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Wang H, Wang Y, Zheng C, Wang P, Hu Z, Gao HY. Lying or Standing of Thiophene on a Surface Determines the Reaction Difference. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:10535-10543. [PMID: 39401088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption configurations of molecules on a surface play an important role in the on-surface reaction. In the on-surface synthesis reaction, most of the molecules prefer the lying adsorption configuration to maximize the interaction between the molecule and substrate. In this work, we report an on-surface study of 2,3,4,5-tetrabromothiophene by scanning tunneling microscopy, density functional theory, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Due to different interactions between thiophene and metal surfaces, lying or standing configurations of 2,3,4,5-tetrabromothiophene can be selected by the choice of metal substrates. Moreover, a catalytic role of the metal substrate in the molecular reaction with lying and standing adsorption configurations is demonstrated at the molecular level. This work broadens the understanding of thiophene's configurations in surface reactions and the product diversity driven by adsorption configurations. It also offers a guiding framework for synthesizing multifunctional materials by thiophene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Youjie Wang
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyan Zheng
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Peichao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenpeng Hu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
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2
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Chahib O, Yin Y, Liu JC, Li C, Glatzel T, Ding F, Yuan Q, Meyer E, Pawlak R. Probing charge redistribution at the interface of self-assembled cyclo-P 5 pentamers on Ag(111). Nat Commun 2024; 15:6542. [PMID: 39095352 PMCID: PMC11297031 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus pentamers (cyclo-P5) are unstable in nature but can be synthesized at the Ag(111) surface. Unlike monolayer black phosphorous, little is known about their electronic properties when in contact with metal electrodes, although this is crucial for future applications. Here, we characterize the atomic structure of cyclo-P5 assembled on Ag(111) using atomic force microscopy with functionalized tips and density functional theory. Combining force and tunneling spectroscopy, we find that a strong charge transfer induces an inward dipole moment at the cyclo-P5/Ag interface as well as the formation of an interface state. We probe the image potential states by field-effect resonant tunneling and quantify the increase of the local change of work function of 0.46 eV at the cyclo-P5 assembly. Our experimental approach suggest that the cyclo-P5/Ag interface has the characteristic ingredients of a p-type semiconductor-metal Schottky junction with potential applications in field-effect transistors, diodes, or solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outhmane Chahib
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuling Yin
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jung-Ching Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Nacci C, Civita D, Schied M, Magnano E, Nappini S, Píš I, Grill L. Light-Induced Increase of the Local Molecular Coverage on a Surface. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:5919-5926. [PMID: 38629116 PMCID: PMC11017312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Light is a versatile tool to remotely activate molecules adsorbed on a surface, for example, to trigger their polymerization. Here, we explore the spatial distribution of light-induced chemical reactions on a Au(111) surface. Specifically, the covalent on-surface polymerization of an anthracene derivative in the submonolayer coverage range is studied. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, we observe a substantial increase of the local molecular coverage with the sample illumination time at the center of the laser spot. We find that the interplay between thermally induced diffusion and the reduced mobility of reaction products steers the accumulation of material. Moreover, the debromination of the adsorbed species never progresses to completion within the experiment time, despite a long irradiation of many hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Nacci
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Donato Civita
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Schied
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elena Magnano
- CNR—Istituto
Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Silvia Nappini
- CNR—Istituto
Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Igor Píš
- CNR—Istituto
Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Leonhard Grill
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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4
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Zhong Q, Jung J, Kohrs D, Kaczmarek LA, Ebeling D, Mollenhauer D, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A. Deciphering the Mechanism of On-Surface Dehydrogenative C-C Coupling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1849-1859. [PMID: 38226612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has proven to be a powerful approach for fabricating various low-dimensional covalent nanostructures with atomic precision that could be challenging for conventional solution chemistry. Dehydrogenative Caryl-Caryl coupling is one of the most popular on-surface reactions, of which the mechanisms, however, have not been well understood due to the lack of microscopic insights into the intermediates that are fleetingly existing under harsh reaction conditions. Here, we bypass the most energy-demanding initiation step to generate and capture some of the intermediates at room temperature (RT) via the cyclodehydrobromination of 1-bromo-8-phenylnaphthalene on a Cu(111) surface. Bond-level scanning probe imaging and manipulation in combination with DFT calculations allow for the identification of chemisorbed radicals, cyclized intermediates, and dehydrogenated products. These intermediates correspond to three main reaction steps, namely, debromination, cyclization (radical addition), and H elimination. H elimination is the rate-determining step as evidenced by the predominant cyclized intermediates. Furthermore, we reveal a long-overlooked pathway of dehydrogenation, namely, atomic hydrogen-catalyzed H shift and elimination, based on the observation of intermediates for H shift and superhydrogenation and the proof of a self-amplifying effect of the reaction. This pathway is further corroborated by comprehensive theoretical analysis on the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jannis Jung
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Kohrs
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - L Alix Kaczmarek
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
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Mohammedture M, Rajput N, Perez-Jimenez AI, Matouk Z, AlZadjali S, Gutierrez M. Impact of probe sonication and sulfuric acid pretreatment on graphene exfoliation in water. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18523. [PMID: 37898662 PMCID: PMC10613256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene is a 2D material with promising commercial applications due to its physicochemical properties. Producing high-quality graphene economically and at large scales is currently of great interest and demand. Here, the potential of producing high-quality graphene at a large scale via water-phase exfoliation methods is investigated. By altering exfoliation parameters, the production yield of graphene and flake size are evaluated. Pretreatment of the precursor graphite powder using acidic solutions of H2SO4 at different concentrations is found to increase further the yield and structural quality of the exfoliated graphene flakes. These findings are confirmed through various spectroscopy and surface characterization techniques. Controlling flake size, thickness, and yield are demonstrated via optimization of the sonication process, centrifuge time, and H2SO4 pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Mohammedture
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, PO Box 9639, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Nitul Rajput
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, PO Box 9639, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ana Isabel Perez-Jimenez
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, PO Box 9639, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Zineb Matouk
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, PO Box 9639, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Shroq AlZadjali
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, PO Box 9639, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Monserrat Gutierrez
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, PO Box 9639, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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