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Aredes RS, Lima IDP, Faillace AP, Madriaga VGC, Lima TDM, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC, Duarte LM. From capillaries to microchips, green electrophoretic features for enantiomeric separations: A decade review (2013-2022). Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1471-1518. [PMID: 37667860 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation by the electromigration-based method is well-established and widely discussed in the literature. Electrophoretic strategies have been used to baseline resolve complex enantiomeric mixtures, typically using a selector substance into the background electrolyte (BGE) from capillaries to microchips. Along with developing new materials/substances for enantioseparations, it is the concern about the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles for method development and application. This review article brings a last decade's update on the publications involving enantioseparation by electrophoresis for capillary and microchip systems. It also brings a critical discussion on GAC principles and new green metrics in the context of developing an enantioseparation method. Chemical and green features of native and modified cyclodextrins are discussed. Still, given the employment of greener substances, ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are highlighted, and some new selectors are proposed. For all the mentioned selectors, green features about their production, application, and disposal are considered. Sample preparation and BGE composition in GAC perspective, as well as greener derivatization possibilities, were also addressed. Therefore, one of the goals of this review is to aid the electrophoretic researchers to look where they have not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella S Aredes
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela de P Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Faillace
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius G C Madriaga
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Vaz
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia F de C Marques
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Duarte
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Qi L, Qiao J. Progress of chiral ligand-exchange capillary electrophoresis for enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Bernardo-Bermejo S, Marina ML, Castro-Puyana M. A rapid electrokinetic chromatography method using short-end injection for the enantioselective separation of tryptophan. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Oliveira RV, Simionato AVC, Cass QB. Enantioselectivity Effects in Clinical Metabolomics and Lipidomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175231. [PMID: 34500665 PMCID: PMC8433918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics and lipidomics have demonstrated increasing importance in underlying biochemical mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diseases to identify novel drug targets and/or biomarkers for establishing therapeutic approaches for human health. Particularly, bioactive metabolites and lipids have biological activity and have been implicated in various biological processes in physiological conditions. Thus, comprehensive metabolites, and lipids profiling are required to obtain further advances in understanding pathophysiological changes that occur in cells and tissues. Chirality is one of the most important phenomena in living organisms and has attracted long-term interest in medical and natural science. Enantioselective separation plays a pivotal role in understanding the distribution and physiological function of a diversity of chiral bioactive molecules. In this context, it has been the goal of method development for targeted and untargeted metabolomics and lipidomic assays. Herein we will highlight the benefits and challenges involved in these stereoselective analyses for clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina V. Oliveira
- SEPARARE-Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ana Valéria C. Simionato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Quezia B. Cass
- SEPARARE-Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3351-8087
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Yu RB, Quirino JP. Ionic liquids in electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461801. [PMID: 33385743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is an interest in the application of ionic liquids as additives into the separation media to improve achiral and chiral separations in electrokinetic chromatography (EKC). This review will critically discuss the developments on the use of ionic liquids in the different modes of EKC during the last five years (2015-mid 2020). A healthy number of 48 research articles searched through Scopus were categorised into two: ionic liquids as sole pseudophase (micelles, microemulsions, ligand exchange pseudophase or molecular pseudophase) and ionic liquids with pseudophase (achiral or chiral). More than half of the papers dealt with chiral separations that were mostly facilitated by another additive or pseudophase. The role of ionic liquids for improvement of separations were analysed, and we provided some recommendations for further investigations. Finally, the use of ionic liquids in different on-line sample concentration or stacking methods (i.e., field enhancement and sweeping) was briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Yu
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461383. [PMID: 32797856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography to achieve enantiomeric separations is reviewed in this article. The separation principles and the most frequently employed separation strategies to achieve chiral separations by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography are described. The use of chiral micellar systems alone or combined with other micellar systems or chiral selectors, as well as of mixtures of achiral micellar systems with chiral selectors is discussed together with the effect of different additives present in the separation medium. Indirect methods based on the derivatization of analytes with chiral derivatizing reagents and the use of achiral micelles are also considered. Preconcentration techniques employed to improve sensitivity and the main approaches developed to facilitate the coupling with Mass Spectrometry are included. The most recent and relevant methodologies developed by chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and their applications in different fields are presented.
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Nie L, Yohannes A, Yao S. Recent advances in the enantioseparation promoted by ionic liquids and their resolution mechanisms. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461384. [PMID: 32797857 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More and more various chemical media are being applied in enantioseparation; among them, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted the long-term attention in this decade as green designable solvents. This paper provides comprehensive overview for the applications of ILs in chiral extraction, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and other techniques for enantioseparation. Additionally, the important resolution mechanisms based on ILs have also been summarized and discussed. This review focuses on the latest development of enantioseparation methods by using ILs in various modes, leading to meaningful and valuable information to related fields and thus promotes further research and application of reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Nie
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Alula Yohannes
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Flieger J, Feder-Kubis J, Tatarczak-Michalewska M. Chiral Ionic Liquids: Structural Diversity, Properties and Applications in Selected Separation Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4253. [PMID: 32549300 PMCID: PMC7352568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are chemical compounds composed of ions with melting points below 100 °C exhibiting a design feature. ILs are commonly used as the so-called green solvents, reagents or highly efficient catalysts in varied chemical processes. The huge application potential of ionic liquids (IL) justifies the growing interest in these compounds. In the last decade, increasing attention has been devoted to the development of new methods in the synthesis of stable chiral ionic liquids (CILs) and their application in various separation techniques. The beginnings of the successful use of CILs to separate enantiomers date back to the 1990 s. Most chiral ILs are based on chiral cations or chiral anions. There is also a limited number of CILs possessing both a chiral cation and a chiral anion. Due to the high molecular diversity of both ions, of which at least one has a chiral center, we have the possibility to design a large variety of optically active structures, thus expanding the range of CIL applications. Research utilizing chiral ionic liquids only recently has become more popular. However, it is the area that still has great potential for future development. This review aimed to describe the diversity of structures, properties and examples of applications of chiral ionic liquids as new chiral solid materials and chiral components of the anisotropic environment, providing chiral recognition of enantiomeric analytes, which is useful in liquid chromatography, countercurrent chromatography and other various CIL-based extraction techniques including aqueous biphasic (ABS) extraction systems, solid-liquid two-phase systems, liquid-liquid extraction systems with hydrophilic CILs, liquid-liquid extraction systems with hydrophobic CILs, solid-phase extraction and induced-precipitation techniques developed in the recent years. The growing demand for pure enantiomers in the pharmaceutical and food industries sparks further development in the field of extraction and separation systems modified with CILs highlighting them as affordable and environmentally friendly both chiral selectors and solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
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Synthesis and applications of carbohydrate based chiral ionic liquids as chiral recognition agents and organocatalysts. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Salido-Fortuna S, Greño M, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML. Amino acid chiral ionic liquids combined with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for drug enantioseparation by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1607:460375. [PMID: 31353071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Four amino acid chiral ionic liquids were evaluated in dual systems with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin to investigate the enantioseparation by CE of a group of seven drugs as model compounds (duloxetine, verapamil, terbutaline, econazole, sulconazole, metoprolol, and nadolol). The use of two of these chiral ionic liquids (tetramethylammonium L-Lysine ([TMA][L-Lys]) and tetramethylammonium L-glutamic acid ([TMA][L-Glu])) as modifiers in CE is reported for the first time in this work whereas tetrabutylammonium L-lysine ([TBA][L-Lys]) and tetrabutylammonium L-glutamic acid ([TBA][L-Glu]) were employed previously in CE although very scarcely. The effect of the nature and the concentration of each ionic liquid added to the separation buffer containing the neutral cyclodextrin on the enantiomeric resolution and the migration time obtained for each drug, was investigated. A synergistic effect was observed when combining each chiral ionic liquid with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the case of the five compounds for which the cyclodextrin showed enantiomeric discrimination power when used as sole chiral selector (duloxetine, verapamil, terbutaline, econazole, sulconazole). Buffer concentration and pH, temperature and separation voltage were varied in order to optimize the enantiomeric separation of these five compounds using dual systems giving rise to resolutions ranging from 1.1 to 6.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Salido-Fortuna
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Maider Greño
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río. Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río. Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
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Liu J, Du Y, Sun X, Feng Z, Ma X, Li J. Synthesis and application of amino triazolium-modified lactobionic acid as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1594:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sun X, Liu K, Du Y, Liu J, Ma X. Investigation of the enantioselectivity of tetramethylammonium-lactobionate chiral ionic liquid based dual selector systems toward basic drugs in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1921-1930. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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Hussain A, AlAjmi MF, Hussain I, Ali I. Future of Ionic Liquids for Chiral Separations in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:289-305. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1523706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. AlAjmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina, Al-Munawara, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
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Chu C, Wei M, Liu C, Li H, Cao J, Yan J. Over 1000-fold improvement in an online preconcentration of trace anionic compounds by capillary electrophoresis with ionic liquid micelle-based three-step stacking. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1044:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Singh A, Chopra HK. Synthesis, characterization and applications of some novel DMAP-based chiral ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Miękus N, Olędzka I, Kossakowska N, Plenis A, Kowalski P, Prahl A, Bączek T. Ionic liquids as signal amplifiers for the simultaneous extraction of several neurotransmitters determined by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Talanta 2018; 186:119-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Greño M, Marina ML, Castro-Puyana M. Enantioseparation by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Ionic Liquids as Chiral Selectors. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:429-446. [PMID: 29641220 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1439365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most widely employed analytical techniques to achieve enantiomeric separations. In spite of the fact that there are many chiral selectors commercially available to perform enantioseparations by CE, one of the most relevant topics in this field is the search for new selectors capable of providing high enantiomeric resolutions. Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) have interesting characteristics conferring them a high potential in chiral separations although only some of them are commercially available. The aim of this article is to review all the works published on the use of CILs as chiral selectors in the development of enantioselective methodologies by CE, covering the period from 2006 (when the first research work on this topic was published) to 2017. The use of CILs as sole chiral selectors, as chiral selectors in dual systems or as chiral ligands will be considered. This review also provides detailed analytical information on the experimental conditions used to carry out enantioseparations in different fields as well as on the separation mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Greño
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- a Departamento de Química Analítica , Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
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Capillary electrophoresis separation of phenethylamine enantiomers using amino acid based ionic liquids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 148:245-250. [PMID: 29059613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years increasing interest was drawn towards ionic liquids in analytical separation science, such as capillary electrophoresis. Ionic liquids combining tetrabutylammonium cations with chiral amino acid based anions were prepared and investigated as capillary electrophoresis background electrolyte additives for the enantioseparation of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine isomers. For the optimization of buffer pH and ionic liquid concentration a design of experiments approach was performed. The best results for the separation of all enantiomers were achieved using 125mmol/L tetrabutylammonium l-argininate in a 75mmol/L phosphate buffer pH 1.5 containing 30mmol/L β-cyclodextrin.
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Chen J, Du Y, Sun X. Investigation of maltodextrin-based synergistic system with amino acid chiral ionic liquid as additive for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis. Chirality 2017; 29:824-835. [PMID: 28971527 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of chiral ionic liquids (ILs) and chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to establish a synergistic system has proven to be an effective approach for enantioseparation. In this article, tetramethylammonium-L-arginine, a kind of amino acid chiral IL, was applied to investigate its potential synergistic effect with maltodextrin in CE enantioseparation. The established maltodextrin-based synergistic system showed markedly improved enantioseparations compared with the single maltodextrin system. Parameters such as the chiral IL concentration, maltodextrin concentration, buffer pH, applied voltage, and capillary temperature were optimized. Satisfactory enantioseparation of the five studied drugs, including nefopam, duloxetine, ketoconazole, cetirizine, and citalopram was achieved in 50 mM Tris-H3 PO4 buffer solution (pH 3.0) containing 7.0% (m/v) maltodextrin and 60 mM tetramethylammonium-L-arginine. In addition, the chiral configuration of tetramethylammonium-L-arginine was also investigated to demonstrate the existence of a synergistic effect between chiral ILs and maltodextrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Yang X, Du Y, Feng Z, Liu Z, Li J. Establishment and molecular modeling study of maltodextrin-based synergistic enantioseparation systems with two new hydroxy acid chiral ionic liquids as additives in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2017. [PMID: 28641834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Discovering more superior performance of ionic liquids for the separation science has triggered increasing interest. In this work, two new Hydroxy acid-based chiral ionic liquids (CILs) (tertramethylammonium-d-pantothenate (TMA-d-PAN), tertramethylammonium-d-quinate (TMA-d-QUI)) were designed and first used as additives to establish the maltodextrin-based synergistic systems for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Compared to traditional single maltodextrin chiral separation system, significantly improved separations of all tested drugs in the CIL/Maltodextrin synergistic systems were obtained. Some parameters (CIL concentration, maltodextrin concentration, buffer pH, and applied voltage) in the TMA-d-PAN/Maltodextrin synergistic system have been examined and optimized for analytes. The molecular docking software AutoDock was applied to simulate the recognition process and surmise feasible resolution mechanism in the Maltodextrin/CILs synergistic systems, which has certain guiding value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Zijie Feng
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zongran Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jingtang Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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23
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Stavrou IJ, Agathokleous EA, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: Recent development and applications (mid-2014 to mid-2016). Electrophoresis 2017; 38:786-819. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Fanali C, Micalizzi G, Dugo P, Mondello L. Ionic liquids as stationary phases for fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography. Analyst 2017; 142:4601-4612. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01338h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present paper provides an overview of the application of ionic liquid (IL) columns for GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Fanali
- Department of Medicine
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome
- 00128 Rome
- Italy
| | - G. Micalizzi
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche
- Biologiche
- Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali”
- University of Messina – Polo Annunziata
- 98168 Messina
| | - P. Dugo
- Department of Medicine
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome
- 00128 Rome
- Italy
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche
| | - L. Mondello
- Department of Medicine
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome
- 00128 Rome
- Italy
- Dipartimento di “Scienze Chimiche
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25
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Scriba GKE. Chiral recognition in separation science - an update. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:56-78. [PMID: 27318504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stereospecific recognition of chiral molecules is an important issue in various aspects of life sciences and chemistry including analytical separation sciences. The basis of analytical enantioseparations is the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes driven by hydrogen bonds or ionic, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, van der Waals as well as π-π interactions. Recently, halogen bonding was also described to contribute to selector-selectand complexation. Besides structure-separation relationships, spectroscopic techniques, especially NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography have contributed to the understanding of the structure of the diastereomeric complexes. Molecular modeling has provided the tool for the visualization of the structures. The present review highlights recent contributions to the understanding of the binding mechanism between chiral selectors and selectands in analytical enantioseparations dating between 2012 and early 2016 including polysaccharide derivatives, cyclodextrins, cyclofructans, macrocyclic glycopeptides, proteins, brush-type selectors, ion-exchangers, polymers, crown ethers, ligand-exchangers, molecular micelles, ionic liquids, metal-organic frameworks and nucleotide-derived selectors. A systematic compilation of all published literature on the various chiral selectors has not been attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard K E Scriba
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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26
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Evaluation of synergistic enantioseparation systems with chiral spirocyclic ionic liquids as additives by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2543-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Kartsova LA, Bessonova EA, Kolobova EA. Ionic Liquids as Modifiers of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Systems. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Poinsot V, Ong-Meang V, Gavard P, Couderc F. Recent advances in amino acid analysis by capillary electromigration methods, 2013-2015. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:142-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Poinsot
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Varravaddheay Ong-Meang
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Pierre Gavard
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
| | - François Couderc
- Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire des IMRCP; Toulouse Cedex France
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29
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Xu G, Du Y, Du F, Chen J, Yu T, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Du S, Feng Z. Establishment and Evaluation of the Novel Tetramethylammonium-L-Hydroxyproline Chiral Ionic Liquid Synergistic System Based on Clindamycin Phosphate for Enantioseparation by Capillary Electrophoresis. Chirality 2015; 27:598-604. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangfu Xu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education); China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Fan Du
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
| | - Shuaijing Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P.R. China
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30
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Brown CJ, Hopkins TA. Chiral Discrimination by Ionic Liquids: Impact of Ionic Solutes. Chirality 2015; 27:320-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd A. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry; Butler University; Indianapolis Indiana
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31
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Su Y, Mu X, Qi L. Development of a capillary electrophoresis system with Mn(ii) complexes and β-cyclodextrin as the dual chiral selectors for enantioseparation of dansyl amino acids and its application in screening enzyme inhibitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02744f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel CLE-CE system with Mn(ii)–[BMIm][l-Ala] complexes and β-CD as the dual chiral selectors based on the synergistic effect was successfully constructed for enantioseparation of Dns-d,l-AAs and applied in screening the tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Xiaoyu Mu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
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