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Malpicci D, Maver D, Rosadoni E, Colombo A, Lucenti E, Marinotto D, Botta C, Bellina F, Cariati E, Forni A. 3-Ethynyltriimidazo[1,2- a:1',2'- c:1″,2″- e][1,3,5]triazine Dual Short- and Long-Lived Emissions with Crystallization-Enhanced Feature: Role of Hydrogen Bonds and π-π Interactions. Molecules 2024; 29:1967. [PMID: 38731457 PMCID: PMC11085060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic room temperature phosphorescent (ORTP) materials with stimuli-responsive, multicomponent emissive behaviour are extremely desirable for various applications. The derivative of cyclic triimidazole (TT) functionalized with an ethynyl group, TT-CCH, is isolated and investigated. The compound possesses crystallization-enhanced emission (CEE) comprising dual fluorescence and dual phosphorescence of both molecular and supramolecular origin with aggregation-induced components highly sensitive to grinding. The mechanisms involved in the emissions have been disclosed thanks to combined structural, spectroscopic and computational investigations. In particular, strong CH⋯N hydrogen bonds are deemed responsible, for the first time in the TT family, together with frequently observed π⋯π stacking interactions, for the aggregated fluorescence and phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Malpicci
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniele Maver
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Rosadoni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy (F.B.)
| | - Alessia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Lucenti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Marinotto
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Botta
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Fabio Bellina
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy (F.B.)
| | - Elena Cariati
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (D.M.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Forni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC) of CNR, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.L.); (D.M.)
- INSTM Research Unit of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Kosar N, Kanwal S, Hamid MHSA, Ayub K, Gilani MA, Imran M, Arshad M, Alkhalifah MA, Sheikh NS, Mahmood T. Role of Delocalization, Asymmetric Distribution of π-Electrons and Elongated Conjugation System for Enhancement of NLO Response of Open Form of Spiropyran-Based Thermochromes. Molecules 2023; 28:6283. [PMID: 37687112 PMCID: PMC10488622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Switchable nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have widespread applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Thermo-switches generate many times higher NLO responses as compared to photo-switches. Herein, we have investigated the geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical properties of spiropyranes thermochromes via DFT methods. The stabilities of close and open isomers of selected spiropyranes are investigated through relative energies. Electronic properties are studied through frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analysis. The lower HOMO-LUMO energy gap and lower excitation energy are observed for open isomers of spiropyranes, which imparts the large first hyperpolarizability value. The delocalization of π-electrons, asymmetric distribution and elongated conjugation system are dominant factors for high hyperpolarizability values of open isomers. For deep understanding, we also analyzed the frequency-dependent hyperpolarizability and refractive index of considered thermochromes. The NLO response increased significantly with increasing frequency. Among all those compounds, the highest refractive index value is observed for the open isomer of the spiropyran 1 (1.99 × 10-17 cm2/W). Molecular absorption analysis confirmed the electronic excitation in the open isomers compared to closed isomers. The results show that reversible thermochromic compounds act as excellent NLO molecular switches and can be used to design advanced electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kosar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology (UMT), C-11, Johar Town, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Saba Kanwal
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Malai Haniti S. A. Hamid
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 45550, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed A. Alkhalifah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
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Crystallization-Enhanced Emission and Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of Cyclic Triimidazole-Monohexyl Thiophene Derivatives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010140. [PMID: 36615335 PMCID: PMC9822294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of organic room-temperature phosphorescent (ORTP) materials represents an active field of research due to their significant advantages with respect to their organometallic counterparts. Two cyclic triimidazole (TT) derivatives bearing one and three hexyl-thiophene moieties, TT-HThio and TT-(HThio)3, have been prepared and characterized. Both compounds display enhanced quantum yields in their crystalline form with respect to those in a solution state, revealing crystallization-enhanced emissive (CEE) behavior. Importantly, while single fluorescence is observed in solution, crystalline powders also feature dual ORTP, whose respective molecular and aggregate origins have been disclosed through X-ray diffraction analysis and DFT/TDDFT calculations. The relation between the photophysical properties of TT-HThio and its crystallinity degree has been confirmed by a decrease in photoluminescent quantum yield (Φ) and loss of vibronic resolution when its crystals are ground in a mortar, revealing mechanochromic behavior and confirming CEE features.
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Jo S, Kim S, Lee Y, Kim G, Kim S, Lee S, Seung Lee T. Synthesis of a dual-emissive pyrene-based fluorescent probe for imaging intracellular viscosity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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