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Starykov H, Bezvikonnyi O, Sych G, Simokaitiene J, Volyniuk D, Lazauskas A, Grazulevicius JV. Effects of donor substituents on the conformational heterogeneity, photophysical, mechanochromic and electroluminescent properties of the donor-substituted fluorine-containing triphenylpyrimidines. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124668. [PMID: 38963947 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Three derivatives of fluorinated triphenylpyrimidine with the attached carbazole, phenothiazine, or acridan donor moieties are synthesized by Buchwald-Hartwig reactions. The impact of the donor units on emissive and other properties of the compounds is reported. The compounds exhibit excellent thermal stability, competitive photophysical phenomena such as room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) appearing when compounds are molecularly dispersed in the rigid polymer matrix and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The compounds with carbazole and phenothiazine donor moieties show the manifestation of triplet-triplet annihilation in the electroluminescence when used as emitters in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The phenothiazine-containing compound exhibit dual photoluminescence with the blue-shifted peak corresponding to the quasi-axial conformer and a red-shifted peak to the quasi-equatorial conformer. This derivative shows reversible shifts of emission spectra exceeding 100 nm due to the stable (at least 4 cycles) mechanochromic luminescence under the application of external stimuli. After grinding the emission intensity maximum is observed at 555 nm, after fuming at. ca 448 nm and after melting at 555 nm. The photoluminescence shifts and ON/OFF delayed fluorescence of the phenothiazine-based emitter occur due to the alteration between the crystalline and amorphous states. Optimization of the device structure allows to control the charge balance resulting in external quantum efficiency of up to 5.7 % observed for the OLED based on the phenothiazine-based emitter. This compound also shows the biggest response to the presence of oxygen acting as the quencher of triplet excited energy. The film of the compound doped in rigid Zeonex shows an 8.4-fold increase in emission intensity after evacuation. The optical sensor fabricated using the derivative of fluorinated triphenylpyrimidine and phenothiazine is characterized by the Stern-Volmer constant 1.37 × 10-4 ppm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hryhorii Starykov
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59 LT-51423, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Oleksandr Bezvikonnyi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59 LT-51423, Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų St. 50 LT-51369, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Galyna Sych
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59 LT-51423, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurate Simokaitiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59 LT-51423, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59 LT-51423, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Lazauskas
- Institute of Materials Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59 LT-51423, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59 LT-51423, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Bokotial D, Bhattacharyya S, Arunkumar S, Das T, Mini Rajendran GR, Chowdhury A. Multi Stimuli Responsive Dual Aggregation-Induced Emission and Photochromic Behavior of a Tetraphenyl Substituted Triphenylamine Derivative and its Application as Anti-counterfeiting Agent. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402086. [PMID: 38865099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
A multi-stimuli responsive tetraphenyl substituted tripehnylamine-based aggregation induced emissive (AIE) material coupled with spiropyran was prepared. Owing to the presence of AIE and photochromic moiety, the molecule exhibits emissive aggregates, photochromism, and acidochromism. The multiple stimuli sensitive behavior of the molecule was explored for anti-counterfeiting behavior on TLC plate and commercial banknotes. The fluorogenic and photogenic response under UV and visible light established the potential of the candidate as a new generation encryption material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikshit Bokotial
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - S Arunkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, India
| | - Trisha Das
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Gokul Raj Mini Rajendran
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aniket Chowdhury
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
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Zhang MX, Yang X, Tan F, Zhang H, Xu N, Zeng G, Xu Z, Hua Liu S. Novel Dual-Emission Emitters Featuring Phenothiazine-S-Oxide and Phenothiazine-S,S-Dioxide Motifs. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400195. [PMID: 38751300 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have successfully designed and synthesized two novel dual-emission emitters featuring phenothiazine-5-oxide and phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide motifs, characterized by highly lopsided and asymmetric conformational states. Through rigorous spectral examinations and DFT calculations, the compounds exhibit distinctive ICT phenomena, coupled with efficient emission in solid states and AIEE characteristics under high water fractions in DMF/H2O mixtures. These non-planar luminogens exhibit vibrant green and blue solid-state luminescence, with fluorescence quantum yields of 24.1 % and 15.21 %, respectively. Additionally, they both emit green fluorescence in THF solution, with notable emission quantum yields (QYs) 36.4 % and 30.4 %. Comprehensive theoretical investigations unveil well-defined electron cloud density separation between the energies of HOMO/LUMO levels within the two luminogens. Notably, the targeted molecule harboring the phenothiazine-S,S-dioxide motif also demonstrates remarkable reversible mechanofluorochromic properties. Moreover, we testify their potential in applications such as solid-state rewritable information storage and live-cell imaging in solution states. Through theoretical calculations and comparative studies, we have explored the intrinsic relationship between molecular structure and performance, effectively screening and identifying new fluorescent molecules exhibiting outstanding luminescent attributes. These discoveries establish a robust theoretical and technical foundation for the synthesis and application of efficient DSE-based MFC materials, opening new avenues in the realm of advanced luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Fen Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Ningning Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Guoping Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
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Fermi A, D'Agostino S, Dai Y, Brunetti F, Negri F, Gingras M, Ceroni P. Unravelling the Role of Structural Factors in the Luminescence Properties of Persulfurated Benzenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401768. [PMID: 38818940 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Room temperature phosphorescence rarely occurs from pure organic molecules, especially in the solid-state. A strategy for the design of highly emissive organic phosphors is still hard to predict, thus impeding the development of new functional materials with the desired optical properties. Herein, we analyze a family of alkyl and aryl-substituted persulfurated benzenes, the latter representing a class of organic solid-state triplet emitters able to show very high emission quantum yield at room temperature. In this work, we correlate structural parameters with the photophysical properties observed in different experimental conditions (diluted solution, crystalline and amorphous phase at RT and low temperature). Our results, corroborated by a detailed computational analysis, indicate a close relationship between the luminescence properties and i) the nature of the substituents on the persulfurated core, ii) the adopted conformations in the solid state, both in crystalline and amorphous phases. These factors contribute to characterize the lowest-energy lying excited-state, its deactivation pathways, the phosphorescence lifetime and quantum yield. These findings provide a useful roadmap for the development of highly performing purely organic solid-state emitters based on the persulfurated benzene platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fermi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum -, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone D'Agostino
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum -, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Yasi Dai
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum -, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum -, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum -, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marc Gingras
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM, 163 Av. de Luminy, 13009 -, Marseille, France
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum -, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Li J, Yang S, Deng Z, Islam A, Wu S, He J, Ni S, Dang L, Li MD. Uncovering the substituted-position effect on excited-state evolution of benzophenone-phenothiazine dyads. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:144502. [PMID: 37818997 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Photofunctional materials based on donor-acceptor molecules have drawn intense attention due to their unique optical properties. Importantly, Systematic investigation of substitution effects on excited-state charge transfer dynamics of donor-acceptor molecules is a powerful approach for identifying application-relevant design principles. Here, by coupling phenothiazine (PTZ) at the ortho-, meta-, and para-positions of the benzene ring of benzophenone (BP), three regioisomeric BP-PTZ dyads were designed to understand the relationship between substituted positions and excited-state evolution channels. Ultrafast transient absorption is used to detect and trace the transient species and related evolution channels of BP-PTZ dyads at excited state. In a non-polar solvent, BP-o-PTZ undergoes the through-space charge transfer process to produce a singlet charge-transfer (1CT) state, which subsequently proceeds the intersystem crossing process and transforms into a triplet charge-transfer (3CT) state; BP-m-PTZ experiences intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process to generate the 1CT state, which subsequently transforms into the 3CT state by the intersystem crossing (ISC) and finally converts into the local-excited triplet (3LE) state; as for BP-p-PTZ, only 3LE states can be detected after the ISC process from the 1CT state. On the other hand, the twisted ICT states are generated via twisted motion between the donor and acceptor for all BP-PTZ dyads or planarization of the PTZ unit in high polar solvents. The excited-state theoretical calculations unveil that the features of ICT and intramolecular interaction between the three dyads play a decisive role in determining the through-bond charge transfer and through-space charge transfer processes. Also, these results demonstrate that the excited-state evolution channels of PTZ derivatives could be modified by tuning the substituted positions of the donor-acceptor dyads. This study provides a deep perspective for the substitute-position effect on donor-acceptor-type PTZ derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Sirui Yang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Amjad Islam
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofei Ni
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Dang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
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Chen Z, Deng DD, Pu S. Recent advances in aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active tetraphenylethylene-modified luminophores with mechanochromic luminescence characteristics. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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