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Yang S, Li X. Vibrational circular dichroism study and gas chromatographic analysis of chiral epichlorohydrin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123237. [PMID: 37598448 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been numerous incidents of serious accidents related to impurities of optical isomers, particularly in pharmaceutical treatment, environmental problems, and pesticide application. Among these impurities, chiral epichlorohydrin (ECH) is an important C3 synthon and a potentially genotoxic impurity. The enantiopure forms of S-ECH and R-ECH are key raw materials for synthesizing many drugs, which make it important to accurately quantify the specific conformation of chiral epichlorohydrin in pharmaceuticals. In this paper, we achieved the separation of chiral ECH by gas chromatography (GC) and based on the combination of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) experiments and theoretical calculations, the qualitative method of chiral ECH was achieved without relying on a single enantiomeric standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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2
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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3
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Kumari Rayala VVSP, Kandula JS, P R. Advances and challenges in the pharmacokinetics and bioanalysis of chiral drugs. Chirality 2022; 34:1298-1310. [PMID: 35883279 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective analytical approaches are essential for monitoring pharmacokinetics and acquiring accurate data to better understand the role of stereochemistry in pharmacokinetics. Enantioselectivity significantly impacts the pharmacokinetics of chiral drugs, especially in metabolic profile, leading to toxicity of enantiomer. Consequently, there is a need to study the pharmacokinetics of enantiomerically pure drugs and racemates as they differ in affinity with enzymes and proteins. Combining the best enantioseparation conditions with the specified biological matrix and the intended purpose of the analysis is a challenging task. This review discusses the importance of chirality in stereoselective pharmacokinetics with more relevant examples, various enantioselective analytical techniques, and stationary phases employed. Challenges such as lack of universal chiral columns, biological inversion of the isomers, and others have been discussed. Further presented the recent advances in the screening of chiral drugs and innovative improvements in the analytical approaches for chiral molecule analysis such as supercritical fluid chromatography, simulated moving bed chromatography, and other techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V S Prasanna Kumari Rayala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Jony Susanna Kandula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Radhakrishnanand P
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
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4
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Chiral chromatography method screening strategies: Past, present and future. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461878. [PMID: 33477025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Method screening is an integral part of chromatographic method development for the separation of racemates. Due to the highly complex retention mechanism of a chiral stationary-phase, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to device predefined method-development steps that can be successfully applied to a wide group of molecules. The standard approach is to evaluate or screen a series of stationary and mobile-phase combinations to increase the chances of detecting a suitable separation condition. Such a process is often the rate-limiting step for high-throughput analyses and purification workflows. To address the problem, several solutions and strategies have been proposed over the years for reduction of net method-screening time. Some of the strategies have been adopted in practice while others remained confined in the literature. The main objective of this review is to revisit, critically discuss and compile the solutions published over the last two decades. We expect that making the diverse set of solutions available in a single document will help assessing the adequacy of existing screening protocols in laboratories conducting chiral separation.
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Ovchinnikov DV, Pokrovskiy OI, Kosyakov DS, Bogolitsyn KG, Ul'yanovskii NV, Falev DI. Evaluation of temperature and pressure effects on retention in supercritical fluid chromatography on polar stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Liu M, Chen L, Tian T, Zhang Z, Li X. Identification and Quantitation of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis and Circular Dichroism Independent of Single Enantiomer Standard. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13803-13809. [PMID: 31591882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification and quantitation of enantiomers is a critical and challenging step in the process of chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis, especially when the optically pure enantiomers are expensive or commercially unavailable. Herein, a method of CE in combination with circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy for the identification of enantiomeric peak independent of single enantiomer standard was proposed. By comparing the theoretical CD spectrum of the single enantiomer calculated by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with the experimental CD spectrum of the enantiomeric mixture, the configuration of the dominant enantiomer in the nonracemic mixture was determined. Considering that the dominant enantiomer showed bigger peak area on the CE electrophoretogram, the enantiomeric peak was easily identified. Three kinds of enantiomers including seven chiral compounds (i.e., tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, Boc-valine, Boc-leucine, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were used to evaluate the reliability of the method. The concentration of the single enantiomer in the mixture can be further accurately quantified based on the total concentration of the mixture and the peak area ratio of a couple of enantiomers, and the accuracy was assessed by taking ibuprofen as an example. The developed CE-CD method provides an alternative tool for the analysis of nonracemic mixture with good ECD signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lixia Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tingting Tian
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Evaluation of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases in modern SFC-MS/MS for enantioselective bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:251-266. [PMID: 30672314 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The applicability of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases in modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-MS/MS for chiral bioanalysis was evaluated. Materials & methods: Ten popular polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were tested using a set of 23 drugs against three cosolvents. The effect of temperature and backpressure on separation was examined. Results: The recommended order of CSPs for screening was determined. Methanol with 0.1% NH4OH is proven to be the first choice of cosolvent. Temperature of 40°C and backpressure of 10 or 15 MPa are recommended starting conditions. Phospholipid elution profiles on the polysaccharide-based CSPs were reported for the first time under SFC conditions. Conclusion: A simplified screening protocol with straightforward method optimization approaches was generated for SFC chiral assay development in a reasonable time frame with a high success rate.
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Derivatization reagent-assisted enantioseparation of 3-hydroxyaspartate with two chiral centers in rat cerebrospinal fluid by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1047:257-266. [PMID: 30567658 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical method based on capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CZE-MS) was proposed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four stereoisomers of 3-hydroxyaspartate with two chiral centers in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in absence of optically pure single enantiomer standards. The derivatization reagent 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) was found to assist chiral separation and the derivatized enantiomers of 3-hydroxyaspartate can achieve enantioseparation with a lower concentration (6 mM) of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), while underivatized 3-hydroxyaspartate cannot be separated. The enhanced interactions between derivatized analytes and β-CD were demonstrated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The four stereoisomers of FMOC-3-hydroxyaspartate were identified successfully using a new method based on experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra combined with the comparison of CE peak areas. Large volume sample stacking with polarity switching (LVSS-PS) was used to increase sensitivity and the detection limit of 356 nM was achieved for L-THA, which was around 10-fold improvement compared to the normal CE-MS analysis. The composition of the background electrolyte (BGE) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal conditions, satisfactory results of L-THA were obtained in terms of linearity over the range of 2-80 μM (R2 > 0.99) and precision (RSD below 1.43% and 2.56% for migration time and peak area, respectively). The recoveries for all four stereoisomers in spiked rat CSF ranged from 91.2% to 99.5%. The method has been successfully applied to rat CSF analysis and D-erythro-3-hydroxyaspartate (D-EHA) was detected.
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9
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Nurhidayah ES, Ivansyah AL, Martoprawiro MA, Zulfikar MA. A Molecular docking study to predict enantioseparation of some chiral carboxylic acid derivatives by methyl-β-cyclodextrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/012203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Speybrouck D, Doublet C, Cardinael P, Fiol-Petit C, Corens D. The effect of high concentration additive on chiral separations in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1510:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Kucerova G, Kalikova K, Tesarova E. Enantioselective potential of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography. Chirality 2017; 29:239-246. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kucerova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kveta Kalikova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tesarova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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12
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Enantioseparation of Chiral Sulfoxides on Amylose-Based Columns: Comparison of Normal Phase Liquid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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A case of Z/E-isomers elution order inversion caused by cosolvent percentage change in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:177-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Preparative supercritical fluid chromatography: A powerful tool for chiral separations. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:33-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Lemasson E, Bertin S, West C. Use and practice of achiral and chiral supercritical fluid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis and purification. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:212-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lemasson
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Univ Orleans, CNRS; Orléans cedex France
| | | | - Caroline West
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Univ Orleans, CNRS; Orléans cedex France
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16
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HPLC Separation of Enantiomers of Some Chiral Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Using Polysaccharide-Based Chiral Columns and Polar Organic Mobile Phases. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Płotka JM, Biziuk M, Morrison C, Namieśnik J. Pharmaceutical and forensic drug applications of chiral supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Supercritical fluid chromatography as a tool for enantioselective separation; A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 821:1-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Pokrovskii OI, Krutikova AA, Ustinovich KB, Parenago OO, Moshnin MV, Gonchukov SA, Lunin VV. Preparative separation of methoxy derivatives of psoralen using supercritical-fluid chromatography. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793113080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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On the effect of basic and acidic additives on the separation of the enantiomers of some basic drugs with polysaccharide-based chiral selectors and polar organic mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:167-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Vanthuyne N, Roussel C. Chiroptical Detectors for the Study of Unusual Phenomena in Chiral Chromatography. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 340:107-51. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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22
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West C, Cieslikiewicz-Bouet M, Lewinski K, Gillaizeau I. Enantiomeric Separation of Original Heterocyclic Organophosphorus Compounds in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chirality 2013; 25:230-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline West
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311; B.P. 6759, rue de Chartres 45067 Orléans Cedex 2 France
| | - Monika Cieslikiewicz-Bouet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311; B.P. 6759, rue de Chartres 45067 Orléans Cedex 2 France
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; R. Ingardena 3 30060 Krakow Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewinski
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Jagiellonian University; R. Ingardena 3 30060 Krakow Poland
| | - Isabelle Gillaizeau
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311; B.P. 6759, rue de Chartres 45067 Orléans Cedex 2 France
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23
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Samokhin AS, Revelsky IA, Chepelyansky DA, Parenago OO, Pokrovsky OI, Lepeshkin FD, Ustinovich KB, Revelsky AI. Supercritical fluid chromatography and its application to analysis and preparation of high-purity compounds. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793111080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Matarashvili I, Chankvetadze L, Fanali S, Farkas T, Chankvetadze B. HPLC separation of enantiomers of chiral arylpropionic acid derivatives using polysaccharide-based chiral columns and normal-phase eluents with emphasis on elution order. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:140-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iza Matarashvili
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Lali Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Monterotondo Scalo (Roma); Italy
| | | | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences; Tbilisi State University; Tbilisi Georgia
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25
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Chankvetadze B. Recent developments on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for liquid-phase separation of enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:26-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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West C, Bouet A, Routier S, Lesellier E. Effects of mobile phase composition and temperature on the supercritical fluid chromatography enantioseparation of chiral fluoro-oxoindole-type compounds with chlorinated polysaccharide stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:325-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Ren-Qi W, Teng-Teng O, Siu-Choon N, Weihua T. Recent advances in pharmaceutical separations with supercritical fluid chromatography using chiral stationary phases. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Dossou KSS, Edorh PA, Chiap P, Chankvetadze B, Servais AC, Fillet M, Crommen J. Determination of enantiomeric purity of S-amlodipine by chiral LC with emphasis on reversal of enantiomer elution order. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1772-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Bao Z, Su B, Xing H, Yang Y, Ren Q. Enantioseparation of racemic paroxol on an amylose-based chiral stationary phase by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3256-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Lämmerhofer M. Chiral recognition by enantioselective liquid chromatography: mechanisms and modern chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:814-56. [PMID: 19906381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the state-of-the-art in LC enantiomer separation is presented. This tutorial review is mainly focused on mechanisms of chiral recognition and enantiomer distinction of popular chiral selectors and corresponding chiral stationary phases including discussions of thermodynamics, additivity principle of binding increments, site-selective thermodynamics, extrathermodynamic approaches, methods employed for the investigation of dominating intermolecular interactions and complex structures such as spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR), X-ray diffraction and computational methods. Modern chiral stationary phases are discussed with particular focus on those that are commercially available and broadly used. It is attempted to provide the reader with vivid images of molecular recognition mechanisms of selected chiral selector-selectand pairs on basis of solid-state X-ray crystal structures and simulated computer models, respectively. Such snapshot images illustrated in this communication unfortunately cannot account for the molecular dynamics of the real world, but are supposed to be helpful for the understanding. The exploding number of papers about applications of various chiral stationary phases in numerous fields of enantiomer separations is not covered systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lämmerhofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Recognition Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Srinivas NR. Reversal in elution order in liquid chromatography-compilation of experimental observations. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:222-3. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Laskar DB, Zeng L, Xu R, Kassel DB. Parallel SFC/MS‐MUX screening to assess enantiomeric purity. Chirality 2008; 20:885-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Starek M, Krzek J, Stoch M. Densitometric analysis of 2-arylpropionate derivatives in pharmaceutical preparations. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.21.2008.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gyllenhaal O, Stefansson M. Reversal of elution order for profen acid enantiomers in normal phase LC on Chiralpak AD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:860-3. [PMID: 17499474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric separations of four 2-substituted propionic acid drugs and two related acids have been studied using normal phase liquid chromatography with amylose (tris 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) coated on silica as support (Chiralpak AD). At standard conditions (i.e. flow-rate, 1.0 ml/min; column temperature, 30 degrees C) the elution order can be reversed when the polar alcohol modifier in isohexane, 2-propanol, is replaced by methanol/ethanol 2:1. This is the case for ibuprofen with 2.5% (v/v) alcohol and for mandelic acid with 10% (v/v) alcohol using synthetic mixtures with unequal proportions of the respective enantiomer. Thermodynamic studies in the range 10-45 degrees C on retention and selectivity of ibuprofen and mandelic acid gave both linear and curved plots. These results stress the importance of investigating enantiomer elution order during the development of enantioselective methods when both old and new CSPs are evaluated. One should also keep in mind that reversal can take place for rather common analytes in well established enantioselective chromatographic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Gyllenhaal
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, S 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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35
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Vadinská M, Bosáková Z, Tesařová E, Coufal P, Planeta J. LC with a Teicoplanin Aglycone Chiral Sorbent for the Separation of the Enantiomers of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: An Evaluation of Chiral Capillary Columns. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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McConnell O, He Y, Nogle L, Sarkahian A. Application of chiral technology in a pharmaceutical company. Enantiomeric separation and spectroscopic studies of key asymmetric intermediates using a combination of techniques. Phenylglycidols. Chirality 2007; 19:716-30. [PMID: 17323324 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phenylglycidols substituted in the 2-, 3-, and 4- positions with fluorine, chlorine, and trifluoromethyl, and with methoxy in the 3- position, were synthesized from the corresponding E-cinnamic acids and separated into their (R,R)- and (S,S)- enantiomers using subcritical fluid chromatography with mixtures of MeOH in CO(2), on either a Chiralpak AD or AS chiral stationary phase. These compounds and commercially-available (R,R)- and (S,S)-phenylglycidol were analyzed for their vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and optical rotation (OR) properties to exemplify a strategy whereby the absolute stereochemistry of common and key chiral intermediates is established early in the structure-activity and structure-property relationship phase of a drug discovery program in a pharmaceutical company. From this study, substituents in the phenyl group of the synthesized molecules were found not to grossly alter spectroscopic features, and therefore, diagnostic absorption bands in the respective VCD spectra, and the sign and shape of the measured ECD curves could be used to determine and track the absolute stereochemistry of analogs without necessarily requiring time-consuming ab initio calculations of all low energy conformers for all compounds. VCD, OR, and ECD calculations for the determination of absolute configuration carried out at the DFT level with the hybrid B3PW91 functional and the TZVP basis set were found to be especially useful in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McConnell
- Wyeth Research, Chemical and Screening Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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McConnell O, Bach A, Balibar C, Byrne N, Cai Y, Carter G, Chlenov M, Di L, Fan K, Goljer I, He Y, Herold D, Kagan M, Kerns E, Koehn F, Kraml C, Marathias V, Marquez B, McDonald L, Nogle L, Petucci C, Schlingmann G, Tawa G, Tischler M, Williamson RT, Sutherland A, Watts W, Young M, Zhang MY, Zhang Y, Zhou D, Ho D. Enantiomeric separation and determination of absolute stereochemistry of asymmetric molecules in drug discovery—Building chiral technology toolboxes. Chirality 2007; 19:658-82. [PMID: 17390370 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of Chiral Technology, or the (extensive) use of techniques or tools for the determination of absolute stereochemistry and the enantiomeric or chiral separation of racemic small molecule potential lead compounds, has been critical to successfully discovering and developing chiral drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This has been due to the rapid increase over the past 10-15 years in potential drug candidates containing one or more asymmetric centers. Based on the experiences of one pharmaceutical company, a summary of the establishment of a Chiral Technology toolbox, including the implementation of known tools as well as the design, development, and implementation of new Chiral Technology tools, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McConnell
- Wyeth Research, Chemical and Screening Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Toribio L, Alonso C, del Nozal MJ, Bernal JL, Jiménez JJ. Enantiomeric separation of chiral sulfoxides by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1363-72. [PMID: 16894780 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The application of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) to the enantiomeric separation of several chiral sulfoxides belonging to the family of the substituted benzimidazoles, including omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, oxfendazole and ricobendazole, is presented in this work. The column employed was Chiralpak AD and the effect of different chromatographic conditions was studied. The results obtained showed that all the compounds can be enantiomerically resolved using SFC, with resolutions higher than 2 and analysis times that in most cases were lower than 10 min. Alcohol type modifiers provided the best results, with ricobendazole, oxfendazole, and omeprazole showing the highest retentions and resolutions. Study of the temperature effect revealed that, in general, the isoelution temperature was above the temperatures assayed, except in the cases of omeprazole, lansoprazole, and oxfendazole with ethanol as modifier and pantoprazole with acetonitrile. Enthalpy-entropy compensation could also be demonstrated for the retention of the first and second eluted enantiomers as well as for the selectivity, with compensation temperatures of 25 degrees C, 45 degrees C, and 83 degrees C, respectively. Reversal of elution on change of the organic modifier was only observed for omeprazole using 2-propanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Toribio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 North State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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Gyllenhaal O. Packed column supercritical fluid chromatography of sodium stearyl fumarate aqueous suspension. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:971-4. [PMID: 16174559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of sodium stearyl fumarate aqueous suspension is described. This straightforward method is based on homogenisation of the sample, dilution of a known aliquot with methanol to a suitable clear solution and mixing with an internal standard; (S)-naproxen. Separation and quantification is performed by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography on a commercial tartaric acid network polymeric column (tertbutylbenzoyl) with UV-detection at 214 nm. The precision of the presented method upon repeated analysis of a 20 mg/ml suspension is 0.5% (n = 8), and the yield is near 100%. Less than 5 min is required for the chromatographic separation with a resolution of about 3 to the internal standard. With some modification of the chromatographic conditions water samples can also be analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Gyllenhaal
- Analytical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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