1
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Tay HM, Docker A, Hua C, Beer PD. Selective sodium halide over potassium halide binding and extraction by a heteroditopic halogen bonding [2]catenane. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13074-13081. [PMID: 39148789 PMCID: PMC11322978 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03381g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and ion-pair binding properties of a heteroditopic [2]catenane receptor exhibiting highly potent and selective recognition of sodium halide salts are described. The receptor design consists of a bidentate halogen bonding donor motif for anion binding, as well as a di(ethylene glycol)-derived cation binding pocket which dramatically enhances metal cation affinity over previously reported homo[2]catenane analogues. 1H NMR cation, anion and ion-pair binding studies reveal significant positive cooperativity between the cation and anion binding events in which cation pre-complexation to the catenane subsequently 'switches-on' anion binding. Notably, the heteroditopic catenane displayed impressive selectivity for sodium halide recognition over the corresponding potassium halides. We further demonstrate that the catenane is capable of extracting solid alkali metal salts into organic media. Crucially, the observed solution phase binding selectivity for sodium halides translates to superior functional extraction capabilities of these salts relative to potassium halides, overcoming the comparatively higher lattice enthalpies NaX > KX dictated by the smaller alkali metal sodium cation. This is further exemplified in competitive solid-liquid experiments which revealed the exclusive extraction of sodium halide salts from solid mixtures of sodium and potassium halide salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Tay
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Andrew Docker
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Carol Hua
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Paul D Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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2
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Kampes R, Chettri A, Sittig M, Yang G, Zechel S, Kupfer S, Hager MD, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Schubert US. An Iridium Complex as Bidentate Halogen Bond-Based Anion Receptor Featuring an IncreasedOptical Response. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300183. [PMID: 38595069 PMCID: PMC11095211 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a luminescent Ir(III) complex featuring a bidentate halogen bond donor site capable of strong anion binding. The tailor-made Ir(III)(L)2 moiety offers a significantly higher emission quantum yield (8.4 %) compared to previous Ir(III)-based chemo-sensors (2.5 %). The successful binding of chloride, bromide and acetate is demonstrated using emission titrations. These experiments reveal association constants of up to 1.6×105 M-1. Furthermore, a new approach to evaluate the association constant by utilizing the shift of the emission was used for the first time. The experimentally observed characteristics are supported by quantum chemical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kampes
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Avinash Chettri
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Maria Sittig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Guangjun Yang
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology JenaAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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3
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Wilmore JT, Beer PD. Exploiting the Mechanical Bond Effect for Enhanced Molecular Recognition and Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309098. [PMID: 38174657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of charged species in biological and industrial processes has resulted in ever-increasing interest in their selective recognition, detection, and environmental remediation. Building on the established coordination chemistry principles of the chelate and macrocyclic effects, and host preorganization, supramolecular chemists seek to construct specific 3D binding cavities reminiscent of biotic systems to enhance host-guest binding affinity and selectivity. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) present a wholly unique platform for synthetic host design, wherein topologies afforded by the mechanical bond enable the decoration of 3D cavities for non-covalent interactions with a range of target guest geometries. Notably, MIM host systems exhibit mechanical bond effect augmented affinities and selectivities for a variety of charged guest species, compared to non-interlocked acyclic and macrocycle host analogs. Furthermore, the modular nature of MIM synthesis facilitates incorporation of optical and electrochemical reporter groups, enabling fabrication of highly sensitive and specific molecular sensors. This review discusses the development of recognition and sensing MIMs, from the first reports in the late 20th century through to the present day, delineating how their topologically preorganized and dynamic host cavities enhance charged guest recognition and sensing, demonstrating the mechanical bond effect as a potent tool in future chemosensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Wilmore
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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4
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Taylor AJ, Hein R, Patrick SC, Davis JJ, Beer PD. Anion Sensing through Redox-Modulated Fluorescent Halogen Bonding and Hydrogen Bonding Hosts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315959. [PMID: 38063409 PMCID: PMC10952190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion sensing via either optical or electrochemical readouts has separately received enormous attention, however, a judicious combination of the advantages of both modalities remains unexplored. Toward this goal, we herein disclose a series of novel, redox-active, fluorescent, halogen bonding (XB) and hydrogen bonding (HB) BODIPY-based anion sensors, wherein the introduction of a ferrocene motif induces remarkable changes in the fluorescence response. Extensive fluorescence anion titration, lifetime and electrochemical studies reveal anion binding-induced emission modulation through intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (PET), the magnitude of which is dependent on the nature of both the XB/HB donor and anion. Impressively, the XB sensor outperformed its HB congener in terms of anion binding strength and fluorescence switching magnitude, displaying significant fluorescence turn-OFF upon anion binding. In contrast, redox-inactive control receptors display a turn-ON response, highlighting the pronounced impact of the introduction of the redox-active ferrocene on the optical sensing performance. Additionally, the redox-active ferrocene motif also serves as an electrochemical reporter group, enabling voltammetric anion sensing in competitive solvents. The combined advantages of both sensing modalities were further exploited in a novel, proof-of-principle, fluorescence spectroelectrochemical anion sensing approach, enabling simultaneous and sensitive read out of optical and electrochemical responses in multiple oxidation states and at very low receptor concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Taylor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Sophie C. Patrick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QZUK
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5
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Min Tay H, Johnson TG, Docker A, Langton MJ, Beer PD. Exploiting the Catenane Mechanical Bond Effect for Selective Halide Anion Transmembrane Transport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312745. [PMID: 37772928 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of [2]catenanes capable of selective anion transport across a lipid bilayer are reported. The neutral halogen bonding (XB) [2]catenanes were prepared via a chloride template-directed strategy in an unprecedented demonstration of using XB⋅⋅⋅anion interactions to direct catenane assembly from all-neutral components. Anion binding experiments in aqueous-organic solvent media revealed strong halide over oxoanion selectivity, and a marked enhancement in the chloride and bromide affinities of the catenanes relative to their constituent macrocycles. The catenanes additionally displayed an anti-Hofmeister binding preference for bromide over the larger iodide anion, illustrating the efficacy of employing sigma-hole interactions in conjunction with the mechanical bond effect to tune receptor selectivity. Transmembrane anion transport studies conducted in POPC LUVs revealed that the catenanes were more effective anion transporters than the constituent macrocycles, with high chloride over hydroxide selectivity, which is critical to potential therapeutic applications of anionophores. Remarkably these outperform existing acyclic halogen bonding anionophores with regards to this selectivity. Record chloride over nitrate anion transport selectivity was also observed. This represents a rare example of the direct translation of intrinsic anion binding affinities to anion transport behaviour, and demonstrates the key role of the catenane mechanical bond effect for enhanced anion transport selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Toby G Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Langton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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6
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Jelínková K, Závodná A, Kaleta J, Janovský P, Zatloukal F, Nečas M, Prucková Z, Dastychová L, Rouchal M, Vícha R. Two Squares in a Barrel: An Axially Disubstituted Conformationally Rigid Aliphatic Binding Motif for Cucurbit[6]uril. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15615-15625. [PMID: 37882436 PMCID: PMC10661032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel binding motifs suitable for the construction of multitopic guest-based molecular devices (e.g., switches, sensors, data storage, and catalysts) are needed in supramolecular chemistry. No rigid, aliphatic binding motif that allows for axial disubstitution has been described for cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) so far. We prepared three model guests combining spiro[3.3]heptane and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane centerpieces with imidazolium and ammonium termini. We described their binding properties toward CB6/7 and α-/β-CD using NMR, titration calorimetry, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. We found that a bisimidazolio spiro[3.3]heptane guest forms inclusion complexes with CB6, CB7, and β-CD with respective association constants of 4.0 × 104, 1.2 × 1012, and 1.4 × 102. Due to less hindering terminal groups, the diammonio analogue forms more stable complexes with CB6 (K = 1.4 × 106) and CB7 (K = 3.8 × 1012). The bisimidazolio bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane guest forms a highly stable complex only with CB7 with a K value of 1.1 × 1011. The high selectivity of the new binding motifs implies promising potential in the construction of multitopic supramolecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Jelínková
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas
Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí
2, Praha 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Závodná
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas
Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí
2, Praha 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Janovský
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas
Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Zatloukal
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas
Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Nečas
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kotlářská 2, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Prucková
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas
Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dastychová
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas
Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rouchal
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas
Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Vícha
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomas
Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 5669, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
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7
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Arun A, Docker A, Min Tay H, Beer PD. Squaramide-Based Heteroditopic [2]Rotaxanes for Sodium Halide Ion-Pair Recognition. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301446. [PMID: 37300836 PMCID: PMC10946609 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of squaramide-based heteroditopic [2]rotaxanes consisting of isophthalamide macrocycle and squaramide axle components are synthesized using an alkali metal cation template-directed stoppering methodology. This work highlights the unprecedented sodium cation template coordination of the Lewis basic squaramide carbonyls for interlocked structure synthesis. Extensive quantitative 1 H NMR spectroscopic anion and ion-pair recognition studies reveal the [2]rotaxane hosts are capable of cooperative sodium halide ion-pair mechanical bond axle-macrocycle component recognition, eliciting up to 20-fold enhancements in binding strengths for bromide and iodide, wherein the Lewis basic carbonyls and Lewis acidic NH hydrogen bond donors of the squaramide axle motif operate as cation and anion receptive sites simultaneously in an ambidentate fashion. Notably, varying the length and nature of the polyether cation binding unit of the macrocycle component dramatically influences the ion-pair binding affinities of the [2]rotaxanes, even overcoming direct contact NaCl ion-pair binding modes in polar organic solvents. Furthermore, the cooperative ion-pair binding properties of the squaramide-based heteroditopic [2]rotaxanes are exploited to successfully extract solid sodium halide salts into organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Arun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Hui Min Tay
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOX1 3TAOxfordUK
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8
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Keuper AC, Fengler K, Ostler F, Danelzik T, Piekarski DG, García Mancheño O. Fine-Tuning Substrate-Catalyst Halogen-Halogen Interactions for Boosting Enantioselectivity in Halogen-Bonding Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304781. [PMID: 37228095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new approach towards highly enantioselective halogen-bonding catalysis has been developed. To circumvent the intrinsic issues of the nature of the halogen-bond (XB) and the resultant unresolved limitations in asymmetric catalysis, fine-tuned halogen-halogen interactions between the substrate and XB-donor were designed to preorganize the substrate in the catalyst's cavity and boost enantiocontrol. The present strategy exploits both the electron cloud (Lewis base site) and the sigma (σ)-hole site of the halogen substituent of the substrates to form a tight catalyst-substrate-counteranion chiral complex, thus enabling a controlled induction of high levels of chirality transfer. Remarkable enantioselectivities of up to 95 : 5 e.r. (90 % ee) have been achieved in a model dearomatization reaction of halogen-substituted (iso)quinolines with tetrakis-iodotriazole multidentate anion-binding catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica C Keuper
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36/40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kevin Fengler
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36/40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Ostler
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36/40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Danelzik
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36/40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dariusz G Piekarski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Correnstraße 36/40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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Wilmore JT, Cheong Tse Y, Docker A, Whitehead C, Williams CK, Beer PD. Dynamic Metalloporphyrin-Based [2]Rotaxane Molecular Shuttles Stimulated by Neutral Lewis Base and Anion Coordination. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300608. [PMID: 36929530 PMCID: PMC10947143 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of dynamic metalloporphyrin [2]rotaxane molecular shuttles comprising of bis-functionalised Zn(II) porphyrin axle and pyridyl functionalised macrocycle components are prepared in high yield via active metal template synthetic methodology. Extensive variable temperature 1 H NMR and quantitative UV-Vis spectroscopic titration studies demonstrate dynamic macrocycle translocation is governed by an inter-component co-ordination interaction between the macrocycle pyridyl and axle Zn(II) metalloporphyrin, which serves to bias a 'resting state' co-conformation. The dynamic shuttling behaviour of the interlocked structures is dramatically inhibited by the addition of a neutral Lewis base such as pyridine, but can also be tuned via post-synthetic rotaxane demetallation of the porphyrin axle core to give free-base, or upon subsequent metallation, Ni(II) [2]rotaxane analogues. Importantly, the Lewis acidic Zn(II) porphyrin axle component is also capable of coordinating anions which induces mechanical bond shuttling behaviour resulting in a novel optical sensing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T. Wilmore
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yuen Cheong Tse
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Caspar Whitehead
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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10
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Tay HM, Tse YC, Docker A, Gateley C, Thompson AL, Kuhn H, Zhang Z, Beer PD. Halogen-Bonding Heteroditopic [2]Catenanes for Recognition of Alkali Metal/Halide Ion Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214785. [PMID: 36440816 PMCID: PMC10108176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of halogen bonding (XB) heteroditopic homo[2]catenanes were prepared by discrete Na+ template-directed assembly of oligo(ethylene glycol) units derived from XB donor-containing macrocycles and acyclic bis-azide precursors, followed by a CuI -mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition macrocyclisation reaction. Extensive 1 H NMR spectroscopic studies show the [2]catenane hosts exhibit positive cooperative ion-pair recognition behaviour, wherein XB-mediated halide recognition is enhanced by alkali metal cation pre-complexation. Notably, subtle changes in the catenanes' oligo(ethylene glycol) chain length dramatically alters their ion-binding affinity, stoichiometry, complexation mode, and conformational dynamics. Solution-phase and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies provide evidence for competing host-separated and direct-contact ion-pair binding modes. We further demonstrate the [2]catenanes are capable of extracting solid alkali-metal halide salts into organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yuen Cheong Tse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christian Gateley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Heike Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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11
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Zaleskaya-Hernik M, Karbarz M, Romański J. The use of microelectrodes to study ion recognition by a squaramide-based ion pair receptor consisting of a ferrocene reporter. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Xing X, Yang K, Li B, Tan S, Yi J, Li X, Pang E, Wang B, Song X, Lan M. Boron Dipyrromethene-Based Phototheranostics for Near Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Synchronous Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy of Cancer. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7939-7946. [PMID: 35980815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of photochemical properties of phototheranostics, especially the absorption, fluorescence, singlet oxygen (1O2) generation, and photothermal conversion efficiency, is a hot research topic. Here, we designed and synthesized four boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives with high absorption coefficients and intense fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The substituted electron-donating group significantly improved 1O2 generation and fluorescence of BODIPYs, whereas the electron-withdrawing group boosts photothermal conversion. These hydrophobic BODIPYs were further coated with DSPE-PEG-2000 to form water dispersible nanoparticles (NPs). Among these BODIPY NPs, the B-OMe-NPs with methoxyl substituted at the meso-position showed the highest 1O2 generation, a photothermal conversion efficiency of 66.5%, and an NIR fluorescence peak at 809 nm. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that B-OMe-NPs might be used for NIR fluorescent and photoacoustic imaging-guided photodynamic and photothermal therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejian Xing
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Baoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Siyi Tan
- Huazhi Medical Laboratory Co., Ltd., 618 Heping Road, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Yi
- Surgical Department of Breast and Thyroid Gland, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, P. R. China
| | - Xiangcao Li
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - E Pang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Benhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhi Song
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Minhuan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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13
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Nandi M, Bej S, Ghosh P. NDI-integrated rotaxane/catenane and their interactions with anions. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13507-13514. [PMID: 35997084 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01908f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexation of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions with the heteroditopic Phen-ester oxy-ether macrocyclic wheel (PhenMC) is established for the synthesis of interlocked molecular systems. The single crystal X-ray structure of Na-bound PhenMC confirms the hexacoordinated geometry around the Na ion in the macrocycle. Further, Ca-ion-bound PhenMC (Ca-PhenMC) is explored with a fluorophoric azide-terminated NDI (naphthalene diimide) axle (NDIAz) for the synthesis of fluorophoric [2]rotaxane (NDIROT) and [2]catenane (NDICAT) via Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction. Characterizations of these two new interlocked molecular systems are performed by ESI-MS, NMR, UV-vis and PL spectroscopic studies wherever applicable. Moreover, the new molecular systems are explored towards anion sensing applications via colorimetric, UV-vis-NIR, PL and other spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandira Nandi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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14
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Hein R, Beer PD. Halogen bonding and chalcogen bonding mediated sensing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7098-7125. [PMID: 35799814 PMCID: PMC9214886 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma-hole interactions, in particular halogen bonding (XB) and chalcogen bonding (ChB), have become indispensable tools in supramolecular chemistry, with wide-ranging applications in crystal engineering, catalysis and materials chemistry as well as anion recognition, transport and sensing. The latter has very rapidly developed in recent years and is becoming a mature research area in its own right. This can be attributed to the numerous advantages sigma-hole interactions imbue in sensor design, in particular high degrees of selectivity, sensitivity and the capability for sensing in aqueous media. Herein, we provide the first detailed overview of all developments in the field of XB and ChB mediated sensing, in particular the detection of anions but also neutral (gaseous) Lewis bases. This includes a wide range of optical colorimetric and luminescent sensors as well as an array of electrochemical sensors, most notably redox-active host systems. In addition, we discuss a range of other sensor designs, including capacitive sensors and chemiresistors, and provide a detailed overview and outlook for future fundamental developments in the field. Importantly the sensing concepts and methodologies described herein for the XB and ChB mediated sensing of anions, are generically applicable for the development of supramolecular receptors and sensors in general, including those for cations and neutral molecules employing a wide array of non-covalent interactions. As such we believe this review to be a useful guide to both the supramolecular and general chemistry community with interests in the fields of host-guest recognition and small molecule sensing. Moreover, we also highlight the need for a broader integration of supramolecular chemistry, analytical chemistry, synthetic chemistry and materials science in the development of the next generation of potent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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15
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Hein R, Docker A, Davis JJ, Beer PD. Redox-Switchable Chalcogen Bonding for Anion Recognition and Sensing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8827-8836. [PMID: 35522996 PMCID: PMC9121379 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the success of its related sigma-hole congener halogen bonding (XB), chalcogen bonding (ChB) is emerging as a powerful noncovalent interaction with a plethora of applications in supramolecular chemistry and beyond. Despite its increasing importance, the judicious modulation of ChB donor strength remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we present, for the first time, the reversible and large-scale modulation of ChB potency by electrochemical redox control. This is exemplified by both the switching-ON of anion recognition via ChB oxidative activation of a novel bis(ferrocenyltellurotriazole) anion host and switching-OFF reductive ChB deactivation of anion binding potency with a telluroviologen receptor. The direct linking of the redox-active center and ChB receptor donor sites enables strong coupling, which is reflected by up to a remarkable 3 orders of magnitude modulation of anion binding strength. This is demonstrated through large voltammetric perturbations of the respective receptor ferrocene and viologen redox couples, enabling, for the first time, ChB-mediated electrochemical anion sensing. The sensors not only display significant anion-binding-induced electrochemical responses in competitive aqueous-organic solvent systems but can compete with, or even outperform similar, highly potent XB and HB sensors. These observations serve to highlight a unique (redox) tunability of ChB and pave the way for further exploration of the reversible (redox) modulation of ChB in a wide range of applications, including anion sensors as well as molecular switches and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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16
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Hijazi H, Levillain E, Schöllhorn B, Fave C. Sensitive detection of halides and nitrate in organic and aqueous solvents via selective halogen bonding on TTF‐SAM modified platinum electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Hijazi
- Universite de Paris Faculte des Sciences Chemistry Paris FRANCE
| | - Eric Levillain
- Université d'Angers: Universite d'Angers chemistry FRANCE
| | - Bernd Schöllhorn
- University of Paris Sciences Faculty: Universite de Paris Faculte des Sciences Chemistry 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf 75013 Paris FRANCE
| | - Claire Fave
- Universite de Paris Faculte des Sciences chemistry FRANCE
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17
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Fathalla M. Porphyrin-Bodipy light harvesting [3]rotaxane. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Zhou Y, Wu J, Liu Z, Xu W, Liu M, Jia A, Liu Y, Xiao X, Li X, Yuan L. Threading of three rings on two stations: a convergent approach to [4]rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13506-13509. [PMID: 34816822 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to efficient and selective construction of [4]rotaxane was proposed to demonstrate the superiority of H-bonded azo-macrocycles in forging higher order rotaxanes. The single crystal structure reveals the importance of the interplay of multiple non-covalent bonding interactions, particularly π-stacking interactions, in stabilizing the host-guest complex. This may open an avenue to the synthesis of oligomeric mechanically interlocked molecules containing fewer stations but more rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinyang Wu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zejiang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Weitao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Menglong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Along Jia
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuchen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
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19
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Patrick SC, Hein R, Sharafeldin M, Li X, Beer PD, Davis JJ. Real-time Voltammetric Anion Sensing Under Flow*. Chemistry 2021; 27:17700-17706. [PMID: 34705312 PMCID: PMC9297856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of real‐life applicable ion sensors, in particular those capable of repeat use and long‐term monitoring, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we demonstrate, in a proof‐of‐concept, the real‐time voltammetric sensing of anions under continuous flow in a 3D‐printed microfluidic system. Electro‐active anion receptive halogen bonding (XB) and hydrogen bonding (HB) ferrocene‐isophthalamide‐(iodo)triazole films were employed as exemplary sensory interfaces. Upon exposure to anions, the cathodic perturbations of the ferrocene redox‐transducer are monitored by repeat square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) cycling and peak fitting of the voltammograms by a custom‐written MATLAB script. This enables the facile and automated data processing of thousands of SW scans and is associated with an over one order‐of‐magnitude improvement in limits of detection. In addition, this improved analysis enables tuning of the measurement parameters such that high temporal resolution can be achieved. More generally, this new flow methodology is extendable to a variety of other analytes, including cations, and presents an important step towards translation of voltammetric ion sensors from laboratory to real‐world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Xiaoxiong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
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