1
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van Hilst QVC, Pearcy AC, Preston D, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Brooks HJL, Crowley JD. A dynamic covalent approach to [Pt nL 2n] 2n+ cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4302-4305. [PMID: 38530770 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A dynamic covalent approach was exploited to generate a family of homometallic [PtnL2n]2n+ cage (predominantly [Pt2L4]4+ systems) architectures. The family of platinum(II) architectures were characterized using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and the molecular structures of two cages were determined by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn V C van Hilst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- The MacDiarmid Institute, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Aston C Pearcy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- The MacDiarmid Institute, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Heather J L Brooks
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- The MacDiarmid Institute, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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2
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Moree LK, Faulkner LAV, Crowley JD. Heterometallic cages: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:25-46. [PMID: 38037385 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
High symmetry metallosupramolecular architectures (MSAs) have been exploited for a range of applications including molecular recognition, catalysis and drug delivery. Recently there have been increasing efforts to enhance those applications by generating reduced symmetry MSAs. While there are several emerging methods for generating lower symmetry MSAs, this tutorial review examines the general methods used for synthesizing heterometallic MSAs with a particular focus on heterometallic cages. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of the cages and their potential emerging applications as host-guest systems and reaction catalysts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana K Moree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Logan A V Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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3
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Laan PM, Bobylev EO, Geels NJ, Rothenberg G, Reek JNH, Yan N. Noncovalent Grafting of Molecular Complexes to Solid Supports by Counterion Confinement. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:24129-24136. [PMID: 38148850 PMCID: PMC10749480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Grafting molecular complexes on solid supports is a facile strategy to synthesize advanced materials. Here, we present a general and simple method for noncovalent grafting on charge-neutral surfaces. Our method is based on the generic principle of counterion confinement in surface micropores. We demonstrate the power of this approach using a set of three platinum complexes: Pt1 (Pt1L4(BF4)2, L = p-picoline), Pt2 (Pt2L4(BF4)4, L = 2,6-bis(pyridine-3-ylethynyl)pyridine), and Pt12 (Pt12L24(BF4)24, L = 4,4'-(5-methoxy-1,3-phenylene)dipyridine). These complexes share the same counterion (BF4-) but differ vastly in their size, charge, and structure. Imaging of the grafted materials by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-HAADF-STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed that our method results in a homogeneous distribution of both complexes and counterions. Nitrogen sorption studies indicated a decrease in the available surface area and micropore volume, providing evidence for counterion confinement in the surface micropores. Following the adsorption of the complexes over time showed that this is a two-step process: fast surface adsorption by van der Waals forces was followed by migration over the surface and surface binding by counterion confinement. Regarding the binding of the complexes to the support, we found that the surface-adsorbate binding constant (KS) increases quadratically with the number of anions per complex up to KS = 1.6 × 106 M-1 equaling ΔG°ads = -35 kJ mol-1 for the surface binding of Pt12. Overall, our method has two important advantages: first, it is general, as you can anchor different complexes (with different charges, counterions, and/or sizes); second, it promotes the distribution of the complexes on the support surface, creating well-distributed sites that can be used in various applications across several areas of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus
C. M. Laan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard O. Bobylev
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert J. Geels
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Yan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
- Key
Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of
Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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4
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Tarzia A, Wolpert EH, Jelfs KE, Pavan GM. Systematic exploration of accessible topologies of cage molecules via minimalistic models. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12506-12517. [PMID: 38020374 PMCID: PMC10646940 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cages are macrocyclic structures with an intrinsic internal cavity that support applications in separations, sensing and catalysis. These materials can be synthesised via self-assembly of organic or metal-organic building blocks. Their bottom-up synthesis and the diversity in building block chemistry allows for fine-tuning of their shape and properties towards a target property. However, it is not straightforward to predict the outcome of self-assembly, and, thus, the structures that are practically accessible during synthesis. Indeed, such a prediction becomes more difficult as problems related to the flexibility of the building blocks or increased combinatorics lead to a higher level of complexity and increased computational costs. Molecular models, and their coarse-graining into simplified representations, may be very useful to this end. Here, we develop a minimalistic toy model of cage-like molecules to explore the stable space of different cage topologies based on a few fundamental geometric building block parameters. Our results capture, despite the simplifications of the model, known geometrical design rules in synthetic cage molecules and uncover the role of building block coordination number and flexibility on the stability of cage topologies. This leads to a large-scale and systematic exploration of design principles, generating data that we expect could be analysed through expandable approaches towards the rational design of self-assembled porous architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Emma H Wolpert
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 6962 Lugano-Viganello Switzerland
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5
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Zhao J, Bobylev EO, Lundberg DJ, Oldenhuis NJ, Wang H, Kevlishvili I, Craig SL, Kulik HJ, Li X, Johnson JA. Polymer Networks with Cubic, Mixed Pd(II) and Pt(II) M 6L 12 Metal-Organic Cage Junctions: Synthesis and Stress Relaxation Behavior. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21879-21885. [PMID: 37774389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages/polyhedra (MOCs) are versatile building blocks for advanced polymer networks with properties that synergistically blend those of traditional polymers and crystalline frameworks. Nevertheless, constructing polyMOCs from very stable Pt(II)-based MOCs or mixtures of metal ions such as Pd(II) and Pt(II) has not, to our knowledge, been demonstrated, nor has exploration of how the dynamics of metal-ligand exchange at the MOC level may impact bulk polyMOC energy dissipation. Here, we introduce a new class of polymer metal-organic cage (polyMOC) gels featuring polyethylene glycol (PEG) strands of varied length cross-linked through bis-pyridyl-carbazole-based M6L12 cubes, where M is Pd(II), Pt(II), or mixtures thereof. We show that, while polyMOCs with varied Pd(II) content have similar network structures, their average stress-relaxation rates are tunable over 3 orders of magnitude due to differences in Pd(II)- and Pt(II)-ligand exchange rates at the M6L12 junction level. Moreover, mixed-metal polyMOCs display relaxation times indicative of intrajunction cooperative interactions, which stands in contrast to previous materials based on point metal junctions. Altogether, this work (1) introduces a novel MOC architecture for polyMOC design, (2) shows that polyMOCs can be prepared from mixtures of Pd(II)/Pt(II), and (3) demonstrates that polyMOCs display unique relaxation behavior due to their multivalent junctions, offering a strategy for controlling polyMOC properties independently of their polymer components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eduard O Bobylev
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathan J Oldenhuis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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James CC, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Transition Metal Catalysis in Living Cells: Progress, Challenges, and Novel Supramolecular Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306645. [PMID: 37339103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The importance of transition metal catalysis is exemplified by its wide range of applications, for example in the synthesis of chemicals, natural products, and pharmaceuticals. However, one relatively new application is for carrying out new-to-nature reactions inside living cells. The complex environment of a living cell is not welcoming to transition metal catalysts, as a diverse range of biological components have the potential to inhibit or deactivate the catalyst. Here we review the current progress in the field of transition metal catalysis, and evaluation of catalysis efficiency in living cells and under biological (relevant) conditions. Catalyst poisoning is a ubiquitous problem in this field, and we propose that future research into the development of physical and kinetic protection strategies may provide a route to improve the reactivity of catalysts in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona C James
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Bobylev EO, Knol RA, Mathew S, Poole DA, Kotsogianni I, Martin NI, de Bruin B, Kros A, Reek JNH. In vivo biodistribution of kinetically stable Pt 2L 4 nanospheres that show anti-cancer activity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6943-6952. [PMID: 37389250 PMCID: PMC10306072 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the application of metal-organic cages (MOCs) in a biomedicinal context, as they can offer non-classical distribution in organisms compared to molecular substrates, while revealing novel cytotoxicity mechanisms. Unfortunately, many MOCs are not sufficiently stable under in vivo conditions, making it difficult to study their structure-activity relationships in living cells. As such, it is currently unclear whether MOC cytotoxicity stems from supramolecular features or their decomposition products. Herein, we describe the toxicity and photophysical properties of highly-stable rhodamine functionalized platinum-based Pt2L4 nanospheres as well as their building blocks under in vitro and in vivo conditions. We show that in both zebrafish and human cancer cell lines, the Pt2L4 nanospheres demonstrate reduced cytotoxicity and altered biodistribution within the body of zebrafish embryos compared to the building blocks. We anticipate that the composition-dependent biodistribution of Pt2L4 spheres together with their cytotoxic and photophysical properties provides the fundament for MOC application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Renzo A Knol
- Dept. of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ioli Kotsogianni
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Dept. of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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8
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Sakata Y, Nakamura R, Hibi T, Akine S. Speed Tuning of the Formation/Dissociation of a Metallorotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217048. [PMID: 36628483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Switching between the formation/dissociation of rotaxanes is important to control the function of various types of rotaxane-based materials. We have developed a convenient and simple strategy, the so-called "accelerator addition", to make a static rotaxane dynamic without apparently affecting the chemical structure. As an interlocked molecule that enables tuning of the formation/dissociation speed, a metallorotaxane was quantitatively generated by the complexation of a triptycene-based dumbbell-shaped mononuclear complex, [PdL2 ]2+ (L=2,3-diaminotriptycene), with 27C9. As a result of the inertness of the Pd2+ -based coordination structure, the metallorotaxane was slowly formed (the static state). This rotaxane formation was accelerated 27 times simply by adding Br- as an accelerator (the dynamic state). A similar drastic acceleration was also demonstrated during the dissociation process when Cs+ was added to the metallorotaxane to form the free axle [PdL2 ]2+ and the 27C9-Cs+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hibi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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9
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Bobylev EO, Ruijter J, Poole DA, Mathew S, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Effector Regulated Catalytic Cyclization of Alkynoic Acids Using Pt 2 L 4 Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218162. [PMID: 36779628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are highly regulated by effector molecules that influences the rate of enzymatic reactions. Inspired by the catalytic regulation found in living cells, we report a Pt2 L4 cage of which the activity can be controlled by effectors that bind inside the cage. The cage shows catalytic activity in the lactonization of alkynoic acids, with the reaction rates dependent on the effector guest bound in the cage. Some effector guests enhance the rate of the lactonization by up to 19-fold, whereas one decreases it by 5-fold. When mixtures of specific substrates are used, both starting materials and products act as guests for the Pt2 L4 cage, enhancing its catalytic activity for one substrate while reducing its activity for the other. The reported regulatory behavior obtained by the addition of effector molecules paves the way to the development of more complex, metabolic-like catalyst systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Ruijter
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Lisboa LS, Riisom M, Dunne HJ, Preston D, Jamieson SMF, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. Hydrazone- and imine-containing [PdPtL 4] 4+ cages: a comparative study of the stability and host-guest chemistry. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18438-18445. [PMID: 36416449 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new [PdPtL4]4+ heterobimetallic cage containing hydrazone linkages has been synthesised using the sub-component self-assembly approach. 1H and DOSY nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESIMS) data were consistent with the formation of the [PdPtL4]4+ architecture. The cage was stimulus-responsive and could be partially disassembled and reassembled by the addition of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and p-tolenesulfonic acid (TsOH), respectively. Additionally, the stability of the hydrazone cage against hydrolysis in the presence of water and nucleophilic decomposition in the presence of guest molecules was compared to a previously synthesised imine-containing [PdPtL4]4+ cage. It was established that the hydrazone linkage was more resistant to hydrolysis. Furthermore, the host-guest (HG) chemistry with a series of drug and drug-like molecules was examined. The hydrazone cage was shown to interact with cisplatin while the smaller imine cage was shown to interact with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in CD3CN. No HG interactions were observed in the more polar d6-DMSO. In vitro antiproliferative activity studies demonstrated both cages were active against the cancer cell lines tested and displayed half-maximal inhibitory (IC50) values in the range of 25-35 μM. Most [PdPtL4]4+-drug mixtures tested had higher IC50 values than the hosts. However, the [PdPtL4]4+ cages, and [PdPtL4]4+:drug mixtures were less cytotoxic than the well established anticancer drugs cisplatin, oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S Lisboa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Mie Riisom
- School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Dunne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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11
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12
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Bobylev EO, Poole DA, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. M 6L 12 Nanospheres with Multiple C 70 Binding Sites for 1O 2 Formation in Organic and Aqueous Media. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15633-15642. [PMID: 35977385 PMCID: PMC9437924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Singlet oxygen is a potent oxidant with major applications
in organic
synthesis and medicinal treatment. An efficient way to produce singlet
oxygen is the photochemical generation by fullerenes which exhibit
ideal thermal and photochemical stability. In this contribution we
describe readily accessible M6L12 nanospheres
with unique binding sites for fullerenes located at the windows of
the nanospheres. Up to four C70 can be associated with
a single nanosphere, presenting an efficient method for fullerene
extraction and application. Depending on the functionality located
on the outside of the sphere, they act as vehicles for 1O2 generation in organic or in aqueous media using white
LED light. Excellent productivity in 1O2 generation
and consecutive oxidation of 1O2 acceptors using
C70⊂[Pd6L12], C60⊂[Pd6L12] or fullerene soot extract
was observed. The methodological design principles allow preparation
and application of highly effective multifullerene binding spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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13
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Tarzia A, Jelfs KE. Unlocking the computational design of metal-organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3717-3730. [PMID: 35229861 PMCID: PMC8932387 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages are macrocyclic structures that can possess an intrinsic void that can hold molecules for encapsulation, adsorption, sensing, and catalysis applications. As metal-organic cages may be comprised from nearly any combination of organic and metal-containing components, cages can form with diverse shapes and sizes, allowing for tuning toward targeted properties. Therefore, their near-infinite design space is almost impossible to explore through experimentation alone and computational design can play a crucial role in exploring new systems. Although high-throughput computational design and screening workflows have long been known as powerful tools in drug and materials discovery, their application in exploring metal-organic cages is more recent. We show examples of structure prediction and host-guest/catalytic property evaluation of metal-organic cages. These examples are facilitated by advances in methods that handle metal-containing systems with improved accuracy and are the beginning of the development of automated cage design workflows. We finally outline a scope for how high-throughput computational methods can assist and drive experimental decisions as the field pushes toward functional and complex metal-organic cages. In particular, we highlight the importance of considering realistic, flexible systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Rancan M, Rando M, Bosi L, Carlotto A, Seraglia R, Tessarolo J, Carlotto S, Clever GH, Armelao L. Dynamic lanthanides exchange between quadruple-stranded cages: effect of ionic radius differences on kinetics and thermodynamics . Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven different [Ln2L4]2− (Ln = La, Nd, Eu, Tb, Er, Tm and Lu) lanthanide-based quadruple-stranded helicates are here reported and transmetalation among pre-assembled cages was studied. Combining two homonuclear helicates...
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Bobylev EO, Poole DA, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. How to Prepare Kinetically Stable Self-assembled Pt 12 L 24 Nanocages while Circumventing Kinetic Traps. Chemistry 2021; 27:12667-12674. [PMID: 34155700 PMCID: PMC8456849 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination-based self-assembled nanostructures have been widely studied, and currently various applications are being explored. For several applications, the stability of the nanostructure is of key importance, and this strongly depends on the metal used in the self-assembly process. Herein, design strategies and synthetic protocols to access desirable kinetically stable Pt12 L24 nanospheres are reported, and it is demonstrated that these are stable under conditions under which the palladium counterparts decompose. Descriptors previously used for palladium nanospheres are insufficient for platinum analogues, as the stronger metal-ligand bond results in a mixture of kinetically trapped structures. We report that next to the dihedral angle, the rigidity of the ditopic ligand is also a key parameter for the controlled formation of Pt12 L24 nanospheres. Catalytic amounts of coordinating additives to labilise the platinum-pyridyl bond to some extent are needed to selectively form Pt12 L24 assemblies. The formed Pt12 L24 nanospheres were demonstrated to be stable in the presence of chloride, amines and acids, unlike the palladium analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O. Bobylev
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - David A. Poole
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Bobylev E, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Catalytic Formation of Coordination-Based Self-Assemblies by Halide Impurities. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12498-12505. [PMID: 34327986 PMCID: PMC8397307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of metal organic polyhedra (MOP) play a crucial role for their application in catalysis and host-guest chemistry and as functional materials. In this contribution, we study the influence of possible contaminations of different metal precursors on the kinetic properties of MOP. Exemplary five different MOP are studied with metal precursors of varying quality. The metal precursors are either obtained from commercial sources or prepared by various literature procedures. Studies into the self-assembly process using 1H NMR and MS analyses were performed on Pt2L4, Pd2L4, Pd6L12, Pd12L24, and Ni4L6 assemblies. Commonly found impurities are shown to play a prominent role guiding selective formation of MOP, as they allow for an escape from otherwise kinetically trapped intermediates. The energy requirement for selective sphere formation is significantly lowered in many examples providing evidence for a catalytic role of halide impurities/additives in the self-assembly process. Furthermore, even though most analytical features such as 1H NMR and MS analyses show identical results for assemblies with different types of metal precursors, the dynamics of formed assemblies differs significantly if slightly less pure starting materials are used. Tiny amounts of halide contaminations make the MOP more dynamic, which can play an important role for substrate diffusion especially if bulky substrates are used. We believe that this study on the influence of impurities (which were shown to be present in some commercial sources) on the kinetic properties of MOP together with procedures of obtaining high purity metal precursors provides important information for future material preparation and provides a better understanding of already known examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard.
O. Bobylev
- van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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