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Jaiswal AK, Saha P, Jiang J, Suzuki K, Jasny A, Schmidt BM, Maeda S, Hecht S, Huang CYD. Accessing a Diverse Set of Functional Red-Light Photoswitches by Selective Copper-Catalyzed Indigo N-Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21367-21376. [PMID: 39058407 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The ability to correlate the structure of a molecule with its properties is the key to the rational and accelerated design of new functional compounds and materials. Taking photoswitches as an example, the thermal stability of the metastable state is a crucial property that dictates their application in molecular systems. Indigos have recently emerged as an attractive motif for designing photoswitchable molecules due to their red-light addressability, which can be advantageous in biomedical and material applications. The lack of synthetic techniques to derivatize the abundant parent dye and a thorough understanding of the impact of structural factors on the photochemical and thermal properties hinder broad applications of this emerging photoswitch class. Herein, we report an efficient copper-catalyzed indigo N-arylation that enables the installation of a wide variety of aryl moieties carrying useful functional groups. The exclusive selectivity for monoarylation likely originates from a bimetallic cooperative mechanism through a binuclear copper-indigo intermediate. Functional N-aryl-N'-alkylindigos were prepared and shown to photoisomerize efficiently under red light. Moreover, this design allows for the modulation of thermal half-lives through N-aryl substituents, while the N'-alkyl groups enable the independent attachment of functional moieties without affecting the photochromic properties. A strong correlation between the structure of the N-aryl moiety and the thermal stability of the photogenerated Z-isomers was achieved by multivariate linear regression models obtained through a data-science workflow. This work thus builds an avenue leading to versatile red-light photoswitches and a general method for structure-property correlation that is expected to be broadly applicable to the design of photoresponsive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Jaiswal
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Priya Saha
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kimichi Suzuki
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Anna Jasny
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, IRIS Adlershof and Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Chung-Yang Dennis Huang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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2
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Yamazaki S, Banno K. Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer toward Conical Intersections in Indigo, Epindolidione, and Indirubin. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39052640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Indigo exhibits a high degree of photostability, experimentally supported by observations such as quenching of fluorescence and an exceptionally short excited-state lifetime. Epindolidione, a structural isomer of indigo, is highly fluorescent in contrast to indigo, while indirubin, another structural isomer, exhibits weak fluorescence similar to that of indigo. To elucidate the origin of the difference in photophysical and photochemical behavior, potential energy profiles of the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in indigo, epindolidione, and indirubin are computationally studied by quantum chemical calculations using the TDDFT and extended MS-CASPT2 (XMS-CASPT2) methods. As a result, it is found that indigo and indirubin exhibit little energy barrier for the single proton transfer (SPT) in the S1(ππ*) state from the diketo to keto-enol form and low energy of the S1/S0 conical intersection (CI) in the latter form with a planar molecular structure. Epindolidione, on the other hand, exhibits much higher barriers for SPT and access to CI. These results suggest that the excited-state SPT and subsequent nonradiative deactivation via CI are more likely to occur in indigo and indirubin than in epindolidione, which is consistent with the experimental observations described above. For indigo and epindolidione, the deactivation channels via the second SPT from the keto-enol to dienol form are also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamazaki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kouta Banno
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
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3
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Yau JCK, Hung KL, Ren Y, Kajitani T, Stuart MCA, Leung FKC. Red-light-controlled supramolecular assemblies of indigo amphiphiles at multiple length scales. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:391-403. [PMID: 38359503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Amphiphilic molecules functionalized with photoresponsive motifs have attractive prospects for applications in smart functional bio-material ranging from cell-material interfaces to drug delivery systems owing to the precisely controllable functionality of self-assembled hierarchical supramolecular structures in aqueous media by a non-invasive light stimulation with high temporal- and spatial-resolution. However, most of reported photoresponsive amphiphiles are triggered by bio-damaging UV-light, which greatly limits the potential in bio-related applications. Herein, we present newly designed red-light controlled N,N'-diaryl-substituted indigo amphiphiles (IA), exhibiting excellent photoswitchablity and photostability with dual red-/green-light in organic media. Meanwhile, aqueous solutions of IA assembled into supramolecular structures in both microscopic and macroscopic length-scale, though the photoresponsiveness of IA is slightly compromised in aqueous media. At macroscopic length-scale, morphological changes of IA macroscopic scaffold prepared by a shear-flow method can be fine adjusted upon red-light irradiation. Moreover, the preferential attachment of live h-MSCs to IA macroscopic scaffold surface also indicates a good biocompatibility of IA macroscopic scaffold. These results provide the potential for developing the next generation of red-light controlled soft functional materials with good biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Chun-Kit Yau
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Lung Hung
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yikun Ren
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- TC College Promotion Office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Franco King-Chi Leung
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Xu H, Chakraborty R, Adak AK, Das A, Yang B, Meier D, Riss A, Reichert J, Narasimhan S, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. On-Surface Isomerization of Indigo within 1D Coordination Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319162. [PMID: 38235942 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Natural products are attractive components to tailor environmentally friendly advanced new materials. We present surface-confined metallosupramolecular engineering of coordination polymers using natural dyes as molecular building blocks: indigo and the related Tyrian purple. Both building blocks yield identical, well-defined coordination polymers composed of (1 dehydroindigo : 1 Fe) repeat units on two different silver single crystal surfaces. These polymers are characterized atomically by submolecular resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy, bond-resolving atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On Ag(100) and on Ag(111), the trans configuration of dehydroindigo results in N,O-chelation in the polymer chains. On the more inert Ag(111) surface, the molecules additionally undergo thermally induced isomerization from the trans to the cis configuration and afford N,N- plus O,O-chelation. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the coordination polymers of the cis-isomers on Ag(111) and of the trans-isomers on Ag(100) are energetically favoured. Our results demonstrate post-synthetic linker isomerization in interfacial metal-organic nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Xu
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ritam Chakraborty
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Adak
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur, Bangalore, 560054, India
- Current address: The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arpan Das
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - Biao Yang
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dennis Meier
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Riss
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shobhana Narasimhan
- Theoretical Sciences Unit & School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur, Bangalore, 560054, India
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C Papageorgiou
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department E20, James Franck Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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5
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Kaplan G, Seferoğlu Z, Berdnikova DV. Photochromic derivatives of indigo: historical overview of development, challenges and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:228-242. [PMID: 38352070 PMCID: PMC10862137 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of indigo dyes is constantly increasing with the evolution of novel textile materials and photochromic material technologies. The aim of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the development of photochromic indigo derivatives from the first report on the photochromic N,N'-diacetylindigo in 1954 until now. We begin with the list of historical milestones in the development of photochromic indigo derivatives. Further, we provide a brief description of the synthetic procedures utilised to obtain indigo and its derivatives, outline the structural peculiarities, photophysical and photochemical properties of indigo and proceed with the detailed discussion of the photochromic indigo derivatives. Finally, we highlight the photochromism of the structural isomers of indigo (isoindigo and indirubin) and provide an overview of prospective applications of indigo photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06560, Turkey
- Sanko Tekstil İşletmeleri, Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. Isko Sb, Bursa, 16400, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Seferoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06560, Turkey
- Organische Chemie II, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Daria V Berdnikova
- Organische Chemie II, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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Zähringer TJB, Wienhold M, Gilmour R, Kerzig C. Direct Observation of Triplet States in the Isomerization of Alkenylboronates by Energy Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21576-21586. [PMID: 37729087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Alkenylboronates are versatile building blocks for stereocontrolled synthesis owing to the traceless nature of the boron group that can be leveraged to achieve highly selective geometric isomerization. Using thioxanthone as an inexpensive photocatalyst, the photoisomerization of these species continues to provide an expansive platform for stereodivergent synthesis, particularly in the construction of bioactive polyenes. Although mechanistic investigations are consistent with light-driven energy transfer, direct experimental evidence remains conspicuously absent. Herein, we report a rigorous mechanistic investigation using two widely used alkenylboronates alongside relevant reference compounds. Through the combination of irradiation experiments, transient absorption spectroscopic studies, kinetic modeling, and DFT calculations with all isomers of the model compounds, it has been possible to unequivocally detect and characterize the perpendicular triplet generated by energy transfer. Our results serve not only as a blueprint for mechanistic studies that are challenging with organic sensitizers, but these guidelines delineated have also enabled the development of more sustainable reaction conditions: for the first time, efficient organocatalytic isomerization under sunlight irradiation has become feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Max Wienhold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraβe 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraβe 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, Röntgenstraβe 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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7
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Kuntze K, Viljakka J, Virkki M, Huang CYD, Hecht S, Priimagi A. Red-light photoswitching of indigos in polymer thin films. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2482-2488. [PMID: 36908950 PMCID: PMC9993840 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Through simple synthetic derivatisation, the parent indigo dye becomes a red-light E-Z photoswitch exhibiting negative photochromism and tuneable thermal isomerisation kinetics. These attributes make indigo derivatives extremely attractive for applications related to materials and living systems. However, there is a lack of knowledge in translating indigo photoswitching dynamics from solution to solid state - the environment crucial for most applications. Herein, we study the photoswitching performance of six structurally distinct indigo derivatives in five polymers of varying rigidity. Three key strategies are identified to enable efficient photoswitching under red (660 nm) light: (i) choosing a soft polymer matrix to minimise its resistance toward the isomerisation, (ii) creating free volume around the indigo molecules through synthetic modifications, and (iii) applying low dye loading (<1% w/w) to inhibit aggregation. These strategies are shown to improve both photostationary state distributions and the thermal stability of the Z isomer. When all three strategies are implemented, the isomerisation performance (>80% Z form in the photostationary state) is nearly identical to that in solution. These findings thus pave the way for designing new red-light photochromic materials based on indigos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kuntze
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Jani Viljakka
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Matti Virkki
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Chung-Yang Dennis Huang
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany .,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Fi-33101 Tampere Finland
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