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Zha GF, Preetham HD, Rangappa S, Sharath Kumar KS, Girish YR, Rakesh KP, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Rangappa KS. Benzimidazole analogues as efficient arsenals in war against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its SAR studies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105175. [PMID: 34298242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule based inhibitors development is a growing field in medicinal chemistry. In recent years, different heterocyclic derivatives have been designed to counter the infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Indeed, small molecule inhibitors can be employed as an efficient antibacterial agents with different mechanism of action. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming lethal to mankind due to easy transmission mode, rapid resistance development to existing antibiotics and affect difficult-to-treat skin and filmsy diseases. Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds which have capability to fight against MRSA. High biocompatibility of benzimidazoles, synergistic behaviour with antibiotics and their tunable physico-chemical properties attracted the researchers to develop new benzimidazole based antibacterial agents. The present review focus on recent developments of benzimidazole-hybrid molecules as anti MRSA agents and the results of in-vitro and in-vivo studies with possible mechanism of action and discussing structure-activity relationship (SAR) in different directions. Benzimdazoles act as DNA binding agents, enzyme inhibitors, anti-biofilm agents and showed synergistic effect with available antibiotics to achieve antibacterial activity against MRSA. This cumulative figures would help to design new benzimidazole-based MRSA growth inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zha
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhan 518107, China.
| | - Habbanakuppe D Preetham
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570 006, India
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagar, Nagamangala Taluk, Mandya District 571448, India
| | | | - Yarabahally R Girish
- Centre for Research and Innovations, School of Natural Sciences, BGSIT, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara, Mandya, 571448, India
| | - Kadalipura P Rakesh
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Feng B, Sundin E, Lincoln P, Mårtensson AKF. DNA threading intercalation of enantiopure [Ru(phen) 2bidppz] 2+ induced by hydrophobic catalysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2238-2244. [PMID: 33439155 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomers of a novel mononuclear ruthenium(ii) complex [Ru(phen)2bidppz]2+ with an elongated dppz moiety were synthesized. Surprisingly, the complex showed no DNA intercalating capability in an aqueous environment. However, by the addition of water-miscible polyethylene glycol ether PEG-400, self-aggregation of the hydrophobic ruthenium(ii) complexes was counter-acted, thus strongly promoting the DNA intercalation binding mode. This mild alteration of the environment surrounding the DNA polymer does not damage or alter the DNA structure but instead enables more efficient binding characterization studies of potential DNA binding drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kemigården 4, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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3
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Soliman N, Sol V, Ouk TS, Thomas CM, Gasser G. Encapsulation of a Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complex into Polylactide Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E961. [PMID: 33066200 PMCID: PMC7602071 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) also known as photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising strategy to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This therapy relies on the use of a molecule called photosensitizer capable of generating, from molecular oxygen, reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen under light irradiation to induce bacteria inactivation. Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes can be considered as potential photosensitizers for aPDT/PDI. However, to allow efficient treatment, they must be able to penetrate bacteria. This can be promoted by using nanoparticles. In this work, ruthenium-polylactide (RuPLA) nanoconjugates with different tacticities and molecular weights were prepared from a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, RuOH. Narrowly-dispersed nanoparticles with high ruthenium loadings (up to 53%) and an intensity-average diameter < 300 nm were obtained by nanoprecipitation, as characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Their phototoxicity effect was evaluated on four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and compared to the parent compound RuOH. RuOH and the nanoparticles were found to be non-active towards Gram-negative bacterial strains. However, depending on the tacticity and molecular weight of the RuPLA nanoconjugates, differences in photobactericidal activity on Gram-positive bacterial strains have been evidenced whereas RuOH remained non active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Soliman
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France;
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Limoges University, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France;
| | - Tan-Sothea Ouk
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, Limoges University, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France;
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
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Sur VP, Mazumdar A, Kopel P, Mukherjee S, Vítek P, Michalkova H, Vaculovičová M, Moulick A. A Novel Ruthenium Based Coordination Compound Against Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2656. [PMID: 32290291 PMCID: PMC7178087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections urges to develop alternatives to less-effective antibiotics. To assess anti-bacterial potential, a novel coordinate compound (RU-S4) was synthesized using ruthenium-Schiff base-benzimidazole ligand, where ruthenium chloride was used as the central atom. RU-S4 was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy. Antibacterial effect of RU-S4 was studied against Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 8511), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) (CCM 1767), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ST239: SCCmecIIIA), and hospital isolate Staphylococcus epidermidis. The antibacterial activity of RU-S4 was checked by growth curve analysis and the outcome was supported by optical microscopy imaging and fluorescence LIVE/DEAD cell imaging. In vivo (balb/c mice) infection model prepared with VRSA (CCM 1767) and treated with RU-S4. In our experimental conditions, all infected mice were cured. The interaction of coordination compound with bacterial cells were further confirmed by cryo-scanning electron microscope (Cryo-SEM). RU-S4 was completely non-toxic against mammalian cells and in mice and subsequently treated with synthesized RU-S4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishma Pratap Sur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.V.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aninda Mazumdar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.V.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Soumajit Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Petr Vítek
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ- 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Hana Michalkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Markéta Vaculovičová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.V.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Amitava Moulick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.M.); (H.M.); (M.V.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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Smitten KL, Fairbanks SD, Robertson CC, Bernardino de la Serna J, Foster SJ, Thomas JA. Ruthenium based antimicrobial theranostics - using nanoscopy to identify therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Sci 2020; 11:70-79. [PMID: 32110358 PMCID: PMC7012045 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we reported that specific dinuclear RuII complexes are particularly active against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and, unusually for this class of compounds, appeared to display lowered activity against Gram-positive bacteria. With the aim of identifying resistance mechanisms specific to Gram-positive bacteria, the uptake and antimicrobial activity of the lead complex against Staphylococcus aureus SH1000 and other isolates, including MRSA was investigated. This revealed differential, strain specific, sensitivity to the complex. Exploiting the inherent luminescent properties of the RuII complex, super-resolution STED nanoscopy was used to image its initial interaction with S. aureus and confirm its cellular internalization. Membrane damage assays and transmission electron microscopy confirm that the complex disrupts the bacterial membrane structure before internalization, which ultimately results in a small amount of DNA damage. A known resistance mechanism against cationic antimicrobials in Gram-positive bacteria involves increased expression of the mprF gene as this results in an accumulation of positively charged lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol on the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane that electrostatically repel cationic species. Consistent with this model, it was found that an mprF deficient strain was particularly susceptible to treatment with the lead complex. More detailed co-staining studies also revealed that the complex was more active in S. aureus strains missing, or with altered, wall teichoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
- The Florey Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , S10 2TN , UK
| | - Simon D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
| | - Craig C Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- National Heart and Lung Institute , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , UK
- Research Complex at Harwell , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Central Laser Facility , United Kingdom Research and Innovation , OX11 0FA , UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- The Florey Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , S10 2TN , UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK . ;
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Smitten KL, Southam HM, de la Serna JB, Gill MR, Jarman PJ, Smythe CGW, Poole RK, Thomas JA. Using Nanoscopy To Probe the Biological Activity of Antimicrobial Leads That Display Potent Activity against Pathogenic, Multidrug Resistant, Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5133-5146. [PMID: 30964642 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal leads that are also compatible with imaging technologies are attractive, as they facilitate the development of therapeutics through direct mechanistic observations at the molecular level. In this context, the uptake and antimicrobial activities of several luminescent dinuclear RuII complexes against E. coli were assessed and compared to results obtained for another ESKAPE pathogen, the Gram-positive major opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis, V583. The most promising lead displays potent activity, particularly against the Gram-negative bacteria, and potency is retained in the uropathogenic multidrug resistant EC958 ST131 strain. Exploiting the inherent luminescent properties of this complex, super-resolution STED nanoscopy was used to image its initial localization at/in cellular membranes and its subsequent transfer to the cell poles. Membrane damage assays confirm that the complex disrupts the bacterial membrane structure before internalization. Mammalian cell culture and animal model studies indicate that the complex is not toxic to eukaryotes, even at concentrations that are several orders of magnitude higher than its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Taken together, these results have identified a lead molecular architecture for hard-to-treat, multiresistant, Gram-negative bacteria, which displays activities that are already comparable to optimized natural product-based leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Hannah M Southam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell , Science and Technology Facilities Council , Harwell-Oxford , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
- Department of Physics , King's College London , London WC2R 2LS , U.K
| | - Martin R Gill
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
| | - Paul J Jarman
- Department of Biomedical Science , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Carl G W Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Robert K Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , U.K
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
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8
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Li X, Gorle AK, Sundaraneedi MK, Keene FR, Collins JG. Kinetically-inert polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as therapeutic agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Synthesis, solvatochromism, photochemistry, DNA binding, photocleavage, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies of a ruthenium(II) complex bearing photoactive subunit. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Mårtensson AKF, Bergentall M, Tremaroli V, Lincoln P. Diastereomeric bactericidal effect of Ru(phenanthroline) 2 dipyridophenazine. Chirality 2018; 28:713-720. [PMID: 27791316 PMCID: PMC5248623 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal susceptibility assays and spot plating were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of enantiopure [Ru(phen)2 dppz]2+ (phen =1,10-phenanthroline and dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2´,3´-c]phenazine) and [μ-bidppz(phen)4 Ru2 ]4+ (bidppz =11,11´-bis(dipyrido[3,2-a:2´,3´-c]phenazinyl)), on Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis as bacterial models. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined for both complexes: while [μ-bidppz(phen)4 Ru2 ]4+ only showed a bactericidal effect at the highest concentrations tested, the antimicrobial activity of [Ru(phen)2 dppz]2+ against B. subtilis was comparable to that of tetracyline. In addition, the Δ-enantiomer of [Ru(phen)2 dppz]2+ showed a 2-fold higher bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect compared to the Λ-enantiomer. This was in accordance with the enantiomers relative binding affinity for DNA, thus strongly indicating DNA binding as the mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K F Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Bergentall
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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