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Zhang Y, Zhou G, Liu S, Shen X. Radical Brook rearrangement: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2025. [PMID: 39835385 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs01275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
The Brook rearrangement has emerged as one of the most pivotal transformations in organic chemistry, with broad applications spanning organic synthesis, drug design, and materials science. Since its discovery in the 1950s, the anion-mediated Brook rearrangement has been extensively studied, laying the groundwork for the development of numerous innovative reactions. In contrast, the radical Brook rearrangement has garnered comparatively less attention, primarily due to the challenges associated with the controlled generation of alkoxyl radicals under mild conditions. However, recent advancements in visible-light catalysis and transition-metal catalysis have positioned the radical Brook rearrangement as a promising alternative synthetic strategy in organic synthesis. Despite these developments, significant limitations and challenges remain, warranting further investigation. This review provides an overview of the radical Brook rearrangement, tracing its development from past to present, and offers perspectives on future directions in the field to inspire the creation of novel synthetic tools based on this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Gang Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Xiao Shen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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2
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Dharavath P, Vaggu R, Manda R, Grée R, Das S. Visible-Light-Induced Insertion of Siloxycarbene into Amide N-H Bonds: Synthesis of Carbinolamides from Acylsilanes and Amides. J Org Chem 2025. [PMID: 39831927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
The insertion of carbene into secondary amide N-H bonds remains underexplored in organic synthesis. In this work, we discovered the visible-light-induced insertion of siloxycarbene into amide N-H bonds. This metal-free, facile reaction proceeds with atom economy under mild conditions with a broad range of secondary N-H amides, including benzanilide, acetanilide, oxindole, isatin, quinolinone, and maleimide, affording stable N- and O-acetals in excellent isolated yields. In addition, the chemoselective insertion reveals the robustness of this chemical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Dharavath
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Raju Vaggu
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rajesh Manda
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - René Grée
- Institute for Chemical Sciences in Rennes, University of Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Saibal Das
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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3
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Fu Y, Simeth NA, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Visible and near-infrared light-induced photoclick reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:665-685. [PMID: 39112717 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Photoclick reactions combine the advantages offered by light-driven processes, that is, non-invasive and high spatiotemporal control, with classical click chemistry and have found applications ranging from surface functionalization, polymer conjugation, photocrosslinking, protein labelling and bioimaging. Despite these advances, most photoclick reactions typically require near-ultraviolet (UV) and mid-UV light to proceed. UV light can trigger undesirable responses, including cellular apoptosis, and therefore, visible and near-infrared light-induced photoclick reaction systems are highly desirable. Shifting to a longer wavelength can also reduce degradation of the photoclick reagents and products. Several strategies have been used to induce a bathochromic shift in the wavelength of irradiation-initiating photoclick reactions. For instance, the extension of the conjugated π-system, triplet-triplet energy transfer, multi-photon excitation, upconversion technology, photocatalytic and photoinitiation approaches, and designs involving photocages have all been used to achieve this goal. Current design strategies, recent advances and the outlook for long wavelength-driven photoclick reactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Fu
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Photopharmacology and Imaging, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Lainer T, Pueschmann SD, Torvisco A, Fischer RC, Flock M, Haas M. Synthesis and Photochemistry of Tris(trimethoxysilyl)acyl-silanes and 1,4-Tetrakis(silyl)-1,4-bisacylsilanes. Organometallics 2024; 43:1713-1725. [PMID: 39210990 PMCID: PMC11351433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In this contribution, we present the synthesis of two groups of novel acylsilanes 1-6. Compounds 1 and 2 represent tris(trimethoxysilyl)acylsilanes, and compounds 3-6 are 1,4-tetrakis(silyl)-1,4-bisacylsilanes. All isolated compounds were characterized by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Additionally, these compounds were further analyzed by ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectroscopy and their longest wavelength absorption bands were assigned by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. On the basis of the well-known Brook rearrangement of acylsilanes, we irradiated 1-6 in benzene solutions at 405 nm (λ) for several hours. Photolysis of compounds 1 and 2 afforded the same silene rearrangement products as found in previous investigations of structurally related acylsilanes. In addition, trapping experiments with MeOH further support our proposed mechanism for silene formation. The photolysis of tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)bisacylsilane 3 gave rise to the formation of a monosilene intermediate 10; upon prolonged irradiation, the subsequently formed bissilene undergoes a fast dimerization to bicyclic product 11. Interestingly, unlike the expected head-to-head dimerization of Brook-type silenes, this bissilene undergoes a selective head-to-tail dimerization. In contrast, tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)bisacylsilane 4 undergoes a selective and completely stereoselective double CH activation to air stable bicyclic system 12. The mechanism of this rearrangement is fully described by DTF calculations. Unfortunately, tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)bisacylsilanes 5 and 6 underwent unselective photochemical rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lainer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina D. Pueschmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland C. Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Flock
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010 Graz, Austria
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5
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Liu Y, Li G, Ma W, Bao G, Li Y, He Z, Xu Z, Wang R, Sun W. Late-stage peptide modification and macrocyclization enabled by tertiary amine catalyzed tryptophan allylation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11099-11107. [PMID: 39027288 PMCID: PMC11253200 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Late-stage modification of peptides could potentially endow peptides with significant bioactivity and physicochemical properties, and thereby provide novel opportunities for peptide pharmaceutical studies. Since tryptophan (Trp) bears a unique indole ring residue and plays various critical functional roles in peptides, the modification methods for tryptophan were preliminarily developed with considerable progress via transition-metal mediated C-H activation. Herein, we report an unprecedented tertiary amine catalyzed peptide allylation via the SN2'-SN2' pathway between the N1 position of the indole ring of Trp and Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates. Using this method that proceeds under mild conditions, we demonstrated an extremely broad scope of Trp-containing peptides and MBH carbonates to prepare a series of peptide conjugates and cyclic peptides. The reaction is amenable to either solid-phase (on resin) or solution-phase conditions. In addition, the modified peptides can be further conjugated with other biomolecules at Trp, providing a new handle for bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Liu
- Research Unit of Peptide Science (2019RU066), Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Wen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Guangjun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Research Unit of Peptide Science (2019RU066), Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Research Unit of Peptide Science (2019RU066), Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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6
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Di Terlizzi L, Nicchio L, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Visible photons as ideal reagents for the activation of coloured organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4926-4975. [PMID: 38596901 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the traceless nature of visible photons has been exploited for the development of efficient synthetic strategies for the photoconversion of colourless compounds, namely, photocatalysis, chromophore activation, and the formation of an electron donor/acceptor (EDA) complex. However, the use of photoreactive coloured organic compounds is the optimal strategy to boost visible photons as ideal reagents in synthetic protocols. In view of such premises, the present review aims to provide its readership with a collection of recent photochemical strategies facilitated via direct light absorption by coloured molecules. The protocols have been classified and presented according to the nature of the intermediate/excited state achieved during the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Nicchio
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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7
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Glotz G, Drusgala M, Hamm F, Fischer RC, Došlić N, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Haas M. Wavelength-dependent rearrangements of an α-dione chromophore: a chemical pearl in a bis(hypersilyl) oyster. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4427-4433. [PMID: 38516088 PMCID: PMC10952070 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The symmetric bissilyl-dione 3 reveals two well-separated n → π* absorption bands at λmax = 637 nm (ε = 140 mol-1 dm3 cm-1) and 317 nm (ε = 2460 mol-1 dm3 cm-1). Whereas excitation of 3 at λ = 360/365 nm affords an isolable siloxyketene 4 in excellent yields, irradiation at λ = 590/630 nm leads to the stereo-selective and quantitative formation of the siloxyrane 5. These remarkable wavelength-dependent rearrangements are based on the electronic and steric properties provided by the hypersilyl groups. While the siloxyketene 4 is formed via a hitherto unknown 1,3-hypersilyl migration via the population of a second excited singlet state (S2, λmax = 317 nm, a rare case of anti-Kasha reactivity), the siloxyrane 5 emerges from the first excited triplet state (T1via S1λmax = 637 nm). These distinct reaction pathways can be traced back to specific energy differences between the S2, S1 and T1, an electronic consequence of the bissilyl substited α-dione (the "pearl"). The hypersilyl groups act as protective ''oyster shell", which are responsible for the clean formation of 4 and 5 basically omitting side products. We describe novel synthetic pathways to achieve hypersilyl substitution (3) and report an in-depth investigation of the photorearrangements of 3 using UV/vis, in situ IR, NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Manfred Drusgala
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Florian Hamm
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roland C Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Nađa Došlić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
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8
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Zhang W, Yang DN, Guo DD, Wang P, Han MY. Chemoselective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Dithioacetals through Sequential Carbene Insertion and Acetal Exchange of Acylsilanes and Thiols under Visible Light Irradiation. Org Lett 2024; 26:1282-1286. [PMID: 38301045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Dithioacetals are a frequently used motif in synthetic organic chemistry, and most existing reports discuss only symmetrical dithioacetals. Examples of unsymmetrical dithioacetals are scarce, and few general methods for the selective synthesis of these compounds exists. An intriguing visible-light-induced strategy has been established in this work for sequential reactions of S-H insertion and acetal exchange between acylsilanes and two different thiols that deliver a wide variety of unsymmetrical dithioacetals in moderate yields. The unsymmetrical dithioacetals were obtained with high selectivity, and a great variety of functional groups were tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Ni Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Dou-Dou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Man-Yi Han
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
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9
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Drennhaus T, Leifert D, Lammert J, Drennhaus JP, Bergander K, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed Fukuyama Indole Synthesis from 2-Vinylphenyl Isocyanides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8665-8676. [PMID: 37029692 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Enantioenriched chiral indoles are of high interest for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Herein, we present an asymmetric Fukuyama indole synthesis through a mild and efficient radical cascade reaction to access 2-fluoroalkylated 3-(α-cyanobenzylated) indoles by stereochemical control with a chiral copper-bisoxazoline complex using 2-vinylphenyl arylisocyanides as radical acceptors and fluoroalkyl iodides as C-radical precursors. Radical addition to the isonitrile moiety, 5-exo-trig cyclization, and Cu-catalyzed stereoselective cyanation provide the targeted indoles with excellent enantioselectivity and good yields. Due to the similar electronic and steric properties of the two aryl substituents to be differentiated, the enantioselective construction of the cyano diaryl methane stereocenter is highly challenging. Mechanistic studies reveal a negative nonlinear effect which allows proposing a model to explain the stereochemical outcome. Scalability and potential utility of the enantioenriched 3-(α-cyanobenzylated) indoles as hubs for chiral tryptamines, indole-3-acetic acid derivatives, and triarylmethanes are demonstrated, and a formal synthesis of a natural product analogue is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Drennhaus
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jessika Lammert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Zhou G, Guo Z, Shen X. Electron-Rich Oxycarbenes: New Synthetic and Catalytic Applications beyond Group 6 Fischer Carbene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217189. [PMID: 36594672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxycarbenes have emerged as useful intermediates in synthetic chemistry. Compared to the widely studied oxycarbene metal complexes bearing Group 6 metals, the synthetic and catalytic applications of oxycarbenes beyond Group 6 Fischer carbene complexes are less explored because of the difficulty in controlling their reactivity and the need to use a stoichiometric amount of a presynthesized Group 6 metal carbene complex as the starting material. This Minireview summarizes early synthetic and catalytic applications of late-transition-metal oxycarbene complexes and highlights recent advances in free oxycarbene reactions and transition-metal-catalyzed reactions involving oxycarbenes. We hope this Minireview will inspire further developments in this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Guo
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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11
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Zheng L, Guo X, Li YC, Wu Y, Xue XS, Wang P. Cu/SaBox-Catalyzed Photoinduced Coupling of Acylsilanes with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216373. [PMID: 36465061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with Fischer metal carbene intermediates bearing an electron-rich alkoxyl or siloxyl group remains a big challenge due to the lack of readily available corresponding carbene precursors. Herein, we report the coupling of alkynes with the Fischer-type copper carbene species bearing a α-siloxyl group, which could be in situ generated from acylsilanes catalytically under photoirradiation and redox-neutral conditions. The side-arm modified bisoxazoline (SaBox) ligands prove to be crucial for this coupling reaction, which provides the corresponding alkynyl alcohol in high yields with remarkable heterocycle tolerance and broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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12
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Wiesner T, Heurix M, Fischer RC, Torvisco A, Haas M. Synthesis and Characterization of a Variety of α,ω-Bisacylpolysilanes-A Study on Reactivity and Accessibility. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38025-38036. [PMID: 36312430 PMCID: PMC9609067 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a variety of α,ω-bisacylpolysilanes were synthesized via two synthetic protocols. The first method for obtaining these compounds is based on the substitution reaction of bromine either on silica gel or by the use of silver salts. Surprisingly, instead of the expected bromine substitution product PhC(O)(SiMe2)2C(O)Ph 4a, we found the formation of the diastereomer PhC(O)(SiMe2)2CBrPhOCBrPh(SiMe2)2C(O)Ph 4b indicating a more complex reaction cascade. On the other hand, the phenylated compound 3b yielded the expected bromine substitution product PhC(O)(SiPh2)2C(O)Ph 4c. For the second protocol, we utilized the Corey-Seebach approach to isolate other representatives of this compound class. We found that the substituents at the α-silicon atoms influence the selectivity of the dethioketalization. While the ethylated and phenylated disilanes 5b,c yield the expected bisacyldisilanes 6a,b, the methylated disilane 4a undergoes a BF3-induced Si-Si bond breakage followed by an intermolecular sila-aldol reaction. This hitherto unknown sila-aldol reaction results in the formation of the enantiomer PhC(O)SiMe2C(OMe)PhSiMe2F 6c in excellent yields. All isolated compounds were analyzed by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the photochemical pathways of two representative examples (4b,c) were examined.
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13
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Kobayashi D, Kuraoka E, Hayashi J, Yasuda T, Kohmura Y, Denda M, Harada N, Inagaki N, Otaka A. S-Protected Cysteine Sulfoxide-Enabled Tryptophan-Selective Modification with Application to Peptide Lipidation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1125-1130. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daishiro Kobayashi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kuraoka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Junya Hayashi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takuma Yasuda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohmura
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masaya Denda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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14
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Wiesner T, Glotz G, Wunnicke O, Bleger D, Knezevic I, Torvisco A, Fischer R, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Haas M. The Road to Bisacyldigermanes ‐ A New Compound Class Suitable as Visible Light Photoinitiators. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wiesner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Gabriel Glotz
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | | | | | - Ivana Knezevic
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Roland Fischer
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Michael Haas
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Stremayergasse 9/V 8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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15
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Page ACS, Scholz SO, Keenan KN, Spradlin JN, Belcher BP, Brittain SM, Tallarico JA, McKenna JM, Schirle M, Nomura DK, Toste FD. Photo-Brook rearrangement of acyl silanes as a strategy for photoaffinity probe design. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3851-3856. [PMID: 35432890 PMCID: PMC8966736 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00426g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) is a powerful tool for the identification of non-covalent small molecule–protein interactions that are critical to drug discovery and medicinal chemistry, but this approach is limited to only a small subset of robust photocrosslinkers. The identification of new photoreactive motifs capable of covalent target capture is therefore highly desirable. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new class of PAL warheads based on the UV-triggered 1,2-photo-Brook rearrangement of acyl silanes, which hitherto have not been explored for PAL workflows. Irradiation of a series of probes in cell lysate revealed an iPr-substituted acyl silane with superior photolabeling and minimal thermal background labeling compared to other substituted acyl silanes. Further, small molecule (+)-JQ1- and rapamycin-derived iPr acyl silanes were shown to selectively label recombinant BRD4-BD1 and FKBP12, respectively, with minimal background. Together, these data highlight the untapped potential of acyl silanes as a novel, tunable scaffold for photoaffinity labeling. Irradiation initiated 1,2-photo Brook rearrangement of acyl silanes generated α-siloxycarbene intermediates that were used for photoaffinity labeling. Optimization of the acyl silane group produced a probe capable of capturing small molecule–protein interactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C S Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Spencer O Scholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Katherine N Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Jessica N Spradlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Bridget P Belcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Scott M Brittain
- Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - John A Tallarico
- Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Jeffrey M McKenna
- Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Markus Schirle
- Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
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16
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Ishida K, Kusama H. Generation of (amino)(boryloxy)carbenes from carbamoylboranes and their coupling reaction with aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1625-1628. [PMID: 35022628 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoylboranes were found to react with various aldehydes under heating conditions to give α-hydroxycarboxamides in good yields. A DFT study supports the mechanism, which involves thermally generated (amino)(boryloxy)carbene intermediates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the generation of (amino)(boryloxy)carbene intermediates from carbamoylboranes and its application to carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kusama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
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17
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Bunyamin A, Hua C, Polyzos A, Priebbenow DL. Intramolecular Photochemical [2+1]-Cycloadditions of Nucleophilic Siloxy Carbenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3273-3280. [PMID: 35414869 PMCID: PMC8926286 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible light induced singlet nucleophilic carbenes undergo rapid [2 + 1]-cycloaddition with tethered olefins to afford unique bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane scaffolds. This cyclopropanation process requires only visible light irradiation to proceed, circumventing the use of exogenous (photo)catalysts, sensitisers or additives and showcases a vastly underexplored mode of reactivity for nucleophilic carbenes in chemical synthesis. The discovery of additional transformations including a cyclopropanation/retro-Michael/Michael cascade process to afford chromanones and a photochemical C–H insertion reaction are also described. Visible light induced singlet nucleophilic carbenes undergo rapid [2 + 1]-cycloaddition with tethered olefins to afford unique bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane scaffolds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bunyamin
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Carol Hua
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
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18
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Takeuchi T, Aoyama T, Orihara K, Ishida K, Kusama H. Visible-Light-Induced In Situ Generation of Fischer-Type Copper Carbene Complexes from Acylsilanes and Its Application to Catalytic [4 + 1] Cycloaddition with Siloxydienes. Org Lett 2021; 23:9490-9494. [PMID: 34846907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel methodology for in situ generation of Fischer-type metal-carbene complexes was developed. Photoirradiation to a mixture of an acylsilane and a cationic copper complex cleanly gave a Fischer-type copper-siloxycarbene complex, which was detected by spectroscopic methods. This carbene complex reacted with siloxydienes in a [4 + 1] cycloaddition manner to give cyclopentene derivatives. It is noteworthy that this reaction proceeds with a catalytic amount of copper through in situ generation of a Fischer-type copper-siloxycarbene complex intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiichi Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Aoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kurumi Orihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kento Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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19
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Cai BG, Li Q, Li L, Xuan J. Carbon-oxygen bond formation via visible-light-induced O–H insertion between acylsilanes and oximes. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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