1
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Li C, Kaspar C, Zhou P, Liu JC, Chahib O, Glatzel T, Häner R, Aschauer U, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Thoss M, Meyer E, Pawlak R. Strong signature of electron-vibration coupling in molecules on Ag(111) triggered by tip-gated discharging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5956. [PMID: 37749099 PMCID: PMC10519934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron-vibration coupling is of critical importance for the development of molecular electronics, spintronics, and quantum technologies, as it affects transport properties and spin dynamics. The control over charge-state transitions and subsequent molecular vibrations using scanning tunneling microscopy typically requires the use of a decoupling layer. Here we show the vibronic excitations of tetrabromotetraazapyrene (TBTAP) molecules directly adsorbed on Ag(111) into an orientational glassy phase. The electron-deficient TBTAP is singly-occupied by an electron donated from the substrate, resulting in a spin 1/2 state, which is confirmed by a Kondo resonance. The TBTAP•- discharge is controlled by tip-gating and leads to a series of peaks in scanning tunneling spectroscopy. These occurrences are explained by combining a double-barrier tunneling junction with a Franck-Condon model including molecular vibrational modes. This work demonstrates that suitable precursor design enables gate-dependent vibrational excitations of molecules on a metal, thereby providing a method to investigate electron-vibration coupling in molecular assemblies without a decoupling layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Kaspar
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jung-Ching Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Outhmane Chahib
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Thoss
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Liu Z, Vilhena JG, Hinaut A, Scherb S, Luo F, Zhang J, Glatzel T, Gnecco E, Meyer E. Moiré-Tile Manipulation-Induced Friction Switch of Graphene on a Platinum Surface. Nano Lett 2023; 23:4693-4697. [PMID: 36917620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Friction control and technological advancement are intimately intertwined. Concomitantly, two-dimensional materials occupy a unique position for realizing quasi-frictionless contacts. However, the question arises of how to tune superlubric sliding. Drawing inspiration from twistronics, we propose to control superlubricity via moiré patterning. Friction force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations unequivocally demonstrate a transition from a superlubric to dissipative sliding regime for different twist angles of graphene moirés on a Pt(111) surface triggered by the normal force. This follows from a novel mechanism at superlattice level where, beyond a critical load, moiré tiles are manipulated in a highly dissipative shear process connected to the twist angle. Importantly, the atomic detail of the dissipation associated with the moiré tile manipulation─i.e., enduring forced registry beyond a critical normal load─allows the bridging of disparate sliding regimes in a reversible manner, thus paving the road for a subtly intrinsic control of superlubricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J G Vilhena
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feng Luo
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Gnecco
- M. Smoluchowksi Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Scherb S, Hinaut A, Yao X, Götz A, Al-Hilfi SH, Wang XY, Hu Y, Qiu Z, Song Y, Müllen K, Glatzel T, Narita A, Meyer E. Solution-Synthesized Extended Graphene Nanoribbons Deposited by High-Vacuum Electrospray Deposition. ACS Nano 2023; 17:597-605. [PMID: 36542550 PMCID: PMC9835822 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solution-synthesized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) facilitate various interesting structures and functionalities, like nonplanarity and thermolabile functional groups, that are not or not easily accessible by on-surface synthesis. Here, we show the successful high-vacuum electrospray deposition (HVESD) of well-elongated solution-synthesized GNRs on surfaces maintained in ultrahigh vacuum. We compare three distinct GNRs, a twisted nonplanar fjord-edged GNR, a methoxy-functionalized "cove"-type (or also called gulf) GNR, and a longer "cove"-type GNR both equipped with alkyl chains on Au(111). Nc-AFM measurements at room temperature with submolecular imaging combined with Raman spectroscopy allow us to characterize individual GNRs and confirm their chemical integrity. The fjord-GNR and methoxy-GNR are additionally deposited on nonmetallic HOPG and SiO2, and fjord-GNR is deposited on a KBr(001) surface, facilitating the study of GNRs on substrates, as of now not accessible by on-surface synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scherb
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alicia Götz
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Samir H. Al-Hilfi
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunbin Hu
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yiming Song
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Song Y, Gao X, Hinaut A, Scherb S, Huang S, Glatzel T, Hod O, Urbakh M, Meyer E. Velocity Dependence of Moiré Friction. Nano Lett 2022; 22:9529-9536. [PMID: 36449068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Friction force microscopy experiments on moiré superstructures of graphene-coated platinum surfaces demonstrate that in addition to atomic stick-slip dynamics, a new dominant energy dissipation route emerges. The underlying mechanism, revealed by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, is related to moiré ridge elastic deformations and subsequent relaxation due to the action of the pushing tip. The measured frictional velocity dependence displays two distinct regimes: (i) at low velocities, the friction force is small and nearly constant; and (ii) above some threshold, friction increases logarithmically with velocity. The threshold velocity, separating the two frictional regimes, decreases with increasing normal load and moiré superstructure period. Based on the measurements and simulation results, a phenomenological model is derived, allowing us to calculate friction under a wide range of room temperature experimental conditions (sliding velocities of 1-104 nm/s and a broad range of normal loads) and providing excellent agreement with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Song
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Shuyu Huang
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michael Urbakh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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5
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Vilhena JG, Pawlak R, D'Astolfo P, Liu X, Gnecco E, Kisiel M, Glatzel T, Pérez R, Häner R, Decurtins S, Baratoff A, Prampolini G, Liu SX, Meyer E. Flexible Superlubricity Unveiled in Sidewinding Motion of Individual Polymeric Chains. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:216102. [PMID: 35687435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.216102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A combination of low temperature atomic force microcopy and molecular dynamic simulations is used to demonstrate that soft designer molecules realize a sidewinding motion when dragged over a gold surface. Exploiting their longitudinal flexibility, pyrenylene chains are indeed able to lower diffusion energy barriers via on-surface directional locking and molecular strain. The resulting ultralow friction reaches values on the order of tens of pN reported so far only for rigid chains sliding on an incommensurate surface. Therefore, we demonstrate how molecular flexibility can be harnessed to realize complex nanomotion while retaining a superlubric character. This is in contrast with the paradigm guiding the design of most superlubric nanocontacts (mismatched rigid contacting surfaces).
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Vilhena
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp D'Astolfo
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-tech University, 314423 Hangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Gnecco
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kisiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rúben Pérez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Baratoff
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Prampolini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICCOM-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Liu Z, Hinaut A, Peeters S, Scherb S, Meyer E, Righi MC, Glatzel T. 2D KBr/Graphene Heterostructures-Influence on Work Function and Friction. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12060968. [PMID: 35335781 PMCID: PMC8949013 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intercalation of graphene is an effective approach to modify the electronic properties of two-dimensional heterostructures for attractive phenomena and applications. In this work, we characterize the growth and surface properties of ionic KBr layers altered by graphene using ultra-high vacuum atomic force microscopy at room temperature. We observed a strong rippling of the KBr islands on Ir(111), which is induced by a specific layer reconstruction but disappears when graphene is introduced in between. The latter causes a consistent change in both the work function and the frictional forces measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy and frictional force microscopy, respectively. Systematic density functional theory calculations of the different systems show that the change in work function is induced by the formation of a surface dipole moment while the friction force is dominated by adhesion forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.H.); (S.S.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (T.G.)
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.H.); (S.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Stefan Peeters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.H.); (S.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.H.); (S.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Maria Clelia Righi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (A.H.); (S.S.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (T.G.)
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7
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Drechsel C, D’Astolfo P, Liu JC, Glatzel T, Pawlak R, Meyer E. Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111). Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2022; 13:1-9. [PMID: 35059274 PMCID: PMC8744454 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Topological superconductivity emerging in one- or two-dimensional hybrid materials is predicted as a key ingredient for quantum computing. However, not only the design of complex heterostructures is primordial for future applications but also the characterization of their electronic and structural properties at the atomic scale using the most advanced scanning probe microscopy techniques with functionalized tips. We report on the topographic signatures observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules, iron (Fe) atoms and sodium chloride (NaCl) islands deposited on superconducting Pb(111). For the CO adsorption a comparison with the Pb(110) substrate is demonstrated. We show a general propensity of these adsorbates to diffuse at low temperature under gentle scanning conditions. Our findings provide new insights into high-resolution probe microscopy imaging with terminated tips, decoupling atoms and molecules by NaCl islands or tip-induced lateral manipulation of iron atoms on top of the prototypical Pb(111) superconducting surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Drechsel
- Department of Physics, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp D’Astolfo
- Department of Physics, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jung-Ching Liu
- Department of Physics, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Hinaut A, Scherb S, Freund S, Liu Z, Glatzel T, Meyer E. Influence of electrospray deposition on C 60 molecular assemblies. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2021; 12:552-558. [PMID: 34221801 PMCID: PMC8218541 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining clean conditions for samples during all steps of preparation and investigation is important for scanning probe studies at the atomic or molecular level. For large or fragile organic molecules, where sublimation cannot be used, high-vacuum electrospray deposition is a good alternative. However, because this method requires the introduction into vacuum of the molecules from solution, clean conditions are more difficult to be maintained. Additionally, because the presence of solvent on the surface cannot be fully eliminated, one has to take care of its possible influence. Here, we compare the high-vacuum electrospray deposition method to thermal evaporation for the preparation of C60 on different surfaces and compare, for sub-monolayer coverages, the influence of the deposition method on the formation of molecular assemblies. Whereas the island location is the main difference for metal surfaces, we observe for alkali halide and metal oxide substrates that the high-vacuum electrospray method can yield single isolated molecules accompanied by surface modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Freund
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Liu Z, Hinaut A, Peeters S, Scherb S, Meyer E, Righi MC, Glatzel T. Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2021; 12:432-439. [PMID: 34104621 PMCID: PMC8144921 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel reconstruction of a two-dimensional layer of KBr on an Ir(111) surface is observed by high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy and verified by density functional theory (DFT). The observed KBr structure is oriented along the main directions of the Ir(111) surface, but forms a characteristic double-line pattern. Comprehensive calculations by DFT, taking into account the observed periodicities, resulted in a new low-energy reconstruction. However, it is fully relaxed into a common cubic structure when a monolayer of graphene is located between substrate and KBr. By using Kelvin probe force microscopy, the work functions of the reconstructed and the cubic configuration of KBr were measured and indicate, in accordance with the DFT calculations, a difference of nearly 900 meV. The difference is due to the strong interaction and local charge displacement of the K+/Br- ions and the Ir(111) surface, which are reduced by the decoupling effect of graphene, thus yielding different electrical and mechanical properties of the top KBr layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Peeters
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Clelia Righi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Pawlak R, Vilhena JG, D'Astolfo P, Liu X, Prampolini G, Meier T, Glatzel T, Lemkul JA, Häner R, Decurtins S, Baratoff A, Pérez R, Liu SX, Meyer E. Sequential Bending and Twisting around C-C Single Bonds by Mechanical Lifting of a Pre-Adsorbed Polymer. Nano Lett 2020; 20:652-657. [PMID: 31797665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bending and twisting around carbon-carbon single bonds are ubiquitous in natural and synthetic polymers. Force-induced changes were so far not measured at the single-monomer level, owing to limited ways to apply local forces. We quantified down to the submolecular level the mechanical response within individual poly-pyrenylene chains upon their detachment from a gold surface with an atomic force microscope at 5 K. Computer simulations based on a dedicated force field reproduce the experimental traces and reveal symmetry-broken bent and rotated conformations of the sliding physisorbed segment besides steric hindrance of the just lifted monomer. Our study also shows that the tip-molecule bond remains intact but remarkably soft and links force variations to complex but well-defined conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - J G Vilhena
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Philipp D'Astolfo
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , Bern , CH 3012 , Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Prampolini
- CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR) , Pisa , Italy
| | - Tobias Meier
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Justin A Lemkul
- Department of Biochemistry , Virginia Tech , 303 Engel Hall, 340 West Campus Drive , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , Bern , CH 3012 , Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , Bern , CH 3012 , Switzerland
| | - Alexis Baratoff
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Rubén Pérez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid , Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , E-28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , Bern , CH 3012 , Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
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11
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Scherb S, Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Vilhena JG, Liu Y, Freund S, Liu Z, Feng X, Müllen K, Glatzel T, Narita A, Meyer E. Giant thermal expansion of a two-dimensional supramolecular network triggered by alkyl chain motion. Commun Mater 2020; 1:8. [PMID: 32259137 PMCID: PMC7099928 DOI: 10.1038/s43246-020-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal expansion, the response in shape, area or volume of a solid with heat, is usually large in molecular materials compared to their inorganic counterparts. Resulting from the intrinsic molecule flexibility, conformational changes or variable intermolecular interactions, the exact interplay between these mechanisms is however poorly understood down to the molecular level. Here, we investigate the structural variations of a two-dimensional supramolecular network on Au(111) consisting of shape persistent polyphenylene molecules equipped with peripheral dodecyl chains. By comparing high-resolution scanning probe microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations obtained at 5 and 300 K, we determine the thermal expansion coefficient of the assembly of 980 ± 110 × 10-6 K-1, twice larger than other molecular systems hitherto reported in the literature, and two orders of magnitude larger than conventional materials. This giant positive expansion originates from the increased mobility of the dodecyl chains with temperature that determine the intermolecular interactions and the network spacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. G. Vilhena
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yi Liu
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Freund
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Schulzendorf M, Hinaut A, Kisiel M, Jöhr R, Pawlak R, Restuccia P, Meyer E, Righi MC, Glatzel T. Altering the Properties of Graphene on Cu(111) by Intercalation of Potassium Bromide. ACS Nano 2019; 13:5485-5492. [PMID: 30983325 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic growth on transition metal surfaces provides a clean and controllable route to obtain defect-free, monocrystalline graphene. However, graphene's optical and electronic properties are diminished by the interaction with the metal substrate. One way to overcome this obstacle is the intercalation of atoms and molecules decoupling the graphene and restoring its electronic structure. We applied noncontact atomic force microscopy to study the structural and electric properties of graphene on clean Cu(111) and after the adsorption of KBr or NaCl. By means of Kelvin probe force microscopy, a change in graphene's work function has been observed after the deposition of KBr, indicating a changed graphene-substrate interaction. Further measurements of single-electron charging events as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed an electronic decoupling of the graphene islands by KBr intercalation. The results have been compared with density functional theory calculations, supporting our experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schulzendorf
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Marcin Kisiel
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nanoscience , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Amalienstr. 54 , 80799 Munich , Germany
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Paolo Restuccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche , Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , Via Campi 213/A , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Maria Clelia Righi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche , Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , Via Campi 213/A , 41125 Modena , Italy
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
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13
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Freund S, Hinaut A, Marinakis N, Constable EC, Meyer E, Housecroft CE, Glatzel T. Comparing a porphyrin- and a coumarin-based dye adsorbed on NiO(001). Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2019; 10:874-881. [PMID: 31165014 PMCID: PMC6541355 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Properties of metal oxides, such as optical absorption, can be influenced through the sensitization with molecular species that absorb visible light. Molecular/solid interfaces of this kind are particularly suited for the development and design of emerging hybrid technologies such as dye-sensitized solar cells. A key optimization parameter for such devices is the choice of the compounds in order to control the direction and the intensity of charge transfer across the interface. Here, the deposition of two different molecular dyes, porphyrin and coumarin, as single-layered islands on a NiO(001) single crystal surface have been studied by means of non-contact atomic force microscopy at room temperature. Comparison of both island types reveals different adsorption and packing of each dye, as well as an opposite charge-transfer direction, which has been quantified by Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freund
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Marinakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Pawlak R, Vilhena JG, Hinaut A, Meier T, Glatzel T, Baratoff A, Gnecco E, Pérez R, Meyer E. Conformations and cryo-force spectroscopy of spray-deposited single-strand DNA on gold. Nat Commun 2019; 10:685. [PMID: 30737410 PMCID: PMC6368621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy can determine the structure of biological matter in vitrified liquids. However, structure alone is insufficient to understand the function of native and engineered biomolecules. So far, their mechanical properties have mainly been probed at room temperature using tens of pico-newton forces with a resolution limited by thermal fluctuations. Here we combine force spectroscopy and computer simulations in cryogenic conditions to quantify adhesion and intra-molecular properties of spray-deposited single-strand DNA oligomers on Au(111). Sub-nanometer resolution images reveal folding conformations confirmed by simulations. Lifting shows a decay of the measured stiffness with sharp dips every 0.2-0.3 nm associated with the sequential peeling and detachment of single nucleotides. A stiffness of 30-35 N m-1 per stretched repeat unit is deduced in the nano-newton range. This combined study suggests how to better control cryo-force spectroscopy of adsorbed heterogeneous (bio)polymer and to potentially enable single-base recognition in DNA strands only few nanometers long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - J G Vilhena
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Meier
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Baratoff
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Gnecco
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07742, Jena, Germany
| | - Rubén Pérez
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Freund S, Pawlak R, Moser L, Hinaut A, Steiner R, Marinakis N, Constable EC, Meyer E, Housecroft CE, Glatzel T. Transoid-to-Cisoid Conformation Changes of Single Molecules on Surfaces Triggered by Metal Coordination. ACS Omega 2018; 3:12851-12856. [PMID: 31458009 PMCID: PMC6645055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Conformational isomers are stereoisomers that can interconvert over low potential barriers by rotation around a single bond. However, such bond rotation is hampered by geometrical constraints when molecules are adsorbed on surfaces. Here, we show that the adsorption of 4,4'-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine molecules on surfaces leads to the appearance of prochiral single molecules on NiO(001) and to enantiopure supramolecular domains on Au(111) surfaces containing the transoid-molecule conformation. Upon additional Fe adatom deposition, molecules undergo a controlled interconversion from a transoid-to-cisoid conformation as a result of coordination of the Fe atoms to the 2,2'-bipyridine moieties. As confirmed by atomic force microscopy images and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, the resulting molecular structures become irreversibly achiral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freund
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Lucas Moser
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Steiner
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Marinakis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C. Constable
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E. Housecroft
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Müller V, Hinaut A, Moradi M, Baljozovic M, Jung TA, Shahgaldian P, Möhwald H, Hofer G, Kröger M, King BT, Meyer E, Glatzel T, Schlüter AD. A Two‐Dimensional Polymer Synthesized at the Air/Water Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10584-10588. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Müller
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mina Moradi
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences and ArtsNorthwestern Switzerland Gründenstrasse 40 4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Milos Baljozovic
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Jung
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences and ArtsNorthwestern Switzerland Gründenstrasse 40 4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam-Golm Science Park 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Gregor Hofer
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Department of Materials, Polymer PhysicsETH Zurich Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. King
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nevada Reno NV 89557-0216 USA
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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17
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Müller V, Hinaut A, Moradi M, Baljozovic M, Jung TA, Shahgaldian P, Möhwald H, Hofer G, Kröger M, King BT, Meyer E, Glatzel T, Schlüter AD. A Two‐Dimensional Polymer Synthesized at the Air/Water Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Müller
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mina Moradi
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences and ArtsNorthwestern Switzerland Gründenstrasse 40 4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Milos Baljozovic
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Jung
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences and ArtsNorthwestern Switzerland Gründenstrasse 40 4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam-Golm Science Park 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Gregor Hofer
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Department of Materials, Polymer PhysicsETH Zurich Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. King
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nevada Reno NV 89557-0216 USA
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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18
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Vanossi A, Dietzel D, Schirmeisen A, Meyer E, Pawlak R, Glatzel T, Kisiel M, Kawai S, Manini N. Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:1995-2014. [PMID: 30116691 PMCID: PMC6071713 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Friction is the oldest branch of non-equilibrium condensed matter physics and, at the same time, the least established at the fundamental level. A full understanding and control of friction is increasingly recognized to involve all relevant size and time scales. We review here some recent advances on the research focusing of nano- and mesoscale tribology phenomena. These advances are currently pursued in a multifaceted approach starting from the fundamental atomic-scale friction and mechanical control of specific single-asperity combinations, e.g., nanoclusters on layered materials, then scaling up to the meso/microscale of extended, occasionally lubricated, interfaces and driven trapped optical systems, and eventually up to the macroscale. Currently, this "hot" research field is leading to new technological advances in the area of engineering and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vanossi
- CNR-IOM Democritos National Simulation Center, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Dirk Dietzel
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Giessen, 33492 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andre Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Giessen, 33492 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Kisiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nicola Manini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
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19
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Stehlik S, Ondic L, Varga M, Fait J, Artemenko A, Glatzel T, Kromka A, Rezek B. Silicon-Vacancy Centers in Ultra-Thin Nanocrystalline Diamond Films. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:E281. [PMID: 30424214 PMCID: PMC6187497 DOI: 10.3390/mi9060281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Color centers in diamond have shown excellent potential for applications in quantum information processing, photonics, and biology. Here we report the optoelectronic investigation of shallow silicon vacancy (SiV) color centers in ultra-thin (7⁻40 nm) nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films with variable surface chemistry. We show that hydrogenated ultra-thin NCD films exhibit no or lowered SiV photoluminescence (PL) and relatively high negative surface photovoltage (SPV) which is ascribed to non-radiative electron transitions from SiV to surface-related traps. Higher SiV PL and low positive SPV of oxidized ultra-thin NCD films indicate an efficient excitation-emission PL process without significant electron escape, yet with some hole trapping in diamond surface states. Decreasing SPV magnitude and increasing SiV PL intensity with thickness, in both cases, is attributed to resonant energy transfer between shallow and bulk SiV. We also demonstrate that thermal treatments (annealing in air or in hydrogen gas), commonly applied to modify the surface chemistry of nanodiamonds, are also applicable to ultra-thin NCD films in terms of tuning their SiV PL and surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Stehlik
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 16200, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Ondic
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 16200, Czech Republic.
| | - Marian Varga
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 16200, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Fait
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 16200, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 16627, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Artemenko
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 16200, Czech Republic.
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 16200, Czech Republic.
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 16200, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, Prague 16627, Czech Republic.
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20
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Hinaut A, Eren B, Steiner R, Freund S, Jöhr R, Glatzel T, Marot L, Meyer E, Kawai S. Nanostructuring of an alkali halide surface by low temperature plasma exposure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:16251-16256. [PMID: 28608893 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02592k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Templating insulating surfaces at the nanoscale is an interesting prospect for applications that involve the adsorption of molecules or nanoparticles where electronic decoupling of the adsorbed species from the substrate is needed. In this study, we present a method to structure alkali halide surfaces at the nanoscale using a combination of low temperature plasma exposure and annealing, and characterize the surfaces by atomic force microscopy. We find that nanostructurating can be controlled by the duration of the exposure, the atomic mass of the plasma gas and the subsequent step-by-step annealing process. In contrast to previous studies with electron or high energy (few keV) ion irradiation, our approach of employing moderate particle energy (10-15 eV Ar+ or He+ ions) results in fine nanostructuring at length scales of nanometers and even single atom vacancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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21
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Freund S, Hinaut A, Marinakis N, Constable EC, Meyer E, Housecroft CE, Glatzel T. Anchoring of a dye precursor on NiO(001) studied by non-contact atomic force microscopy. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:242-249. [PMID: 29441269 PMCID: PMC5789385 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The properties of metal oxides, such as charge-transport mechanisms or optoelectronic characteristics, can be modified by functionalization with organic molecules. This kind of organic/inorganic surface is nowadays highly regarded, in particular, for the design of hybrid devices such as dye-sensitized solar cells. However, a key parameter for optimized interfaces is not only the choice of the compounds but also the properties of adsorption. Here, we investigated the deposition of an organic dye precursor molecule on a NiO(001) single crystal surface by means of non-contact atomic force microscopy at room temperature. Depending on the coverage, single molecules, groups of adsorbates with random or recognizable shapes, or islands of closely packed molecules were identified. Single molecules and self assemblies are resolved with submolecular resolution showing that they are lying flat on the surface in a trans-conformation. Within the limits of our Kelvin probe microscopy setup a charge transfer from NiO to the molecular layer of 0.3 electrons per molecules was observed only in the areas where the molecules are closed packed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freund
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Marinakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Hinaut A, Meier T, Pawlak R, Feund S, Jöhr R, Kawai S, Glatzel T, Decurtins S, Müllen K, Narita A, Liu SX, Meyer E. Electrospray deposition of structurally complex molecules revealed by atomic force microscopy. Nanoscale 2018; 10:1337-1344. [PMID: 29296988 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06261c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in organic chemistry allow the synthesis of large, complex and highly functionalized organic molecules having potential applications in optoelectronics, molecular electronics and organic solar cells. Their integration into devices as individual components or highly ordered thin-films is of paramount importance to address these future prospects. However, conventional sublimation techniques in vacuum are usually not applicable since large organic compounds are often non-volatile and decompose upon heating. Here, we prove by atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, the structural integrity of complex organic molecules deposited onto an Au(111) surface using electrospray ionisation deposition. High resolution AFM measurements with CO-terminated tips unambiguously reveal their successful transfer from solution to the gold surface in ultra-high vacuum without degradation of their chemical structures. Furthermore, the formation of molecular structures from small islands to large and highly-ordered self-assemblies of those fragile molecules is demonstrated, confirming the use of electrospray ionisation to promote also on-surface polymerization reactions of highly functionalized organic compounds, biological molecules or molecular magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Pawlak R, Meier T, Renaud N, Kisiel M, Hinaut A, Glatzel T, Sordes D, Durand C, Soe WH, Baratoff A, Joachim C, Housecroft CE, Constable EC, Meyer E. Design and Characterization of an Electrically Powered Single Molecule on Gold. ACS Nano 2017; 11:9930-9940. [PMID: 28756663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The surface diffusion of individual molecules is of paramount importance in self-assembly processes and catalytic processes. However, the fundamental understanding of molecule diffusion peculiarities considering conformations and adsorption sites remain poorly known at the atomic scale. Here, we probe the 4'-(4-tolyl)-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine adsorbed on the Au(111) herringbone structure combining scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Molecules are controllably translated by electrons excitations over the reconstruction, except at elbows acting as pinning centers. Experimental data supported by theoretical calculations show the formation of coordination bonds between the molecule and Au atoms of the surface. Using force spectroscopy, we quantify local variation of the surface potential and the lateral force required to move the molecule. We found an elevation of the diffusion barrier at elbows of the reconstruction of ∼100 meV compared to the rest of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Meier
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Renaud
- Delft University of Technology , Department of Chemical Engineering, van de Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcin Kisiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Sordes
- CEMES-CNRS , NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse F-31055 Cedex 4, France
| | - Corentin Durand
- CEMES-CNRS , NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse F-31055 Cedex 4, France
| | - We-Hyo Soe
- CEMES-CNRS , NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse F-31055 Cedex 4, France
| | - Alexis Baratoff
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Joachim
- CEMES-CNRS , NanoSciences Group & MANA Satellite, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, Toulouse F-31055 Cedex 4, France
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Meier T, Pawlak R, Kawai S, Geng Y, Liu X, Decurtins S, Hapala P, Baratoff A, Liu SX, Jelínek P, Meyer E, Glatzel T. Donor-Acceptor Properties of a Single-Molecule Altered by On-Surface Complex Formation. ACS Nano 2017; 11:8413-8420. [PMID: 28731327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electron donor-acceptor molecules are of outstanding interest in molecular electronics and organic solar cells for their intramolecular charge transfer controlled via electrical or optical excitation. The preservation of their electronic character in the ground state upon adsorption on a surface is cardinal for their implementation in such single-molecule devices. Here, we investigate by atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy a prototypical system consisting of a π-conjugated tetrathiafulvalene-fused dipyridophenazine molecule adsorbed on thin NaCl films on Cu(111). Depending on the adsorption site, the molecule is found either in a nearly undisturbed free state or in a bound state. In the latter case, the molecule adopts a specific adsorption site, leading to the formation of a chelate complex with a single Na+ alkali cation pulled out from the insulating film. Although expected to be electronically decoupled, the charge distribution of the complex is drastically modified, leading to the loss of the intrinsic donor-acceptor character. The chelate complex formation is reversible with respect to lateral manipulations, enabling tunable donor-acceptor molecular switches activated by on-surface coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Meier
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xunshan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Prokop Hapala
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexis Baratoff
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestr. 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Astasov-Frauenhoffer M, Mukaddam K, Hauser-Gerspach I, Köser J, Glatzel T, Kisiel M, Marot L, Kühl S. Antibacterial effects of bio-inspired nanostructured materials. J Oral Microbiol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5646622 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1325241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several properties of bio-inspired surfaces like chemical composition, surface topography, surface hydrophilicity and even surface charge could influence bacterial adhesion to implant materials. Therefore, a nanostructured surface is being investigated to avoid bacterial colonization by their physico-mechanical and chemical aspects. Both smooth and rough-surfaced titanium (PT, SLA) and zirconia (M and ZLA) surfaces were used as controls. Titanium SLA was modified by two-step-etching to create nanostructured surface. Antibacterial properties of the materials were tested by adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277). The vitality of bacteria was assessed by Live/Dead BacLight™ Bacterial Viability Kit or by conventional culturing on Columbia blood agar. Conventional culturing revealed reduction of bacteria on nanostructured titanium (5.27±0.8 x 104 CFU/mm2) in comparison to rough-surfaced control materials (ZLA 6.16±4.86 x 104 and SLA 1.53±0.75 x 105 CFU/mm2). However, smooth-surfaced control materials (M 2.25±0.84 x 104 and PT 6.63±5.77 x 103 CFU/mm2) showed similar results to the nanostructured material. Live/dead staining demonstrated the antimicrobial efficacy of the nanostructured material revealing reduction of vital bacteria population up to 70%. This effect was not observed on the control materials (bacterial vitality ≥95%). In conclusion, nanostructured titanium surface shows a reduction of vital bacteria. Therefore, bio-inspired nanostructures can modify the bacteria–titanium interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Astasov-Frauenhoffer
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Khaled Mukaddam
- Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irmgard Hauser-Gerspach
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Köser
- Institut für Chemie und Bioanalytik, Hochschule für Life Sciences, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Kisiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Marot
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kühl
- Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Jöhr R, Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Zajac Ł, Olszowski P, Such B, Glatzel T, Zhang J, Muntwiler M, Bergkamp JJ, Mateo LM, Decurtins S, Liu SX, Meyer E. Thermally induced anchoring of a zinc-carboxyphenylporphyrin on rutile TiO2 (110). J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Łukasz Zajac
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Olszowski
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Physics Department, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Prof. St. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Jesse J. Bergkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis-Manuel Mateo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Olszowski P, Zajac L, Godlewski S, Such B, Pawlak R, Hinaut A, Jöhr R, Glatzel T, Meyer E, Szymonski M. Ordering of Zn-centered porphyrin and phthalocyanine on TiO 2(011): STM studies. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2017; 8:99-107. [PMID: 28144569 PMCID: PMC5238625 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Zn(II)phthalocyanine molecules (ZnPc) were thermally deposited on a rutile TiO2(011) surface and on Zn(II)meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) wetting layers at room temperature and after elevated temperature thermal processing. The molecular homo- and heterostructures were characterized by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at room temperature and their geometrical arrangement and degree of ordering are compared with the previously studied copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and ZnTPP heterostructures. It was found that the central metal atom may play some role in ordering and growth of phthalocyanine/ZnTPP heterostructures, causing differences in stability of upright standing ZnPc versus CuPc molecular chains at given thermal annealing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Olszowski
- Research Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Zajac
- Research Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Research Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Research Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Res Jöhr
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- University of Basel, Department of Physics, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Research Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy, and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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28
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Muntwiler M, Zhang J, Stania R, Matsui F, Oberta P, Flechsig U, Patthey L, Quitmann C, Glatzel T, Widmer R, Meyer E, Jung TA, Aebi P, Fasel R, Greber T. Surface science at the PEARL beamline of the Swiss Light Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2017; 24:354-366. [PMID: 28009578 PMCID: PMC5182030 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516018646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Photo-Emission and Atomic Resolution Laboratory (PEARL) is a new soft X-ray beamline and surface science laboratory at the Swiss Light Source. PEARL is dedicated to the structural characterization of local bonding geometry at surfaces and interfaces of novel materials, in particular of molecular adsorbates, nanostructured surfaces, and surfaces of complex materials. The main experimental techniques are soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoelectron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Photoelectron diffraction in angle-scanned mode measures bonding angles of atoms near the emitter atom, and thus allows the orientation of small molecules on a substrate to be determined. In energy scanned mode it measures the distance between the emitter and neighboring atoms; for example, between adsorbate and substrate. STM provides complementary, real-space information, and is particularly useful for comparing the sample quality with reference measurements. In this article, the key features and measured performance data of the beamline and the experimental station are presented. As scientific examples, the adsorbate-substrate distance in hexagonal boron nitride on Ni(111), surface quantum well states in a metal-organic network of dicyano-anthracene on Cu(111), and circular dichroism in the photoelectron diffraction of Cu(111) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Roland Stania
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fumihiko Matsui
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara, Japan
| | - Peter Oberta
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha Czech Republic
| | | | - Luc Patthey
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Quitmann
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Roland Widmer
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas A. Jung
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Roman Fasel
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland
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29
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Glatzel T, Wirtz T. Nanoanalytics for materials science. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:1674-1675. [PMID: 28144516 PMCID: PMC5238655 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tom Wirtz
- Advanced Instrumentation for Ion Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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30
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Prauzner-Bechcicki JS, Zajac L, Olszowski P, Jöhr R, Hinaut A, Glatzel T, Such B, Meyer E, Szymonski M. Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:1642-1653. [PMID: 28144513 PMCID: PMC5238678 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide, or titania, sensitized with organic dyes is a very attractive platform for photovoltaic applications. In this context, the knowledge of properties of the titania-sensitizer junction is essential for designing efficient devices. Consequently, studies on the adsorption of organic dyes on titania surfaces and on the influence of the adsorption geometry on the energy level alignment between the substrate and an organic adsorbate are necessary. The method of choice for investigating the local environment of a single dye molecule is high-resolution scanning probe microscopy. Microscopic results combined with the outcome of common spectroscopic methods provide a better understanding of the mechanism taking place at the titania-sensitizer interface. In the following paper, we review the recent scanning probe microscopic research of a certain group of molecular assemblies on rutile titania surfaces as it pertains to dye-sensitized solar cell applications. We focus on experiments on adsorption of three types of prototypical dye molecules, i.e., perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), phtalocyanines and porphyrins. Two interesting heteromolecular systems comprising molecules that are aligned with the given review are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S Prauzner-Bechcicki
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Zajac
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Olszowski
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Research Centre for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials (NANOSAM), Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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31
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Glatzel T, Schimmel T. Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2016; 7:1052-1054. [PMID: 27547623 PMCID: PMC4979673 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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32
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Freund S, Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Liu SX, Decurtins S, Meyer E, Glatzel T. Morphology Change of C60 Islands on Organic Crystals Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS Nano 2016; 10:5782-5788. [PMID: 27219352 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic-organic heterojunctions are nowadays highly regarded materials for light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and photovoltaic cells with the prospect of designing low-cost, flexible, and efficient electronic devices.1-3 However, the key parameter of optimized heterojunctions relies on the choice of the molecular compounds as well as on the morphology of the organic-organic interface,4 which thus requires fundamental studies. In this work, we investigated the deposition of C60 molecules at room temperature on an organic layer compound, the salt bis(benzylammonium)bis(oxalato)cupurate(II), by means of noncontact atomic force microscopy. Three-dimensional molecular islands of C60 having either triangular or hexagonal shapes are formed on the substrate following a "Volmer-Weber" type of growth. We demonstrate the dynamical reshaping of those C60 nanostructures under the local action of the AFM tip at room temperature. The dissipated energy is about 75 meV and can be interpreted as the activation energy required for this migration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freund
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestraße 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestraße 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Zając Ł, Olszowski P, Godlewski S, Such B, Jöhr R, Pawlak R, Hinaut A, Glatzel T, Meyer E, Szymonski M. Ordered heteromolecular overlayers formed by metal phthalocyanines and porphyrins on rutile titanium dioxide surface studied at room temperature. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:224702. [PMID: 26671391 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular heterostructures are formed from meso-tetraphenyl porphyrins-Zn(II) (ZnTPP) and Cu(II)-phthalocyanines (CuPc) on the rutile TiO2(011) surface. We demonstrate that ZnTPP molecules form a quasi-ordered wetting layer with flat-lying molecules, which provides the support for growth of islands comprised of upright CuPc molecules. The incorporation of the ZnTPP layer and the growth of heterostructures increase the stability of the system and allow for room temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements, which is contrasted with unstable STM probing of only CuPc species on TiO2. We demonstrate that within the CuPc layer the molecules arrange in two phases and we identify molecular dimers as basic building blocks of the dominant structural phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zając
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Olszowski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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Pawlak R, Ouyang W, Filippov AE, Kalikhman-Razvozov L, Kawai S, Glatzel T, Gnecco E, Baratoff A, Zheng Q, Hod O, Urbakh M, Meyer E. Single-Molecule Tribology: Force Microscopy Manipulation of a Porphyrin Derivative on a Copper Surface. ACS Nano 2016; 10:713-722. [PMID: 26571003 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The low-temperature mechanical response of a single porphyrin molecule attached to the apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip during vertical and lateral manipulations is studied. We find that approach-retraction cycles as well as surface scanning with the terminated tip result in atomic-scale friction patterns induced by the internal reorientations of the molecule. With a joint experimental and computational effort, we identify the dicyanophenyl side groups of the molecule interacting with the surface as the dominant factor determining the observed frictional behavior. To this end, we developed a generalized Prandtl-Tomlinson model parametrized using density functional theory calculations that includes the internal degrees of freedom of the side group with respect to the core and its interactions with the underlying surface. We demonstrate that the friction pattern results from the variations of the bond length and bond angles between the dicyanophenyl side group and the porphyrin backbone as well as those of the CN group facing the surface during the lateral and vertical motion of the AFM tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Wengen Ouyang
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Alexander E Filippov
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Donetsk 83114, Ukraine
| | | | - Shigeki Kawai
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Gnecco
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research (OSIM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Alexis Baratoff
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Quanshui Zheng
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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Gysin U, Glatzel T, Schmölzer T, Schöner A, Reshanov S, Bartolf H, Meyer E. Large area scanning probe microscope in ultra-high vacuum demonstrated for electrostatic force measurements on high-voltage devices. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:2485-2497. [PMID: 26885461 PMCID: PMC4734346 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resolution in electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), a descendant of atomic force microscopy (AFM), has reached nanometre dimensions, necessary to investigate integrated circuits in modern electronic devices. However, the characterization of conducting or semiconducting power devices with EFM methods requires an accurate and reliable technique from the nanometre up to the micrometre scale. For high force sensitivity it is indispensable to operate the microscope under high to ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions to suppress viscous damping of the sensor. Furthermore, UHV environment allows for the analysis of clean surfaces under controlled environmental conditions. Because of these requirements we built a large area scanning probe microscope operating under UHV conditions at room temperature allowing to perform various electrical measurements, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy, scanning capacitance force microscopy, scanning spreading resistance microscopy, and also electrostatic force microscopy at higher harmonics. The instrument incorporates beside a standard beam deflection detection system a closed loop scanner with a scan range of 100 μm in lateral and 25 μm in vertical direction as well as an additional fibre optics. This enables the illumination of the tip-sample interface for optically excited measurements such as local surface photo voltage detection. RESULTS We present Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements before and after sputtering of a copper alloy with chromium grains used as electrical contact surface in ultra-high power switches. In addition, we discuss KPFM measurements on cross sections of cleaved silicon carbide structures: a calibration layer sample and a power rectifier. To demonstrate the benefit of surface photo voltage measurements, we analysed the contact potential difference of a silicon carbide p/n-junction under illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Gysin
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schmölzer
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse 1K, CH-5404 Baden-Dättwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Holger Bartolf
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse 1K, CH-5404 Baden-Dättwil, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Jöhr R, Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Sadeghi A, Saha S, Goedecker S, Such B, Szymonski M, Meyer E, Glatzel T. Characterization of individual molecular adsorption geometries by atomic force microscopy: Cu-TCPP on rutile TiO2 (110). J Chem Phys 2015; 143:094202. [PMID: 26342363 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized materials consisting of inorganic substrates with organic adsorbates play an increasing role in emerging technologies like molecular electronics or hybrid photovoltaics. For such applications, the adsorption geometry of the molecules under operating conditions, e.g., ambient temperature, is crucial because it influences the electronic properties of the interface, which in turn determine the device performance. So far detailed experimental characterization of adsorbates at room temperature has mainly been done using a combination of complementary methods like photoelectron spectroscopy together with scanning tunneling microscopy. However, this approach is limited to ensembles of adsorbates. In this paper, we show that the characterization of individual molecules at room temperature, comprising the determination of the adsorption configuration and the electrostatic interaction with the surface, can be achieved experimentally by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). We demonstrate this by identifying two different adsorption configurations of isolated copper(ii) meso-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (Cu-TCPP) on rutile TiO2 (110) in ultra-high vacuum. The local contact potential difference measured by KPFM indicates an interfacial dipole due to electron transfer from the Cu-TCPP to the TiO2. The experimental results are verified by state-of-the-art first principles calculations. We note that the improvement of the AFM resolution, achieved in this work, is crucial for such accurate calculations. Therefore, high resolution AFM at room temperature is promising for significantly promoting the understanding of molecular adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ali Sadeghi
- Physics Department, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, 19839 Tehran, Iran
| | - Santanu Saha
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Goedecker
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Department of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Department of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Hinaut A, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Glatzel T. Electrospray deposition of organic molecules on bulk insulator surfaces. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:1927-34. [PMID: 26665062 PMCID: PMC4660929 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Large organic molecules are of important interest for organic-based devices such as hybrid photovoltaics or molecular electronics. Knowing their adsorption geometries and electronic structures allows to design and predict macroscopic device properties. Fundamental investigations in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) are thus mandatory to analyze and engineer processes in this prospects. With increasing size, complexity or chemical reactivity, depositing molecules by thermal evaporation becomes challenging. A recent way to deposit molecules in clean conditions is Electrospray Ionization (ESI). ESI keeps the possibility to work with large molecules, to introduce them in vacuum, and to deposit them on a large variety of surfaces. Here, ESI has been successfully applied to deposit triply fused porphyrin molecules on an insulating KBr(001) surface in UHV environment. Different deposition coverages have been obtained and characterization of the surface by in-situ atomic force microscopy working in the non-contact mode shows details of the molecular structures adsorbed on the surface. We show that UHV-ESI, can be performed on insulating surfaces in the sub-monolayer regime and to single molecules which opens the possibility to study a variety of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Pawlak R, Marot L, Sadeghi A, Kawai S, Glatzel T, Reimann P, Goedecker S, Güntherodt HJ, Meyer E. Chain-like structure elements in Ni40Ta60 metallic glasses observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13143. [PMID: 26268430 PMCID: PMC4542518 DOI: 10.1038/srep13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of metallic glasses is a long-standing question because the lack of long-range order makes diffraction based techniques difficult to be applied. Here, we used scanning tunneling microscopy with large tunneling resistance of 6 GΩ at low temperature in order to minimize forces between probe and sample and reduce thermal fluctuations of metastable structures. Under these extremely gentle conditions, atomic structures of Ni40Ta60 metallic glasses are revealed with unprecedented lateral resolution. In agreement with previous models and experiments, icosahedral-like clusters are observed. The clusters show a high degree of mobility, which explains the need of low temperatures for stable imaging. In addition to icosahedrons, chain-like structures are resolved and comparative density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that these structures are meta-stable. The co-existence of icosahedral and chain-like structures might be an key ingredient for the understanding of the mechanical properties of metallic glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Marot
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ali Sadeghi
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, 19839 Theran, Iran
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Reimann
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Goedecker
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Godlewski S, Prauzner-Bechcicki JS, Glatzel T, Meyer E, Szymoński M. Transformations of PTCDA structures on rutile TiO2 induced by thermal annealing and intermolecular forces. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:1498-1507. [PMID: 26199854 PMCID: PMC4505301 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transformations of molecular structures formed by perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) molecules on a rutile TiO2(110) surface are studied with low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy. We demonstrate that metastable molecular assemblies transform into differently ordered structures either due to additional energy provided by thermal annealing or when the influence of intermolecular forces is increased by the enlarged amount of deposited molecules. Proper adjustment of molecular coverage and substrate temperature during deposition allows for fabrication of desired assemblies. Differences between PTCDA/TiO2(110) and PTCDA/TiO2(011) systems obtained through identical experimental procedures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Godlewski
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub S Prauzner-Bechcicki
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marek Szymoński
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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Glatzel T, Garcia R, Schimmel T. Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques II. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2014; 5:2326-2327. [PMID: 25551060 PMCID: PMC4273268 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Microelectronica de Madrid, CSIC Isaac Newton 8, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Martin CJ, Bozic-Weber B, Constable EC, Glatzel T, Housecroft CE, Wright IA. Development of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) techniques for the optimization of dye sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pawlak R, Glatzel T, Pichot V, Schmidlin L, Kawai S, Fremy S, Spitzer D, Meyer E. Local detection of nitrogen-vacancy centers in a nanodiamond monolayer. Nano Lett 2013; 13:5803-5807. [PMID: 24144018 DOI: 10.1021/nl402243s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy defect centers (NV) contained in nanodiamonds (NDs) are a promising candidate in quantum information processing and single photon sources due to the capability of controlling their assembly on various surfaces. However, their detection with traditional optical techniques becomes challenging when probing high NV densities at the nanometer scale. Here, we combine scanning probe techniques to characterize in a monolayer the structural and electronic properties of bucky-diamonds with sizes below 10 nm. We further observe by light-assisted Kelvin- and scanning tunneling spectroscopy a clear signature of negatively charged subsurface NV centers in NDs at the nanoscale where conventional techniques are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Kawai S, Sadeghi A, Xu F, Peng L, Pawlak R, Glatzel T, Willand A, Orita A, Otera J, Goedecker S, Meyer E. Obtaining detailed structural information about supramolecular systems on surfaces by combining high-resolution force microscopy with ab initio calculations. ACS Nano 2013; 7:9098-9105. [PMID: 23991942 DOI: 10.1021/nn403672m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the art experimental techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy have great difficulties in extracting detailed structural information about molecules adsorbed on surfaces. By combining atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy with ab initio calculations, we demonstrate that we can obtain a wealth of detailed structural information about the molecule itself and its environment. Studying an FFPB molecule on a gold surface, we are able to determine its exact location on the surface, the nature of its bonding properties with neighboring molecules that lead to the growth of one-dimensional strips, and the internal torsions and bendings of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- Department of Physics, University of Basel , Klingbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Henning A, Günzburger G, Jöhr R, Rosenwaks Y, Bozic-Weber B, Housecroft CE, Constable EC, Meyer E, Glatzel T. Kelvin probe force microscopy of nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrodes. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2013; 4:418-428. [PMID: 23844348 PMCID: PMC3701424 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) provide a promising third-generation photovoltaic concept based on the spectral sensitization of a wide-bandgap metal oxide. Although the nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrode of a DSC consists of sintered nanoparticles, there are few studies on the nanoscale properties. We focus on the microscopic work function and surface photovoltage (SPV) determination of TiO2 photoelectrodes using Kelvin probe force microscopy in combination with a tunable illumination system. A comparison of the surface potentials for TiO2 photoelectrodes sensitized with two different dyes, i.e., the standard dye N719 and a copper(I) bis(imine) complex, reveals an inverse orientation of the surface dipole. A higher surface potential was determined for an N719 photoelectrode. The surface potential increase due to the surface dipole correlates with a higher DSC performance. Concluding from this, microscopic surface potential variations, attributed to the complex nanostructure of the photoelectrode, influence the DSC performance. For both bare and sensitized TiO2 photoelectrodes, the measurements reveal microscopic inhomogeneities of more than 100 mV in the work function and show recombination time differences at different locations. The bandgap of 3.2 eV, determined by SPV spectroscopy, remained constant throughout the TiO2 layer. The effect of the built-in potential on the DSC performance at the TiO2/SnO2:F interface, investigated on a nanometer scale by KPFM measurements under visible light illumination, has not been resolved so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Henning
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH4056, Switzerland
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gino Günzburger
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Res Jöhr
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Yossi Rosenwaks
- School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Biljana Bozic-Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51 CH4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51 CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH4056, Switzerland
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Federici Canova F, Kawai S, de Capitani C, Kan'no KI, Glatzel T, Such B, Foster AS, Meyer E. Energy loss triggered by atomic-scale lateral force. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:203203. [PMID: 25167406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.203203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We perform bimodal atomic force microscopy measurements on a Br-doped NaCl (001) surface to investigate the mechanisms behind frequency shift and energy dissipation contrasts. The peculiar pattern of the dissipated energy in the torsional channel, related to frictional processes, is increased at the positions of Br impurities, otherwise indistinguishable from Cl ions in the other measured channels. Our simulations reveal how the energy dissipates by the rearrangement of the tip apex and how the process is ultimately governed by lateral forces. Even the slightest change in lateral forces, induced by the presence of a Br impurity, is enough to trigger the apex reconstruction more often, thus increasing the dissipation contrast; the predicted dissipation pattern and magnitude are in good quantitative agreement with the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Federici Canova
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33010 Tampere, Finland and COMP, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto School of Science, P.O. Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian de Capitani
- Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ken-Ichi Kan'no
- Department of Material Science and Chemistry, Wakayama University, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bartosz Such
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam S Foster
- COMP, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto School of Science, P.O. Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Koch S, Stradi D, Gnecco E, Barja S, Kawai S, Díaz C, Alcamí M, Martín F, Vázquez de Parga AL, Miranda R, Glatzel T, Meyer E. Elastic response of graphene nanodomes. ACS Nano 2013; 7:2927-2934. [PMID: 23473381 DOI: 10.1021/nn304473r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of a periodically buckled graphene membrane has been investigated by noncontact atomic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. When a graphene monolayer is grown on Ru(0001), a regular arrangement of 0.075 nm high nanodomes forming a honeycomb lattice with 3 nm periodicity forms spontaneously. This structure responds in a perfectly reversible way to relative normal displacements up to 0.12 nm. Indeed, the elasticity of the nanodomes is proven by realistic DFT calculations, with an estimated normal stiffness k∼40 N/m. Our observations extend previous results on macroscopic graphene samples and confirm that the elastic behavior of this material is maintained down to nanometer length scales, which is important for the development of new high-frequency (terahertz) electromechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Koch
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kawai S, Pina CM, Bubendorf A, Fessler G, Glatzel T, Gnecco E, Meyer E. Systematic study of the dolomite (104) surface by bimodal dynamic force microscopy in ultra-high vacuum. Nanotechnology 2013; 24:055702. [PMID: 23307038 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/5/055702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the morphology and structure of dolomite MgCa(CO(3))(2)(104) surfaces by bimodal dynamic force microscopy with flexural and torsional resonance modes in ultra-high vacuum at room temperature. We found that the surface slowly decomposes by degassing CO(2) in a vacuum and becomes covered by amorphous clusters, presumably MgO and CaO. By choosing an optimal sample preparation procedure (i.e. cleaving in a vacuum and mild annealing for stabilizing clusters for a short time), atomically clean surfaces were obtained. The complex tip-sample interaction, arising from carbonate groups and Mg and Ca atoms of the surface, induces a large variety of atomic-scale imaging features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kawai S, Canova FF, Glatzel T, Hynninen T, Meyer E, Foster AS. Measuring electric field induced subpicometer displacement of step edge ions. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:146101. [PMID: 23083258 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.146101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We provide unambiguous evidence that the applied electrostatic field displaces step atoms of ionic crystal surfaces by subpicometers in different directions via the measurement of the lateral force interactions by bimodal dynamic force microscopy combined with multiscale theoretical simulations. Such a small imbalance in the electrostatic interaction of the shifted anion-cation ions leads to an extraordinary long-range feature potential variation and is now detectable with the extreme sensitivity of the bimodal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Pawlak R, Fremy S, Kawai S, Glatzel T, Fang H, Fendt LA, Diederich F, Meyer E. Directed rotations of single porphyrin molecules controlled by localized force spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2012; 6:6318-24. [PMID: 22659024 DOI: 10.1021/nn301774d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Directed molecular repositioning is a key step toward the build up of molecular machines. To artificially generate and control the motion of molecules on a surface, excitations by light, chemical, or electrical energy have been demonstrated. Here, the application of local mechanical forces is implemented to achieve directed rotations of molecules. Three-dimensional force spectroscopy with sub-Ångström precision is used to characterize porphyrin derivatives with peripheral carbonitrile groups. Extremely small areas on these molecules (≈ 100 × 100 pm(2)) are revealed which can be used to control rotations. In response to the local mechanical forces, the molecular structure elastically deforms and then changes its conformation, which leads to its rotation. Depending on the selection of one of four submolecular areas, the molecule is either rotated clockwise or counterclockwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Wirtz T, Fleming Y, Gerard M, Gysin U, Glatzel T, Meyer E, Wegmann U, Maier U, Odriozola AH, Uehli D. Design and performance of a combined secondary ion mass spectrometry-scanning probe microscopy instrument for high sensitivity and high-resolution elemental three-dimensional analysis. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:063702. [PMID: 22755629 DOI: 10.1063/1.4724308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) instruments allow producing 3D chemical mappings with excellent sensitivity and spatial resolution. Several important artifacts however arise from the fact that SIMS 3D mapping does not take into account the surface topography of the sample. In order to correct these artifacts, we have integrated a specially developed scanning probe microscopy (SPM) system into a commercial Cameca NanoSIMS 50 instrument. This new SPM module, which was designed as a DN200CF flange-mounted bolt-on accessory, includes a new high-precision sample stage, a scanner with a range of 100 μm in x and y direction, and a dedicated SPM head which can be operated in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy modes. Topographical information gained from AFM measurements taken before, during, and after SIMS analysis as well as the SIMS data are automatically compiled into an accurate 3D reconstruction using the software program "SARINA," which was developed for this first combined SIMS-SPM instrument. The achievable lateral resolutions are 6 nm in the SPM mode and 45 nm in the SIMS mode. Elemental 3D images obtained with our integrated SIMS-SPM instrument on Al/Cu and polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) samples demonstrate the advantages of the combined SIMS-SPM approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtz
- Department Science and Analysis of Materials (SAM), Centre de Recherche Public, Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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