1
|
Ma Z, Wang Y, He H, Liu T, Jiang Q, Hou X. Advancing ophthalmic delivery of flurbiprofen via synergistic chiral resolution and ion-pairing strategies. Asian J Pharm Sci 2024; 19:100928. [PMID: 38867804 PMCID: PMC11165342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2024.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Flurbiprofen (FB), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is widely employed in treating ocular inflammation owing to its remarkable anti-inflammatory effects. However, the racemic nature of its commercially available formulation (Ocufen®) limits the full potential of its therapeutic activity, as the (S)-enantiomer is responsible for the desired anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, the limited corneal permeability of FB significantly restricts its bioavailability. In this study, we successfully separated the chiral isomers of FB to obtain the highly active (S)-FB. Subsequently, utilizing ion-pairing technology, we coupled (S)-FB with various counter-ions, such as sodium, diethylamine, trimethamine (TMA), and l-arginine, to enhance its ocular bioavailability. A comprehensive evaluation encompassed balanced solubility, octanol-water partition coefficient, corneal permeability, ocular pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and in vivo ocular anti-inflammatory activity of each chiral isomer salt. Among the various formulations, S-FBTMA exhibited superior water solubility (about 1-12 mg/ml), lipid solubility (1< lg Pow < 3) and corneal permeability. In comparison to Ocufen®, S-FBTMA demonstrated significantly higher in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and lower ocular irritability (such as conjunctival congestion and tingling). The findings from this research highlight the potential of chiral separation and ion-pair enhanced permeation techniques in providing pharmaceutical enterprises focused on drug development with a valuable avenue for improving therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuequan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huiyang He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Institute of Drug Inspection and Testing, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oktay AN, Celebi N, Ilbasmis-Tamer S, Kaplanoğlu GT. Cyclodextrin-based nanogel of flurbiprofen for dermal application: In vitro studies and in vivo skin irritation evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
Rong R, Wang X, Dan Y, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Yu Z. Determination of protein binding for novel 2‐(2‐hydroxypropanamido)‐5‐trifluoromethyl benzoic acid enantiomers to rats, dogs, and humans plasma by UPLC‐MS/MS. Chirality 2020; 32:524-534. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Yuhan Dan
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Ruizhen Zhang
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Öztürk AA, Yenilmez E, Şenel B, Kıyan HT, Güven UM. Effect of different molecular weight PLGA on flurbiprofen nanoparticles: formulation, characterization, cytotoxicity, and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect by using HET-CAM assay. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:682-695. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1755304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Alper Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Evrim Yenilmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Behiye Şenel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Hülya Tuba Kıyan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Umay Merve Güven
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oktay AN, Ilbasmis-Tamer S, Celebi N. The effect of critical process parameters of the high pressure homogenization technique on the critical quality attributes of flurbiprofen nanosuspensions. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 24:1278-1286. [PMID: 31535942 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1667384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Flurbiprofen (FB) is an effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and BCS class II drug and its poor solubility plays a critical role in limiting its bioavailability. Nanosuspensions can be defined as nanosized colloidal dispersions of drug particles stabilized with stabilizers. The solubility of poor soluble drugs can be increased thanks to their small size and large surface area. The aim of this study is to optimize FB nanosuspensions. The formulations were stabilized with Plantacare 2000® as a surfactant using a combination of High Speed Homogenization (HSH) and High Pressure Homogenization techniques (HPH). We also investigated the effects of the critical process parameters (CPPs) of these techniques (homogenization speed & time for HSH and homogenization pressure & cycle for HPH) on three critical quality attributes of nanosuspensions, being the particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP). After the optimization of HSH, the macrosuspension was transferred to a high pressure homogenizer. After producing FB nanosuspensions by the HPH technique, seven processes which comprise different homogenization pressures, or combinations and different cycles, were applied. Due to the combination of HSH and HPH techniques and the optimization of CPPs, an optimum formulation for a dermal application was found using a 33 full factorial design with these process parameters, and characterization studies were also performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Nur Oktay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | | | - Nevin Celebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang B, Zhou XN, Zhang HB, Tao Y, Huo LL, Liu N. Slow-release praziquantel for dogs: presentation of a new formulation for echinococcosis control. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:140. [PMID: 28911334 PMCID: PMC5599885 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a serious, zoonotic, parasitic disease with worldwide distribution. According to a epidemiological survey in 2012 in China, there are 20,000 infected patients and more than 50 million people at the risk. As the dog is the main, definitive host, the Government of China encourages monthly praziquantel treatment of every dog. However, this is difficult to achieve in geographically challenging areas, such as the Tibetan plateau, where there are also many dogs without owners. To overcome these problems, we investigated the transmission blocking capacity of a slow-release formulation of praziquantel administered by subcutaneous injection. METHODS The impact of a slow-release preparation of two pharmacokinetically stereoselective praziquantel enantiomers, i.e., R-(-)-praziquantel (R-PZQ) and S-(+)-praziquantel (S-PZQ) absorbed into a biodegradable polymer was studied in beagle dogs (N = 6). The preparation was given by subcutaneous injection using a single dose of 100 mg/kg. Chiral-selective, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were applied to measure the praziquantel enantiomers in the plasma of the dogs. The lower limit for estimating plasma concentrations accurately for R-PZQ was 4 ng/ml and for S-PZQ 20 ng/ml. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by a noncompartmental analysis model using Drug Analyze System (DAS) software 2.0. The SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and the statistical comparison between enantiomers was assessed using the two-tailed t-test. RESULTS Two hours after administration, peak concentrations of R-PZQ and S-PZQ: 321 ± 26 and 719 ± 263 ng/ml, respectively, were achieved. After 180 days, the average plasma concentration of R-PZQ in the six dogs had decreased to 13 ng/ml. The average concentration value of S-PZQ was higher than that of R-PZQ in the first 90-day period but fell afterwards and could not be accurately estimated when dropping below 20 ng/ml (the lower methodological limit for this enantiomer). Taking all the dogs into account, the average maximum concentration (Cmax) of S-PZQ in plasma over the first 3 months was higher than that of R-PZQ by 114.0% (P < 0.05), while the average mean retention time (MRT) of R-PZQ in plasma was higher than that of S-PZQ by 96.3% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Praziquantel given as an in situ slow-release formulation by subcutaneous injection resulted in concentrations of the active principle in beagle dogs, which should be capable of resisting new Echinococcus infections for at least 6 months. The new formulation of praziquantel represents a potential, alternative way of presenting medication against tapeworm infections in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- National institute of parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National institute of parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Hao-Bing Zhang
- National institute of parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yi Tao
- National institute of parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Le-Le Huo
- National institute of parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ni Liu
- National institute of parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Quinteros DA, Tártara LI, Palma SD, Manzo RH, Allemandi DA. Ocular delivery of flurbiprofen based on Eudragit(®) E-flurbiprofen complex dispersed in aqueous solution: preparation, characterization, in vitro corneal penetration, and ocular irritation. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3859-3868. [PMID: 25294798 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel ophthalmic formulation based on the ionic complexation between Eudragit E 100 (EU) and flurbiprofen (FB) is proposed. The selected complex composition, named EU-FBH50 Cl50 , had the basic groups of EU completely neutralized with equal molar amounts of FB and HCl. This complex, obtained in the solid state, exhibited a high aqueous compatibility producing a colloidal dispersion with a high positive electrokinetic potential, in which more than 99% of FB was ionically condensed with EU. In bicompartimental Franz cells, FB diffusion from the complex was very slow. However, dispersion in 0.9% NaCl increased the FB release through an ionic exchange, providing an optimal constant rate of delivery. Corneal FB permeation from 0.1% EU-FBH50 -Cl50 dispersed in 0.9% NaCl solution was substantially more effective compared with 0.1% FB solution, EU-FBH50 -Cl50 (Dex), or Tolerane(®) (a marketed formulation). This complex formulation was shown to be innocuous for rabbit ocular tissues because no irritant effects were evidenced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Alejandra Quinteros
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA)CONICET; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Luis Ignacio Tártara
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA)CONICET; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA)CONICET; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruben Hilario Manzo
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA)CONICET; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Alberto Allemandi
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA)CONICET; Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abdel-Aziz AAM, Al-Badr AA, Hafez GA. Flurbiprofen. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2012; 37:113-81. [PMID: 22469318 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397220-0.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A-M Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gonzalez-Mira E, Egea MA, Souto EB, Calpena AC, García ML. Optimizing flurbiprofen-loaded NLC by central composite factorial design for ocular delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:045101. [PMID: 21169662 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/4/045101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design and optimize a new topical delivery system for ocular administration of flurbiprofen (FB), based on lipid nanoparticles. These particles, called nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), were composed of a fatty acid (stearic acid (SA)) as the solid lipid and a mixture of Miglyol(®) 812 and castor oil (CO) as the liquid lipids, prepared by the hot high pressure homogenization method. After selecting the critical variables influencing the physicochemical characteristics of the NLC (the liquid lipid (i.e. oil) concentration with respect to the total lipid (cOil/L (wt%)), the surfactant and the flurbiprofen concentration, on particle size, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficiency), a three-factor five-level central rotatable composite design was employed to plan and perform the experiments. Morphological examination, crystallinity and stability studies were also performed to accomplish the optimization study. The results showed that increasing cOil/L (wt%) was followed by an enhanced tendency to produce smaller particles, but the liquid to solid lipid proportion should not exceed 30 wt% due to destabilization problems. Therefore, a 70:30 ratio of SA to oil (miglyol + CO) was selected to develop an optimal NLC formulation. The smaller particles obtained when increasing surfactant concentration led to the selection of 3.2 wt% of Tween(®) 80 (non-ionic surfactant). The positive effect of the increase in FB concentration on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and its total solubilization in the lipid matrix led to the selection of 0.25 wt% of FB in the formulation. The optimal NLC showed an appropriate average size for ophthalmic administration (228.3 nm) with a narrow size distribution (0.156), negatively charged surface (-33.3 mV) and high EE (∼90%). The in vitro experiments proved that sustained release FB was achieved using NLC as drug carriers. Optimal NLC formulation did not show toxicity on ocular tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gonzalez-Mira
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Avenida Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valentová J, Bauerová K, Farah L, Devínsky F. Does stereochemistry influence transdermal permeation of flurbiprofen through the rat skin? Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302:635-8. [PMID: 20582424 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The possible enantioselectivity in the permeation of the chiral anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen across hairless rat skin was studied. The transdermal permeability of individual enantiomers from donor solution containing racemic flurbiprofen (0.1%) and pure enantiomers (0.05%) in isopropyl myristate solution was determined using side-by-side diffusion cells. The permeation profiles of enantiomers (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen from donor solution containing racemic (RS)-flurbiprofen are comparable. When donor solution contained pure enantiomers, marked differences were observed between the permeation rates of (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen. The steady-state flux and permeability coefficient were significantly higher for (R)-flurbiprofen in comparison with (S)-flurbiprofen (the flux ratio R/S = 2.04; p < 0.05).
Collapse
|
11
|
McInnes SJ, Thissen H, Choudhury NR, Voelcker NH. New biodegradable materials produced by ring opening polymerisation of poly(l-lactide) on porous silicon substrates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 332:336-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Barakat NS, Radwan MA. In Vitro Performance of Carbamazepine Loaded to Various Molecular Weights of Poly (D, L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide). Drug Deliv 2008; 13:9-18. [PMID: 16401588 DOI: 10.1080/10717540500308992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the in vitro characteristics of carbamazepine-loaded microspheres. A solvent evaporation method was used to incorporate carbamazepine (CBZ) into poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) with different molecular weights. The optimum conditions for CBZ-PLGA microspheres preparation were considered and the in vitro release of CBZ of PLGA microspheres were followed up to 24 hr in USP dissolution medium. The effect of using different ratios of PLGA microspheres, prepared with different molecular weights, for optimizing CBZ release also was investigated. CBZ encapsulation efficiency was 68 to 82% for all prepared formulations. Thermograms of CBZ-PLGA microspheres suggest that CBZ was totally entrapped with the PLGA polymer. The presence of Pluronic F-68 has improved the encapsulation of CBZ, resulted in better and smoother microspheres surfaces and enhanced its release pattern. CBZ release profiles were biphasic patterns; after an initial burst, a constant CBZ release rate was observed up to 24 hr. The release from these PLGA-based spherical matrices was consistent with the diffusion mechanism. CBZ dissolution T(50%) was significantly affected (> 3-fold) by increasing the lactide percent from 33.3 to 66.6% from different microspheres mixtures. The present study provides evidence that the encapsulation of CBZ to PLGA microspheres, either as a single polymer or mixture of two, was a successful attempt to control the release of CBZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla S Barakat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jin YX, Tang YH, Zeng S. Analysis of flurbiprofen, ketoprofen and etodolac enantiomers by pre-column derivatization RP-HPLC and application to drug–protein binding in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:953-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Felix G, Berthod A. Part II: From Dermatologicals to Sensory Organ and Various Drugs. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110701873007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
15
|
Gaumet M, Vargas A, Gurny R, Delie F. Nanoparticles for drug delivery: the need for precision in reporting particle size parameters. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 69:1-9. [PMID: 17826969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric drug-loaded nanoparticles have been extensively studied in the field of drug delivery. Biodistribution depends on the physicochemical properties of particles, especially size. The global message from the literature is that small particles have an enhanced ability to reach their target. The present review highlights the difficulties in validating the data from biodistribution studies without accurate particle size determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gaumet
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|