheme is reconciled with membrane manufacturing rates. In this viewpoint, it is postulated that substrates lined by reactive moieties that are amenable to postfabrication modification would enable the production of membranes with controlled nanostructures while providing access to a diverse array of pore wall chemistries. A comparison of reaction and manufacturing rates suggests that mechanisms that exhibit second-order reaction rate constants of at least 1 M-1 s-1 are needed for roll-to-roll processing. Furthermore, for mechanisms that exhibit rate constants greater than 300 M-1 s-1, it may be possible to integrate multiple functional domains over the membrane surface such that useful properties emerge. These multifunctional systems can expand the capabilities of membranes when the patterned chemistries interact at the heterojunctions between domains (e.g., Janus and charge-patterned mosaic membranes) or if they exhibit cooperative responses to external operating conditions (e.g., membrane pumps).
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Hoffman
- 205 McCourtney Hall, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William A. Phillip
- 205 McCourtney Hall, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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