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Xiao Y, Yi S, Yan Z, Qiu X, Ning P, Yang D, Du N. Benchmarking the Match of Porous Carbon Substrate Pore Volume on Silicon Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404440. [PMID: 39087387 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is one of the most promising anode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, the huge volume expansion hinders its commercial application. Embedding amorphous Si nanoparticles in a porous carbon framework is an effective way to alleviate Si volume expansion, with the pore volume of the carbon substrates playing a pivotal role. This work demonstrates the impact of pore volume on the electrochemical performance of the silicon/carbon porous composites from two perspectives: 1) pore volume affects the loadings of Si particles; 2) pore volume affects the structural stability and mechanical properties. The smaller pore volume of the carbon substrate cannot support the high Si loadings, which results in forming a thick Si shell on the surface, thereby being detrimental to cycling stability and the diffusion of electrons and ions. On top of that, the carbon substrate with a larger pore volume has poor structural stability due to its fragility, which is also not conducive to realizing long cycle life and high rate performance. Achieving excellent electrochemical performances should match the proper pore volume with Si content. This study will provide important insights into the rational design of the silicon/carbon porous composites based on the pore volume of the carbon substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Si Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhilin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiu
- Carbon One New Energy (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Pengpeng Ning
- Carbon One New Energy (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ning Du
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Katsuyama Y, Yang Z, Thiel M, Zhang X, Chang X, Lin CW, Huang A, Wang C, Li Y, Kaner RB. A Rapid, Scalable Laser-Scribing Process to Prepare Si/Graphene Composites for Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305921. [PMID: 38342674 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Silicon has gained significant attention as a lithium-ion battery anode material due to its high theoretical capacity compared to conventional graphite. Unfortunately, silicon anodes suffer from poor cycling performance caused by their extreme volume change during lithiation and de-lithiation. Compositing silicon particles with 2D carbon materials, such as graphene, can help mitigate this problem. However, an unaddressed challenge remains: a simple, inexpensive synthesis of Si/graphene composites. Here, a one-step laser-scribing method is proposed as a straightforward, rapid (≈3 min), scalable, and less-energy-consuming (≈5 W for a few minutes under air) process to prepare Si/laser-scribed graphene (LSG) composites. In this research, two types of Si particles, Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) and Si microparticles (SiMPs), are used. The rate performance is improved after laser scribing: SiNP/LSG retains 827.6 mAh g-1 at 2.0 A gSi+C -1, while SiNP/GO (before laser scribing) retains only 463.8 mAh g-1. This can be attributed to the fast ion transport within the well-exfoliated 3D graphene network formed by laser scribing. The cyclability is also improved: SiNP/LSG retains 88.3% capacity after 100 cycles at 2.0 A gSi+C -1, while SiNP/GO retains only 57.0%. The same trend is found for SiMPs: the SiMP/LSG shows better rate and cycling performance than SiMP/GO composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Katsuyama
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhiyin Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Markus Thiel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xueying Chang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ailun Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chenxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuzhang Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Fafure AV, Bem DB, Kahuthu SW, Adediran AA, Bodunrin MO, Fabuyide AA, Ajanaku C. Advances in silicon-carbon composites anodes derived from agro wastes for applications in lithium-ion battery: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31482. [PMID: 38845908 PMCID: PMC11153104 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the growing demand for high-performing batteries and different environmental challenges (such include global warming and climate change) have increased the requirement and demand for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in advanced technologies (i.e., electric cars and many others). To meet this increasing demand, there is an urgent need for more advanced technologies and materials. In the pursuit of developing anode materials, silicon has emerged as the utmost favourable choice for the next generation of LIBs, aiming to substitute the commonly used graphite. Carbon is commonly used to render silicon (Si) suitable for use since Si cannot be used directly as the electrode in LIBs. One of the recently discovered techniques in the development of high-performance LIBs is the use of inexpensive, sustainable, renewable, and eco-friendly materials. Agro-waste-derived silicon and carbon are often used as long as they don't negatively affect the LIB anode's performance. This review paper presents the advances in the development of silicon-carbon (Si/C) composite anodes sourced from agro-waste for applications in LIBs. It provides an overview of agro-waste-derived silicon-based anode materials and techniques for extracting silica from agricultural wastes. Next, the outline explains the preparation technique of Si/C composites obtained from agricultural residues for use in LIBs. Additionally, the paper delves into recent research challenges and the potential prospects of materials derived from agro-waste in the advancement of sophisticated LIBs battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetomilola Victoria Fafure
- Department of Physics, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, P. O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
- Partnership for Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology (PASET)- Regional Scholarship and Innovation Fund (Rsif), Kenya
| | - Daniel Barasa Bem
- Department of Physics, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, P. O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
| | | | - Adeolu Adesoji Adediran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, And DST–NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, All University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Christianah Ajanaku
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Khan M, Yan S, Ali M, Mahmood F, Zheng Y, Li G, Liu J, Song X, Wang Y. Innovative Solutions for High-Performance Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Overcoming Challenges and Real-World Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:179. [PMID: 38656460 PMCID: PMC11043291 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has emerged as a potent anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but faces challenges like low electrical conductivity and significant volume changes during lithiation/delithiation, leading to material pulverization and capacity degradation. Recent research on nanostructured Si aims to mitigate volume expansion and enhance electrochemical performance, yet still grapples with issues like pulverization, unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth, and interparticle resistance. This review delves into innovative strategies for optimizing Si anodes' electrochemical performance via structural engineering, focusing on the synthesis of Si/C composites, engineering multidimensional nanostructures, and applying non-carbonaceous coatings. Forming a stable SEI is vital to prevent electrolyte decomposition and enhance Li+ transport, thereby stabilizing the Si anode interface and boosting cycling Coulombic efficiency. We also examine groundbreaking advancements such as self-healing polymers and advanced prelithiation methods to improve initial Coulombic efficiency and combat capacity loss. Our review uniquely provides a detailed examination of these strategies in real-world applications, moving beyond theoretical discussions. It offers a critical analysis of these approaches in terms of performance enhancement, scalability, and commercial feasibility. In conclusion, this review presents a comprehensive view and a forward-looking perspective on designing robust, high-performance Si-based anodes the next generation of LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Khan
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Yan
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mujahid Ali
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guochun Li
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohui Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Choi YJ, Choi JB, Im JS, Kim JH. Effect of Porosity in Activated Carbon Supports for Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19772-19780. [PMID: 37305319 PMCID: PMC10249091 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon supports for Si deposition with different porosities were prepared, and the effect of porosity on the electrochemical characteristics was investigated. The porosity of the support is a key parameter affecting the Si deposition mechanism and the stability of the electrode. In the Si deposition mechanism, as the porosity of activated carbon increases, the effect of particle size reduction due to the uniform dispersion of Si was confirmed. This implies that the porosity of activated carbon can affect the rate performance. However, excessively high porosity reduced the contact area between Si and activated carbon, resulting in poor electrode stability. Therefore, controlling the porosity of activated carbon is essential to improving the electrochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Choi
- C1
Gas & Carbon Convergent Research, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Bin Choi
- C1
Gas & Carbon Convergent Research, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Im
- C1
Gas & Carbon Convergent Research, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Advanced
Materials and Chemical Engineering, University
of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- C1
Gas & Carbon Convergent Research, Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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Zhang M, Wang L, Xu H, Song Y, He X. Polyimides as Promising Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:135. [PMID: 37221393 PMCID: PMC10205965 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have helped revolutionize the modern world and are now advancing the alternative energy field. Several technical challenges are associated with LIBs, such as increasing their energy density, improving their safety, and prolonging their lifespan. Pressed by these issues, researchers are striving to find effective solutions and new materials for next-generation LIBs. Polymers play a more and more important role in satisfying the ever-increasing requirements for LIBs. Polyimides (PIs), a special functional polymer, possess unparalleled advantages, such as excellent mechanical strength, extremely high thermal stability, and excellent chemical inertness; they are a promising material for LIBs. Herein, we discuss the current applications of PIs in LIBs, including coatings, separators, binders, solid-state polymer electrolytes, and active storage materials, to improve high-voltage performance, safety, cyclability, flexibility, and sustainability. Existing technical challenges are described, and strategies for solving current issues are proposed. Finally, potential directions for implementing PIs in LIBs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhi Song
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Facile preparation of PbSe@C nanoflowers as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Wang L, Wang X, Wang Z, Song B, Wan F, Ma X. Electrical‐Conductive/Insulating Bi‐Functional Layers for Stable Zn Metal Anode. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202285. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian 116026 P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian 116026 P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian 116026 P. R. China
| | - Binxin Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian 116026 P. R. China
| | - Fang Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Xiangkun Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Dalian Maritime University Dalian 116026 P. R. China
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9
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Strategies for Controlling or Releasing the Influence Due to the Volume Expansion of Silicon inside Si-C Composite Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124264. [PMID: 35744323 PMCID: PMC9228666 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, silicon is considered among the foremost promising anode materials, due to its high capacity, abundant reserves, environmental friendliness, and low working potential. However, the huge volume changes in silicon anode materials can pulverize the material particles and result in the shedding of active materials and the continual rupturing of the solid electrolyte interface film, leading to a short cycle life and rapid capacity decay. Therefore, the practical application of silicon anode materials is hindered. However, carbon recombination may remedy this defect. In silicon/carbon composite anode materials, silicon provides ultra-high capacity, and carbon is used as a buffer, to relieve the volume expansion of silicon; thus, increasing the use of silicon-based anode materials. To ensure the future utilization of silicon as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries, this review considers the dampening effect on the volume expansion of silicon particles by the formation of carbon layers, cavities, and chemical bonds. Silicon-carbon composites are classified herein as coated core-shell structure, hollow core-shell structure, porous structure, and embedded structure. The above structures can adequately accommodate the Si volume expansion, buffer the mechanical stress, and ameliorate the interface/surface stability, with the potential for performance enhancement. Finally, a perspective on future studies on Si-C anodes is suggested. In the future, the rational design of high-capacity Si-C anodes for better lithium-ion batteries will narrow the gap between theoretical research and practical applications.
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Large areal capacity all-in-one lithium-ion battery based on boron-doped silicon/carbon hybrid anode material and cellulose framework. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:679-688. [PMID: 35032925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Si, featuring ultra-large theoretical specific capacity, is a very promising alternative to graphite for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, Si suffers from intrinsic low electrical conductivity and structural instability upon lithiation, thereby severely deteriorating its electrochemical performance. To address these issues, B-doping into Si, N-doped carbon coating layer, and carbon nanotube conductive network are combined in this work. The obtained Si/C hybrid anode material can be "grown" onto the Cu foil without using any binder and delivers large specific capacity (2328 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1), great rate capability (1296.8 mAh g-1 at 4 A g-1), and good cyclability (76.7% capacity retention over 500 cycles). Besides, a cellulose separator derived from cotton is found to be superior to traditional polypropylene separator. By using cellulose as both the separator host and the mechanical skeleton of two electrodes, a flexible all-in-one paper-like LIB is assembled via a facile layer-by-layer filtration method. In this all-in-one LIB, all the components are integrated together with robust interfaces. This LIB is able to offer commercial-level areal capacity of 3.47 mAh cm-2 (corresponding to 12.73 mWh cm-2 and 318.3 mWh cm-3) and good cycling stability even under bending. This study offers a new route for optimizing Si-based anode materials and constructing flexible energy storage devices with a large areal capacity.
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Muruganantham R, Yang CW, Wang HJ, Huang CH, Liu WR. Industrial Silicon-Wafer-Wastage-Derived Carbon-Enfolded Si/Si-C/C Nanocomposite Anode Material through Plasma-Assisted Discharge Process for Rechargeable Li-Ion Storage. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040659. [PMID: 35214990 PMCID: PMC8878063 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Silicon is a promising anode material for high-performance Li-ion batteries as a result of its high theoretical specific capacity and elemental abundance. Currently, the commercial application of the Si-based anode is still restricted by its large volume changes during the lithiation cycles and low electrical conductivity. To address these issues, we demonstrate a facile plasma-assisted discharge process to anchor nano-sized Si particles into methanol with quick quenching. After the subsequent sintering process, we obtained a Si/SiC/C composite (M-Si). The unique structure not only allowed for the electrolyte infiltration to enhance lithium ion diffusion during charge and discharge process, but also buffered the volume expansion of silicon particles to enhance the rate capability and cycle stability. The M-Si cell electrochemical results exposed good Li-ion storage performance compared to that of the bare Si used cell (B-Si). The electrode cell consisting of M-Si exhibited remarkable enhanced cyclic stability and sustained the reversible specific capacity of 563 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles, with a coulombic efficiency of 99% at a current density of 0.1C, which is higher than that of the B-Si electrode cell that was used. Hence, the as-prepared Si/SiC/C composite is an efficient anode material for Li-ion battery applications. Moreover, these results indicate that the novel plasma-assisted discharge technique will bring a potential durable methodology to produce novel high-performance electrode materials for future advanced large-scale energy-storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasu Muruganantham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Center for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Wei Yang
- Sino Applied Technology Co., Ltd., Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 320030, Taiwan; (C.-W.Y.); (H.-J.W.)
| | - Hong-Jyun Wang
- Sino Applied Technology Co., Ltd., Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 320030, Taiwan; (C.-W.Y.); (H.-J.W.)
| | - Chia-Hung Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Tainan, No.33, Sec. 2, Shulin St., West Central District, Tainan City 700, Taiwan;
- Metal Industries Research and Development Centre, Kaohsiung 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Center for Circular Economy, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2653315; Fax: 886-3-2653399
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