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Berry J, Hilts KE, Thoma L, Corelli RL, Stump TE, Monahan PO, Hudmon KS. Patient awareness, perceptions, and attitudes towards pharmacists prescribing tobacco cessation medications. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:1531-1542. [PMID: 37777388 PMCID: PMC10625477 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent legislative advances now permit pharmacists to prescribe tobacco cessation medications in 17 states. While national initiatives are underway to prepare the pharmacy profession for this expanded role, patient perceptions of this role have not been explored. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize patient perceptions, attitudes, and awareness of pharmacists prescribing for tobacco cessation medications. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of English and Spanish-speaking patients was conducted at 12 locations of a federally-qualified health center in Northwest Indiana. Survey measures assessed sociodemographics, tobacco use history and interest in quitting, prior interactions with pharmacists and awareness of pharmacists' ability to prescribe tobacco cessation medications, and perceptions of pharmacists assisting with cessation. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) served as a framework for item development. Multivariable logistic regression was used for modeling. RESULTS A total of 2082 individuals (1878 English, 204 Spanish) completed the survey (42.4%). Among current users (n = 592; 28.4%), 46.2% had made a quit attempt in the past year, and 41.0% reported having used a tobacco cessation medication in the past. Over half (60.5%) of current users would be comfortable talking with a pharmacist about quitting, 31.9% intended to talk with a pharmacist about quitting, and 31.7% intended to ask a pharmacist to prescribe a medicine to help with quitting. In multivariable modeling, intention to (a) talk with a pharmacist about quitting and (b) ask a pharmacist to prescribe a medication were significantly associated with TPB constructs. Current tobacco users were receptive to pharmacist-facilitated assistance with quitting, including prescribing of tobacco cessation medications. CONCLUSIONS Patients' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, from the Theory of Planned Behavior, were important predictors of intention to engage with pharmacists for quitting and intention to ask a pharmacist to prescribe a cessation medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Berry
- Pharmacy Department, HealthLinc, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA.
| | - Katy Ellis Hilts
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lynn Thoma
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47902, USA.
| | - Robin L Corelli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Timothy E Stump
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Patrick O Monahan
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Karen Suchanek Hudmon
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47902, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Corelli RL, Merchant KR, Hilts KE, Kroon LA, Vatanka P, Hille BT, Hudmon KS. Community pharmacy technicians' engagement in the delivery of brief tobacco cessation interventions: Results of a randomized trial. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:3158-3163. [PMID: 34544660 PMCID: PMC8898316 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the role of community pharmacy technicians has expanded to include involvement in the provision of brief tobacco cessation interventions. While technicians appear to be a key component in this service, their level of engagement and associated perceptions of this new role have not been described. OBJECTIVE To compare pharmacy technicians' frequency of involvement in brief tobacco cessation interventions delivered in a community pharmacy setting, as a function of training approach, and to characterize their perceptions of this expanded role, including barriers to implementation. METHODS Twenty California-based grocery store chain pharmacies were randomized to receive (a) written training materials-only [minimal] or (b) written training materials plus live training with coaching and active monitoring by pharmacy management [intensive]. After written materials were distributed to the sites, tobacco cessation interventions were documented prospectively for 12 weeks post-training. RESULTS Over the 12-week study, technicians (n = 50) documented their involvement in 524 interventions (57.7% of 908 total), with the minimal group accounting for 56.1% and the intensive group accounting for 43.9% (p < 0.001). The number of individual technicians who reported at least one intervention was 16 (of 26; 61.5%) in the minimal group and 24 (of 24; 100%) in the intensive group (p < 0.001). At the conclusion of the study, 100% of technicians in the intensive group self-rated their ability to interact with patients about quitting smoking as good, very good, or excellent compared to 73.9% in the minimal group (p = 0.10). CONCLUSION In both study arms, technicians documented high numbers of tobacco cessation interventions. The higher proportion of technicians providing one or more interventions in the intensive group suggests a greater overall engagement in the process, relative to those receiving minimal training. Technicians can play a key role in the delivery of tobacco cessation interventions in community pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Corelli
- University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Kyle R Merchant
- University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katy Ellis Hilts
- Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lisa A Kroon
- University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Parisa Vatanka
- University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; American Pharmacists Association, Washington DC, 20037, USA
| | | | - Karen Suchanek Hudmon
- University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Implementing Brief Tobacco Cessation Interventions in Community Pharmacies: An Application of Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10030056. [PMID: 35736771 PMCID: PMC9230644 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacists, as highly accessible members of the healthcare team, have considerable potential to address tobacco use among patients. However, while published data suggest that pharmacists are effective in helping patients quit, barriers exist to routine implementation of cessation services in community pharmacy settings. Within the context of a randomized trial (n = 64 pharmacies), surveys were administered over a period of 6 months to assess pharmacists’ perceptions of factors associated with the implementation of “Ask-Advise-Refer”, a brief intervention approach that facilitates patient referrals to the tobacco quitline. Study measures, grounded in Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory, assessed pharmacists’ perceptions of implementation facilitators and barriers, perceptions of intervention materials provided, and perceived efforts and personal success in implementing Ask-Advise-Refer at 6-months follow-up. Findings indicate that while the brief intervention approach was not difficult to understand or implement, integration into normal workflows presents greater challenges and is associated with overall confidence and implementation success. Lack of time was the most significant barrier to routine implementation. Most (90.6%) believed that community pharmacies should be active in promoting tobacco quitlines. Study results can inform future development of systems-based approaches that lead to broad-scale adoption of brief interventions, including but not limited to tobacco cessation, in pharmacy settings.
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Washington TR, Ward TS, Young HN, Orpinas P, Cornelius LJ. Implementing and evaluating an interprofessional minority health conference for social work and healthcare professionals. J Interprof Care 2017; 31:785-788. [PMID: 28872923 DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2017.1346591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interprofessional education (IPE) is one strategy for addressing health inequities; however, little attention has been paid to continuing IPE for practicing social work and healthcare professionals. This article offers guidance to faculty in social work and health-related academic units on offering continuing IPE on the topic of minority health. An interprofessional group of faculty offered a day-long conference on minority health, ethics, and social justice. The conference goal was to promote interprofessional communication in a co-learning environment and promote dialogue on social determinants of health and health equity in the state. Data were obtained from surveys and analysis of work plans developed during the conference. Workshop participants were majority White (62%), social workers (79%), and practiced for 14 years on average. The most useful topics were dementia and polypharmacy. Takeaway strategies included interprofessional work, being mindful of access to resources, and engagement in continuing education. Lessons learned include plan in advance for all professions; recruit faculty and students from multiple departments to increase interprofessional diversity; offer strategies and incentives to increase student participation; be strategic about conference location and format; and identify a strategic format and theme. IPE is a means of preparing learners for working together in their future careers to provide high-quality patient-centred care and reduce health disparities. Professional development can provide an opportunity to enhance skills to address health disparities, and learning can be significantly enhanced when participants connect with colleagues from different professions, discuss diverse opinions, and share successful practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trina Salm Ward
- a University of Georgia School of Social Work , Athens , GA , USA.,b University of Georgia College of Public Health , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Henry N Young
- c University of Georgia College of Pharmacy , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Pamela Orpinas
- b University of Georgia College of Public Health , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Llewellyn J Cornelius
- a University of Georgia School of Social Work , Athens , GA , USA.,d Center for Social Justice , Human and Civil Rights , Athens , GA , USA
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Sarna L, Bialous SA, Wells M, Brook J. Impact of a webcast on nurses' delivery of tobacco dependence treatment. J Clin Nurs 2017; 27:e91-e99. [PMID: 28493616 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate an educational programme about nurses' role in tobacco dependence treatment, and its webcast component, on the long-term impact of increasing the frequency of nurses' self-reported changes in practice related to delivery of smoking cessation interventions. BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals' knowledge about evidence-based tobacco dependence treatment using the 5As framework (Ask about tobacco use, Advise users to quit, Assess willingness to quit, Assist in making a quit plan and Arrange for follow-up, including referral to a quitline) is essential to increase smoking cessation rates in the United States. DESIGN A 6-month pre-post design. METHODS A convenience sample of nurses (N = 283) from Kentucky and Louisiana was provided access to the webcast and printed toolkit. Responses from those who completed an online survey at baseline, and at 3 or 6 months postimplementation of the educational programme were included in an analysis of changes in the consistent (always/usually) delivery of the 5As plus referral to the quitline. RESULTS After 3 months, the intervention had a significant impact on increasing nurses' reports of consistently providing the 5As to patients who smoked, which was largely sustained at 6 months. Nurses who viewed the webcast were three times more likely to refer smokers to a quitline at 3 months; and four times more likely at 6 months than those who did not. CONCLUSIONS An online educational programme, plus printed toolkit about tobacco dependence treatment increased nurses' delivery of smoking cessation interventions over time. This study provided preliminary evidence that including a webcast in a nurse-targeted educational programme could significantly increase the proportion of nurses who referred smokers to a quitline beyond the benefit of access to printed materials and web-based resources. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Distance learning is a feasible mechanism for enhancing nurses' involvement in tobacco dependence treatment and promoting evidence-based clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sarna
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stella A Bialous
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marjorie Wells
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Brook
- David Geffin School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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VanNieuwenborg L, Goossens M, De Lepeleire J, Schoenmakers B. Continuing medical education for general practitioners: a practice format. Postgrad Med J 2016; 92:217-22. [PMID: 26850504 PMCID: PMC4819632 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Our current knowledge-based society and the many actualisations within the medical profession require a great responsibility of physicians to continuously develop and refine their skills. In this article, we reflect on some recent findings in the field of continuing education for professional doctors (continuing medical education, CME). Second, we describe the development of a CME from the Academic Center for General Practice (ACHG) of the KU Leuven. Methods First, we performed a literature study and we used unpublished data of a need assessment performed (2013) in a selected group of general practitioners. Second, we describe the development of a proposal to establish a CME programme for general practitioners. Results CME should go beyond the sheer acquisition of knowledge, and also seek changes in practice, attitudes and behaviours of physicians. The continuing education offerings are subject to the goals of the organising institution, but even more to the needs and desires of the end user. Conclusions Integrated education is crucial to meet the conditions for efficient and effective continuing education. The ACHG KU Leuven decided to offer a postgraduate programme consisting of a combination of teaching methods: online courses (self-study), contact courses (traditional method) and a materials database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena VanNieuwenborg
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre of General Practice, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Goossens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre of General Practice, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Lepeleire
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre of General Practice, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birgitte Schoenmakers
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre of General Practice, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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McBane SE, Corelli RL, Albano CB, Conry JM, Della Paolera MA, Kennedy AK, Jenkins AT, Hudmon KS. The role of academic pharmacy in tobacco cessation and control. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2013; 77:93. [PMID: 23788804 PMCID: PMC3687126 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe77593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of public health initiatives, tobacco use remains the leading known preventable cause of death in the United States. Clinicians have a proven, positive effect on patients' ability to quit, and pharmacists are strategically positioned to assist patients with quitting. The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy recognizes health promotion and disease prevention as a key educational outcome; as such, tobacco cessation education should be a required component of pharmacy curricula to ensure that all pharmacy graduates possess the requisite evidence-based knowledge and skills to intervene with patients who use tobacco. Faculty members teaching tobacco cessation-related content must be knowledgeable and proficient in providing comprehensive cessation counseling, and all preceptors and practicing pharmacists providing direct patient care should screen for tobacco use and provide at least minimal counseling as a routine component of care. Pharmacy organizations should establish policies and resolutions addressing the profession's role in tobacco cessation and control, and the profession should work together to eliminate tobacco sales in all practice settings where pharmacy services are rendered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McBane
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Cervero RM, Moore DE. The Cease Smoking Today (CS2day) initiative: a guide to pursue the 2010 IOM report vision for CPD. THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2011; 31 Suppl 1:S76-S82. [PMID: 22190104 DOI: 10.1002/chp.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the articles in this supplement that describe a smoking cessation project, Cease Smoking Today (CS2day) that demonstrated successful outcomes: physician adoption of a smoking cessation guideline and an increase in smoking quit rates. The authors examine how the activities of the CS2day project compared to the principles and characteristics of the vision for a future system of continuing professional development that was described in the 2010 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Redesigning Continuing Education in the Health Professions. While it did not meet all the characteristics of the IOM's vision, the CS2day Initiative met enough of them for the authors to suggest that the momentum that the IOM report generated has been sustained. The authors point out two strengths and two weaknesses that further strategic and organizational efforts should consider. The two strengths were the collaborative nature of the project and an approach to continuous outcomes assessment that was based on competencies derived from a practice guideline. The authors also suggested that future similar efforts should place more emphasis on instructional design and developing a program theory to guide program operations and educational development. The authors encouraged members of the CME profession to consider the accomplishments of the CS2day project as they are planning to move their CME programs toward the vision described in the IOM Report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Cervero
- College of Education, Institute for Evidence-Based Health Professions Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Moore DE. Collaboration, best-practice CME, public health focus, and the alliance for CME competencies: a formula for the new CME? THE JOURNAL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2011; 31 Suppl 1:S1-S2. [PMID: 22190095 DOI: 10.1002/chp.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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