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Hille-Rehfeld A. Halogenierte Naturstoffe. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201400682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wright AD, Papendorf O, König GM, Oberemm A. Effects of cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua isolates and cell free culture media on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:604-8. [PMID: 16554083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of several species of fresh water cyanobacteria, notably Microcystis species and associated toxins, the microcystins, Anabaena species (anatoxin), Nodularia sp. (nodularin), and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cylindrospermopsin), are well known. Little, however, is known about the effects of secondary metabolites other than alkaloids. Early life stage tests with zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to detect bioactive properties of compounds released by healthy cyanobacteria (Fischerella ambigua), particularly on the early developmental stages of fish. This approach, using F. ambigua is probably most valuable as it shows the toxicity of healthy growing cyanobacteria. The effects of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites on the embryonic stages of fish are of considerable interest as many aquatic creatures, particularly fish, are unable to avoid the potential toxins that may be released by undesirable algal blooms or as a result of allelopathic effects. In the current study, the zebrafish (D. rerio) was used as a model experimental system to investigate the effects of ambigols A and C, tjipanazole D and C, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, cell free culture media, and media extracts of a terrestrial/fresh water strain of the cyanobacterium F. ambigua on embryo development. Fish embryo tests performed with the cell free culture medium showed that after 3h of exposure to undiluted culture medium all fish embryos died. At a tenfold dilution the process of epiboly (formation of the gastrula) was retarded in all embryos, lesions were observed, and their general development was significantly arrested, finally followed by death. The same tests performed with extracts (dichloromethane, n-butanol, and residual cell free culture medium) of the cell free culture medium, ambigol A, ambigol C, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid and tjipanazole D showed only ambigol A to have an influence on zebrafish development at concentrations>or=1 mg/l (2.06 microM). After 55 h all embryos showed pectoral oedema, irregularly shaped fin folds, bent tails, and unusual circular neoplasms in the dorsal tail fin fold. Due to the high concentration of ambigol A used in this assay these effects were considered to be of minor importance when compared to those of the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Wright
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Qld 4810, Australia.
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Vetter W. Marine halogenated natural products of environmental relevance. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 188:1-57. [PMID: 17016915 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-32964-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A wide range and steadily increasing number of halogenated natural products (HNPs) is detected in marine organisms that are not the natural source of these compounds but which have accumulated these HNPs in a similar way as known to occur with anthropogenic halogenated pollutants such as PCBs and DDT. The HNPs have aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic spines and are brominated, chlorinated, or mixed halogenated (Cl and Br). The exact isomer structures of HNPs are often closely related to the anthropogenic POPs, and for some compounds both natural and anthropogenic sources are likely to exist. Some of the HNPs are nonpolar, persistent, and can thus be found even in marine mammals and birds of prey. The most important HNPs detected in top predators are halogenated 1,1'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrroles (HDBPs), the heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole Q1, the tetrabromophenoxyanisole isomers 6-MeO-BDE 47 and 2'-MeO-BDE 68, and related compounds. Each of these compounds has been detected in higher trophic biota with concentrations exceeding 1 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Wright AD, Papendorf O, König GM. Ambigol C and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, natural products produced by the terrestrial cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:459-461. [PMID: 15787461 DOI: 10.1021/np049640w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The new natural products 3,5-bis(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2,6-dichlorophenol (ambigol C, 1), a highly chlorinated aromatic compound, and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (2) were isolated from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua together with the known compounds ambigol A (3) and tjipanazole D (4). All structures were secured by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV, IR). Ambigol C has moderate activity against Trypanosoma rhodesiense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Wright
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, Qld 4810, Australia.
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Wu J, Vetter W, Gribble GW, Schneekloth, Jr. JS, Blank DH, Görls H. Structure and Synthesis of the Natural Heptachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Q1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:1740-3. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020517)41:10<1740::aid-anie1740>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wu J, Vetter W, Gribble GW, Schneekloth, Jr. JS, Blank DH, Görls H. Struktur und Synthese des Naturstoffs Heptachlor-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrol (Q1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020517)114:10<1814::aid-ange1814>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wu J, Vetter W, Gribble GW, Schneekloth, Jr. JS, Blank DH, Görls H. Structure and Synthesis of the Natural Heptachloro-1′-methyl-1,2′-bipyrrole (Q1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020517)41:10%3c1740::aid-anie1740%3e3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vettery W. Environmental occurrence of Q1, a C9H3C17N2 compound, that has been identified as a natural bioaccumulative organochlorine. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 46:1477-1483. [PMID: 12002479 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental appearance of Q1, a natural heptachloro compound with the molecular formula C9H3C17N2, was studied in samples from different sites all over the world. Q1 was expected to have a bipyrrole backbone, similar to other compounds ascribed to natural sources. A method for isolation of Q1 was developed by combination of adsorption chromatography on silica and normal phase HPLC with an amino phase. UV-detection of Q1 supports the aromatic character of the compound. The high levels detected in samples of marine mammals and birds suggested that Q1 is both a persistent and a bioaccumulative contaminant. This was underscored by calculated logK(ow) in the range of other lipophilic organohalogens. In accordance with earlier studies, highest Ql concentrations were found in the Southern Hemisphere, but with a highly selective GC/ECNI-MS-SIM method, detection of Q1 was also achieved in many samples from the Northern Hemisphere. In addition to marine mammals and birds. Q1 was also detected in fish from the Mediterranean Sea and the Antarctic. Traces were also detected in SRM 1588 certified cod liver oil, but Q1 was not detected in fish from Hong Kong and Lake Baikal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vettery
- Department of Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany.
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Speicher A, Hollemeyer K, Heinzle E. Rapid detection of chlorinated bisbibenzyls in Bazzania trilobata using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:303-306. [PMID: 11382248 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated bisbibenzyls of the bazzanin type are detected in crude bryophyte plant extracts of Bazzania trilobata from different locations using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. These results show that these chlorinated compounds are not artefacts of an incidental occurrence or of the sample preparation but are genuine and produced by the liverwort or an endosymbiotic metabolism. Further experiments were performed concerning the in vitro chlorination of the halogen free basic unit isoplagiochin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Speicher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Germany.
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The Role of Glutathione and Glutathione S-transferases in Plant Reaction and Adaptation to Xenobiotics. PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47644-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Speicher A, Hollemeyer K, Heinzle E. Rapid detection of multiple chlorinated bis(bibenzyls) in bryophyte crude extracts using laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:124-127. [PMID: 11180540 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20010130)15:2<124::aid-rcm203>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated bis(bibenzyls) of the bazzanine type were detected in crude bryophyte plant extracts of Bazzania trilobata from different locations using laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (LDI-TOF) mass spectrometry without addition of an additional chemical matrix. The degree of chlorination could be identified by the characteristic isotope patterns. These results suggest that these chlorinated compounds are not artefacts of an incidental occurrence, or of the sample preparation, but are genuine natural products produced by the liverwort or by an endosymbiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Speicher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Vetter W, Alder L, Kallenborn R, Schlabach M. Determination of Q1, an unknown organochlorine contaminant, in human milk, Antarctic air, and further environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 110:401-409. [PMID: 15092819 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/1999] [Accepted: 12/11/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Q1, an organochlorine component with the molecular formula C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2) and of unknown origin was recently identified in seal blubber samples from the Namibian coast (southwest of Africa) and the Antarctic. In these samples, Q1 was more abundant than PCBs and on the level of DDT residues. Furthermore, Q1 was more abundant in seals from the Antarctic than the Arctic. To prove this assumption, gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS), which is sensitive and selective for Q1, allowed for screening of traces of Q1 even in samples with particularly high levels of other organochlorine contaminants. Q1 was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from a skua liver sample. A 1:1 mixture with trans-nonachlor in electron-capture detectors (ECDs) was used to determine the relative response factor with ECNI-MS. The ECNI-MS response of Q1 turned out to be 4.5 times higher than that of trans-nonachlor in an ECD. With GC/ECNI-MS in the selected ion-monitoring mode, four Antarctic and four Arctic air samples were investigated for the presence of Q1. In the Antarctic air samples, Q1 levels ranged from 0.7 to 0.9 fg/m(3). In Arctic air samples, however, Q1 was below the detection limit (<0.06 fg/m(3) or 60 ag/m(3)). We also report on high Q1 levels in selected human milk samples (12-230 microg/kg lipid) and, therefore, suggested that the unknown Q1 is an environmental compound whose origin and distribution should be investigated in detail. Our data confirm that Q1 is a bioaccumulative natural organochlorine product. Detection of a highly chlorinated natural organochlorine compound in air and human milk is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vetter
- Department of Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 25, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Blitzke T, Porzel A, Masaoud M, Schmidt J. A chlorinated amide and piperidine alkaloids from Aloe sabaea. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 55:979-982. [PMID: 11140536 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigations of Aloe sabaea afforded a new chlorinated amide, N-4'-chlorobutylbutyramide, and the toxic piperidine alkaloids coniine, gamma-coniceine and the quarternary N,N-dimethylconiine. This is the first report of the occurrence of a chlorinated compound in the Aloeaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Blitzke
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Vetter W, Alder L, Palavinskas R. Mass spectrometric characterization of Q1, a C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2) contaminant in environmental samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1999; 13:2118-2124. [PMID: 10523769 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19991115)13:21<2118::aid-rcm762>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Q1, a heptachloro component of unknown structure and origin, was recently identified as a major organochlorine contaminant in samples from Africa and the Antarctic. Gas chromatography in combination with low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) was applied to establish a molecular weight of m/z 384 including seven chlorine atoms. Three possible molecular formulae (C(11)H(7)Cl(7), C(10)H(3)Cl(7)O, and C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2)) were proposed which could not be distinguished by LRMS. In this presentation the molecular composition of Q1 was studied using gas chromatography in combination with high resolution electron impact ionization mass spectrometry. With the option of further heteroatoms (P, S, N, O, F, and Br), 17 molecular formulae were obtained for the molecular weight of 384 u. In the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, performed with a resolution of 16,000, highest response was found at 383.812 or C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2). 11 fragment ions detected in the low resolution full scan mass spectrum of Q1 were also investigated in the high resolution SIM mode. In every case, the nitrogen-variant showed highest abundance while the other 16 structural variants could be definitely excluded. These investigations revealed that the molecular formula of Q1 is C(9)H(3)Cl(7)N(2). No stable component with this molecular formula has ever been reported in the literature, to our knowledge. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vetter
- Department of Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Dornburger Str. 25, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Several anaerobic bacteria are able to reductively dehalogenate chlorinated hydrocarbons and to couple this reaction to the synthesis of ATP via a chemiosmotic mechanism (dehalorespiration). A few reductive dehalogenases have recently been purified and characterized. Preliminary investigations have been performed to elucidate the mechanism of dehalorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wohlfarth
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
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Weiß A. Sources of airborne CC14 : Critical remarks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 1996; 3:112-114. [PMID: 24234962 DOI: 10.1007/bf02985505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric mixing ratios of chlorinated C1 and C2 hydrocarbons (CHCs) were measured at the mountain Wank (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavarian Alps) in autumn 1992. The data lead to the assumption that at least part of the observed CC14 originates from a source different to the other CHCs measured (C2HCL3, C2C14, CHCl3 and CH3CCl3). The nature of this source is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Weiß
- Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research, D-82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Geckeler KE, Eberhardt W. [Biogenic organochlorine compounds--occurrence, function and ecological relevance]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1995; 82:2-11. [PMID: 7898580 DOI: 10.1007/bf01167863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic chlorinated compounds are of increasing interest due to their almost ubiquitous occurrence in the biosphere, their toxic and cancerogenic activity, and their environmental relevance. Despite the relatively high level of knowledge on anthropogenic chlorine compounds, knowledge about biogenic chlorine compounds is comparatively poor. This is astonishing because the quantity of natural emissions of particular organic chlorinated compounds into the ecosphere exceeds that from industrial production considerably. An overview of the occurrence, biosynthesis, and ecological significance of biogenic chlorine-containing organics is given in this article. Results of recent investigations on this topic are discussed and the natural elimination processes of organic chlorinated compounds presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Geckeler
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität, Tübingen
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Schlömann M. Evolution of chlorocatechol catabolic pathways. Conclusions to be drawn from comparisons of lactone hydrolases. Biodegradation 1994; 5:301-21. [PMID: 7765840 DOI: 10.1007/bf00696467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aerobic bacterial degradation of chloroaromatic compounds often involves chlorosubstituted catechols as central intermediates. They are converted to 3-oxoadipate in a series of reactions similar to that for catechol catabolism and therefore designated as modified ortho-cleavage pathway. Among the enzymes of this catabolic route, the chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenases are known to have a relaxed substrate specificity. In contrast, several chloromuconate cycloisomerases are more specific, and the dienelactone hydrolases of chlorocatechol catabolic pathways do not even convert the corresponding intermediate of catechol degradation, 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone. While the sequences of chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenases and chloromuconate cycloisomerases are very similar to those of catechol 1,2-dioxygenases and muconate cycloisomerases, respectively, the relationship between dienelactone hydrolases and 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolases is more distant. They seem to share an alpha/beta hydrolase fold, but the sequences comprising the fold are quite dissimilar. Therefore, for chlorocatechol catabolism, dienelactone hydrolases might have been recruited from some other, preexisting pathway. Their relationship to dienelactone (hydrolases identified in 4-fluorobenzoate utilizing strains of Alcaligenes and Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia is investigated). Sequence evidence suggests that the chlorocatechol catabolic operons of the plasmids pJP4, pAC27, and pP51 have been derived from a common precursor. The latter seems to have evolved for the purpose of halocatechol catabolism, and may be considerably older than the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlömann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Germany
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Laatsch H, Pudleiner H, Pelizaeus B, van Pée KH. Marine Bakterien, VII. Enzymatische Bromierung von Pseudilinen und verwandten Heteroarylphenolen mit der Chlorperoxidase ausStreptomyces aureofacens Tü 24. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199419940112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hamburger M, Wolfender JL, Hostettmann K. Search for chlorinated sesquiterpene lactones in the neurotoxic thistle Centaurea solstitialis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and model studies on their possible artifactual formation. NATURAL TOXINS 1993; 1:315-27. [PMID: 8167953 DOI: 10.1002/nt.2620010602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An HPLC method has been developed for the analysis of sesquiterpene lactones of the neurotoxic plant Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae). The presence of sesquiterpene lactone chlorohydrins in extracts was investigated by means of liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry. In contrast to earlier reports of a series of mono- and dichlorohydrins from this plant, traces only of two monochlorohydrins could be detected in lipophilic extracts. Model studies carried out with extracts and with the genuine sesquiterpene diepoxide repin and its epimer subluteolide showed that (i) monochlorohydrins can be formed in CHCl3 under usual laboratory conditions; (ii) the epoxide moiety at C-4 of the sesquiterpenes is extremely labile, reacting immediately and quantitatively with traces of HCl to the corresponding monohydrins; (iii) epoxide ring opening at the acyl side chain occurs only at higher HCl concentrations. Confirmation of the peak identity was obtained by the isotope ratio of chlorinated compounds and comparison with authentic samples. The structures of the mono- and dichlorohydrins were established by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamburger
- Institut de Pharmacognoise et Phytochimie, Ecole de Pharmacie, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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