1
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Fukuda H, Tsurumaki E, Wakamatsu K, Toyota S. Unusually Short H⋅⋅⋅H Contacts in Intramolecularly Cyclized Helically Fused Anthracenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401627. [PMID: 38751350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The intramolecular coupling of dichloro-substituted helically fused anthracenes using the Yamamoto coupling yielded cyclized products with sterically congested molecular structures. The X-ray analysis and DFT calculations showed that the aromatic framework adopted a nonplanar structure with a twisted conformation about the newly formed single bond, which acts as a chiral axis. Interestingly, the X-ray structure obtained through the Hirshfeld atom refinement revealed short interatomic distances between the inner hydrogen atoms (1.648-1.692 Å), much shorter than the sum of their van der Waals radii. Owing to these unusually short contacts, the 1H NMR spectrum exhibited a significant deshielding (12.5 ppm) and a large nuclear Overhauser effect (44 %). Additionally, the IR spectrum displayed a high-frequency shift of the C-H stretching vibration. These observations, along with the noncovalent interaction plot indicative of a characteristic steric environment, strongly support the presence of steric hindrance. Moreover, dynamic NMR measurement of the mesityl-substituted derivative yielded a barrier to helical inversion of 84 kJ mol-1. The optical properties and crystal packing of the cyclized products are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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2
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Matsuo Y, Gon M, Tanaka K, Seki S, Tanaka T. Synthesis of Aza[ n]helicenes up to n = 19: Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Solubility and Benzannulation Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17428-17437. [PMID: 38866732 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic challenges toward anomalous structures and electronic states often involve handling problems such as insolubility in common organic solvents and oxidative degradation under aerobic conditions. We designed benzo-annulated aza[n]helicenes, which benefit from both the suppressed elevation of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies and high solubility due to hydrogen bonding with solvent molecules to overcome these challenges. This strategy enabled the synthesis of six new aza[n]helicenes ([n]AHs) of different lengths (n = 9-19) from acyclic precursors via one-pot intramolecular oxidative fusion reactions. The structures of all of the synthesized aza[n]helicenes were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and their electrochemical potentials were measured by cyclic voltammetry. Among the synthesized aza[n]helicenes, [17]AH and [19]AH are the first heterohelicenes with a triple-layered helix. The noncovalent interaction (NCI) plots confirm the existence of an effective π-π interaction between the layers. The absorption and fluorescence spectra red-shifted as the helical lengths increased, without any distinct saturation points. The optical resolutions of N-butylated [9]AH, [11]AH, [13]AH, and [15]AH were accomplished, and their circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) were measured. Thus, the structural, (chir)optical, and electrochemical properties of the aza[n]helicenes were comprehensively analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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3
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Watanabe K, Tsurumaki E, Hasegawa M, Toyota S. Structure and Chiroptical Properties of Anthra[1,2-a]anthracene-1-yl Dimers as New Biaryls. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400929. [PMID: 38554080 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Dimers of anthra[1,2-a]anthracene-1-yl units and its mesityl derivative were synthesized by Ni(0)-mediated coupling of the corresponding chloro derivatives as new biaryls. The X-ray analysis and DFT calculations revealed that two polycyclic aromatic units with nonplanar deformations took a twisted conformation about the single bond as a chiral axis. Enantiomers of the nonsubstituted compound were resolved by chiral HPLC, and the enantiopure samples showed intense Cotton effects at 321 nm in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra and emission bands at 449 nm in the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectra with dissymmetry factor of |glum| 3.6×10-3. The absolute stereochemistry of this biaryl was determined by the theoretical calculation of CD spectrum by the time-dependent DFT method. The barrier to enantiomerization was determined to be 108 kJ mol-1 at 298 K. The dynamic process proceeded via a stepwise mechanism involving the helical inversion of each aromatic unit and the rotation about the biaryl axis as analyzed by the DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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4
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Huo GF, Xu WT, Han Y, Zhu J, Hou X, Fan W, Ni Y, Wu S, Yang HB, Wu J. Expanded Azahelicenes with Large Dissymmetry Factors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403149. [PMID: 38421194 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Expanded azahelicenes, as heteroanalogues of helically chiral helicenes, hold significant potential for chiroptical materials. Nevertheless, their investigation and research have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we present the facile synthesis of a series of expanded azahelicenes NHn (n=1-5) consisting of 11, 19, 27, 35, and 43 fused rings, mainly by Suzuki coupling followed by Bi(OTf)3-mediated cyclization of vinyl ethers. The structures of NH2, NH3 and NH4 were confirmed through X-ray crystallography analysis, and their (P)- and (M)- enantiomers were also isolated with chiral high performance liquid chromatography. The enantiomers exhibit large absorption (abs) and luminescence (lum) dissymmetry factors, with |gabs|max=0.044; |glum|max=0.003 for NH2, |gabs|max=0.048; |glum|=0.014 for NH3, and |gabs|max=0.043; |glum|max=0.021 for NH4, which are superior to their respective all-carbon analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Tao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Zhang S, Chen D, Wang JY, Yan S, Li G. Four-layer folding framework: design, GAP synthesis, and aggregation-induced emission. Front Chem 2023; 11:1259609. [PMID: 37638105 PMCID: PMC10450629 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1259609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a type of [1 + 4 + 2] four-layer framework have been conducted by taking advantage of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry. The optimized coupling of double-layer diboronic esters with 1-bromo-naphth-2-yl phosphine oxides resulted in a series of multilayer folding targets, showing a broad scope of substrates and moderate to excellent yields. The final products were purified using group-assisted purification chemistry/technology, achieved simply by washing crude products with 95% EtOH without the use of chromatography and recrystallization. The structures were fully characterized and assigned by performing X-ray crystallographic analysis. UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) were studied for the resulting multilayer folding products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daixiang Chen
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenghu Yan
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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6
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Porsev VV, Evarestov RA. Current State of Computational Modeling of Nanohelicenes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2295. [PMID: 37630880 PMCID: PMC10458037 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This review considers the works that focus on various aspects of the theoretical description of nanohelicenes (other equivalent names are graphene spirals, graphene helicoid, helical graphene nanoribbon, or helical graphene)-a promising class of one-dimensional nanostructures. The intrinsic helical topology and continuous π-system lead to the manifestation of unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties that are also highly dependent on axial and torsion strains. In this paper, it was shown that the properties of nanohelicenes are mainly associated with the peripheral modification of the nanohelicene ribbon. We have proposed a nomenclature that enables the classification of all nanohelicenes as modifications of some prototype classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V. Porsev
- Quantum Chemistry Department, Saint-Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Robert A. Evarestov
- Quantum Chemistry Department, Saint-Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
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7
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Suzuki K, Fukuda H, Toda H, Imai Y, Nojima Y, Hasegawa M, Tsurumaki E, Toyota S. Substituent effects on helical structures and chiroptical properties of fused anthracenes with bulky phenyl groups. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Kiel GR, Bergman HM, Samkian AE, Schuster NJ, Handford RC, Rothenberger AJ, Gomez-Bombarelli R, Nuckolls C, Tilley TD. Expanded [23]-Helicene with Exceptional Chiroptical Properties via an Iterative Ring-Fusion Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23421-23427. [PMID: 36525313 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expanded helicenes are an emerging class of helical nanocarbons composed of alternating linear and angularly fused rings, which give rise to an internal cavity and a large diameter. The latter is expected to impart exceptional chiroptical properties, but low enantiomerization free energy barriers (ΔG‡e) have largely precluded experimental interrogation of this prediction. Here, we report the syntheses of expanded helicenes containing 15, 19, and 23 rings on the inner helical circuit, using two iterations of an Ir-catalyzed, site-selective [2 + 2 + 2] reaction. This series of compounds displays a linear relationship between the number of rings and ΔG‡e. The expanded [23]-helicene, which is 7 rings longer than any known single carbohelicene and among the longest known all-carbon ladder oligomers, exhibits a ΔG‡e that is high enough (29.2 ± 0.1 kcal/mol at 100 °C in o-DCB) to halt enantiomerization at ambient temperature. This enabled the isolation of enantiopure samples displaying circular dichroism dissymmetry factors of ±0.056 at 428 nm, which are ≥1.7× larger than values for previously reported classical and expanded helicenes. Computational investigations suggest that this improved performance is the result of both the increased diameter and length of the [23]-helicene, providing guiding design principles for high dissymmetry molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Kiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Harrison M Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adrian E Samkian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nathaniel J Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Rex C Handford
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - August J Rothenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rafael Gomez-Bombarelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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9
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Chen F, Melle-Franco M, Mateo-Alonso A. Planar and Helical Dinaphthophenazines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7635-7642. [PMID: 35616330 PMCID: PMC9207929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis of a series of planar and helical dinaphthophenazines by cyclocondensation reactions between the newly developed 9,10-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)anthracene-1,2-dione and different diamines. Their optoelectronic and electrochemical properties are studied by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengkun Chen
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO─Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Tang Y, Wu G, Jin S, Liu Y, Ma L, Zhang S, Rouh H, Ali AIM, Wang JY, Xu T, Unruh D, Surowiec K, Li G. From Center-to-Multilayer Chirality: Asymmetric Synthesis of Multilayer Targets with Electron-Rich Bridges. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5976-5986. [PMID: 35442684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis of new atropisomerically multilayered chiral targets has been achieved by taking advantage of the strategy of center-to-multilayer chirality and double Suzuki-Miyaura couplings. Diastereomers were readily separated via flash column chromatography and well characterized. Absolute configuration assignment was determined by X-ray structural analysis. Five enantiomerically pure isomers possessing multilayer chirality were assembled utilizing anchors involving electron-rich aromatic connections. An overall yield of 0.69% of the final target with hydroxyl attachment was achieved over 11 steps from commercially available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Guanzhao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Shengzhou Jin
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yangxue Liu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Liulei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Hossein Rouh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Ahmed I M Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Daniel Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Kazimierz Surowiec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States.,Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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11
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Chen Y, Zhou R, Liu X, Yang C, Wang T, Shi F, Zhang L. π-Expanded triple [5]helicenes bearing dibenzocoronene monoimide subunits. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4671-4674. [PMID: 35319555 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel π-expanded triple [5]helicenes containing three dibenzocoronene monoimide subunits have been synthesized and characterized. The helicenes exhibit low-energy conformational interconversions, as supported by NMR spectra. The single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals a C1 conformation in the solid state. Furthermore, the helicenes exhibit ambipolar transport characteristics in thin film transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Ruihu Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Cao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute Composite Technology Center, Beijing 101300, P. R. China
| | - Fenghui Shi
- AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute Composite Technology Center, Beijing 101300, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
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12
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Kinoshita T, Fujise K, Tsurumaki E, Toyota S, Fukuhara G. A pressure-induced ratiometric signalling chemosensor: a case of helical anthracenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3290-3293. [PMID: 35175268 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00428c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the helical anthracenes, [4]HA, in which two fused anthracene ends are spatially arranged top and bottom, exhibits a ratiometric fluorescence response due to the hydrostatic pressure-dependent intramolecular [4+4] photocyclodimerization. This ratiometric signalling comes from the formation of an intramolecular stacked species and its subsequent photoreaction upon hydrostatic pressurization. The ratiometric indexes as a function of hydrostatic pressure may enable us to quantify an unknown pressure in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Kei Fujise
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
| | - Gaku Fukuhara
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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13
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Karak P, Choudhury J. Conformationally flexible heterohelicenes as stimuli-controlled soft molecular springs. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11163-11173. [PMID: 36320460 PMCID: PMC9517708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally engineered molecules which can behave as stimuli-controlled mechanical nanomachines such as molecular shuttles, rotors, ratchets, and springs are important in several research areas, including molecular robotics, actuation, sensing, cargo transportation, etc. Helicenes, by virtue of their unique screw-type structures, were proposed as functional models for molecular springs; however, experimental realization has remained an elusive and unmet task until now, because of the lack of appropriate helicene molecules consisting of backbone-decorated dynamic architectures. Aiming to explore this unearthed direction, we present herein a novel class of modular flexible heterohelicenes with a stimuli (acid/base and light)-responsive core and peripheral modules. By applying pH (at core-embedded free imidazole sites) and light (at backbone-tethered dithienylethene units) stimuli, we demonstrate that these flexible heterohelicenes exhibit spring-like movement, with the reversible contraction/extension of the helical pitch. The uniquely functionalized structure of these molecules played a critical role in bestowing such capability, as revealed by crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational data. Careful assessment disclosed that the protonation/deprotonation-induced reversible generation and delocalization of positive charge throughout the π-conjugated helical rim switch the operative interactions between the π clouds of the terminal overlapping arene rings of the helicenes between repulsive and attractive, leading to extension/contraction of the helical pitch. On the other hand, in the case of the light stimulus, it was analyzed that the light-induced ring-closure of the photoactive dithienylethene units created a geometric distortion causing the helicenic wings to bend outward from the helicene rim, which resulted in extension of the helical pitch. The photo-assisted (or thermal) reverse ring-opening reaction converted the system to its original conformation, thus enabling the helicene molecule to display spring-like reversible extension/contraction motion. The new insights on the reversible dynamic features of this class of heterohelicenes under the influence of external stress would guide crucial design principles of helicene-based molecular springs for potential applications. Sub-expanded flexible heterohelicenes were configured through a modular synthetic approach to experimentally demonstrate their capability of stimuli-controlled soft molecular spring-like behavior.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirudhan Karak
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462 066, India
| | - Joyanta Choudhury
- Organometallics & Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal 462 066, India
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14
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Li G, Wang JY, Tang Y, Wu GZ, Zhang S, Rouh H, Xu T, Wang Y, Unruh D, Surowiec K, Ma Y. Asymmetric Catalytic Assembly of Triple-Columned and Multiple-Layered Chiral Folding Polymers Showing Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE). Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104102. [PMID: 34962686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The first chiral multi-layer 3D folding polymers have been assembled and regulated by both uniformed and differentiated aromatic chromophoric units between naphthyl piers. Screening catalysts, catalytic systems and monomers was proven to be crucial for asymmetric catalytic Suzuki-Miyaura poly-couplings for this assembly. X-ray crystallography of corresponding dimers and trimers revealed the absolute stereochemistry and the intermolecular packing pattern. Up to 61,960 M w /41,900 M n and m / z = 4317 for polymers and oligomers as confirmed by GPC and MALDI-TOF MS indicated that the present frameworks were composed of multiple layers stacked. The resulting multiple π-assemblies exhibited remarkable optical properties in aggregated states (PL in solids and AIE in solutions), as well as reversible redox properties in electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigen Li
- Texas Tech University, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chemistry and Biochemistry, 79409-1061, Lubbock, UNITED STATES
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- Nanjing University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Yao Tang
- Texas Tech University, Chemistry & Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Guan-Zhao Wu
- Texas Tech University, Chemistry & Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Sai Zhang
- Texas Tech University, Chemistry & Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Ting Xu
- Nanjing University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Yu Wang
- Nanjing University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | | | | | - Yanzhang Ma
- Texas Tech University, Mechanical Engineering, UNITED STATES
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15
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Oda S, Kawakami B, Yamasaki Y, Matsumoto R, Yoshioka M, Fukushima D, Nakatsuka S, Hatakeyama T. One-Shot Synthesis of Expanded Heterohelicene Exhibiting Narrowband Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:106-112. [PMID: 34941256 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An expanded heterohelicene consisting of three BN2-embedded [4]helicene subunits (V-DABNA-Mes) has been synthesized by one-shot triple borylation. The key to success is the excessive use of boron tribromide in an autoclave. Based on the multiple resonance effect of three boron and six nitrogen atoms, V-DABNA-Mes exhibited a narrowband sky-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence with a full width at half-maximum of 16 nm. The resonating π-extension minimized the singlet-triplet energy gap and enabled rapid reverse intersystem crossing with a rate constant of 4.4 × 105 s-1. The solution-processed organic light-emitting diode device, employed as an emitter, exhibited a narrowband emission at 480 nm with a high external quantum efficiency of 22.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Oda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Bungo Kawakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ryuji Matsumoto
- Advanced Material Development Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 6 Kitahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-3294, Japan
| | - Mayu Yoshioka
- Advanced Material Development Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 6 Kitahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-3294, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fukushima
- Advanced Material Development Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 6 Kitahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-3294, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nakatsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Takuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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16
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Morioka K, Wakamatsu K, Tsurumaki E, Toyota S. Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Helically Fused Anthraquinones with Unusually Close Carbonyl-Carbonyl Contacts. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103694. [PMID: 34762325 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electron-deficient aromatic ketones consisting of three fused anthraquinone units were synthesized by oxidation of the corresponding fused anthracenes. X-ray analysis revealed that these compounds had nonplanar helical structures with unusual contacts, C=O⋅⋅⋅C=O 2.467 Å, between the inner carbonyl groups. The role of n⋅⋅⋅π* interactions in the short contacts was evaluated using a noncovalent interaction plot and natural bond orbital analysis. The dynamic process involving helical inversion was observed by the variable temperature 1 H NMR measurement of a derivative with 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl groups, and the barrier was estimated to be 77 kJ mol-1 . DFT calculations indicated that the helical inversion proceeded via a multistep mechanism. The characteristic spectroscopic and electrochemical data due to the electron-deficient anthraquinone units and the sterically congested carbonyl groups are discussed with the aid of DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Morioka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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17
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Suárez-Pantiga S, Redero P, Aniban X, Simon M, Golz C, Mata RA, Alcarazo M. In-Fjord Substitution in Expanded Helicenes: Effects of the Insert on the Inversion Barrier and Helical Pitch. Chemistry 2021; 27:13358-13366. [PMID: 34288171 PMCID: PMC8519012 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of expanded helicenes of different sizes and shapes incorporating phenyl- and biphenyl-substituents at the deepest part of their fjord have been synthesized via sequential Au-catalyzed hydroarylation of appropriately designed diynes, and their racemization barriers have been calculated employing electronic structure methods. These show that the overall profile of the inversions (energies, number of transition states and intermediates, and their relative position) is intensively affected by the interplay of steric and attractive London dispersion interactions. Hence, in-fjord substitution constitutes an additional tool to handle the mechanical properties in helicenes of uncommonly large diameter. The photochemical characterization of the newly prepared helical structures is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Suárez-Pantiga
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Redero
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xaiza Aniban
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Kong Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Sun B, Zhang H, Kan Q, He Z, Luo C, Sun J. Photosensitizer-driven nanoassemblies of homodimeric prodrug for self-enhancing activation and synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:6019-6032. [PMID: 33897896 PMCID: PMC8058734 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrier-free prodrug-nanoassemblies have emerged as promising nanomedicines. In particular, the self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) composed of homodimeric prodrugs with ultrahigh drug loading have attracted broad attention. However, most homodimeric prodrugs show poor self-assembly ability due to their symmetric structures. Herein, we developed photosensitizer-driven nanoassemblies of homodimeric prodrug for self-enhancing activation and chemo-photodynamic synergistic therapy. Methods: In this work, a pyropheophorbide a (PPa)-driven nanoassemblies of an oxidation-responsive cabazitaxel homodimer (CTX-S-CTX) was fabricated (pCTX-S-CTX/PPa NPs). The assembly mechanisms, aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect alleviation, singlet oxygen generation, self-enhancing prodrug activation, cellular uptake, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and synergistic cytotoxicity of pCTX-S-CTX/PPa NPs were investigated in vitro. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics, ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of pCTX-S-CTX/PPa NPs were studied in mice bearing 4T1 tumor. Results: Interestingly, PPa was found to drive the assembly of CTX-S-CTX, which cannot self-assemble into stable NPs alone. Multiple intermolecular forces were found to be involved in the assembly process. Notably, the nanostructure was destroyed in the presence of endogenous ROS, significantly relieving the ACQ effect of PPa. In turn, ROS generated by PPa under laser irradiation together with the endogenous ROS synergistically promoted prodrug activation. As expected, the nanoassemblies demonstrated potent antitumor activity in a 4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice xenograft model. Conclusion: Our findings offer a simple strategy to facilitate the assembly of homodimeric prodrugs and provide an efficient nanoplatform for chemo-photodynamic therapy.
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