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Shakouri S, Abouzari‐Lotf E, Chen J, Diemant T, Klyatskaya S, Pammer FD, Mizuno A, Fichtner M, Ruben M. Molecular Engineering of Metalloporphyrins for High-Performance Energy Storage: Central Metal Matters. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202090. [PMID: 36445802 PMCID: PMC10107660 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives represent an emerging class of redox-active materials for sustainable electrochemical energy storage. However, their structure-performance relationship is poorly understood, which confines their rational design and thus limits access to their full potential. To gain such understanding, we here focus on the role of the metal ion within porphyrin molecules. The A2 B2 -type porphyrin 5,15-bis(ethynyl)-10,20-diphenylporphyrin and its first-row transition metal complexes from Co to Zn are used as models to investigate the relationships between structure and electrochemical performance. It turned out that the choice of central metal atom has a profound influence on the practical voltage window and discharge capacity. The results of DFT calculations suggest that the choice of central metal atom triggers the degree of planarity of the porphyrin. Single crystal diffraction studies illustrate the consequences on the intramolecular rearrangement and packing of metalloporphyrins. Besides the direct effect of the metal choice on the undesired solubility, efficient packing and crystallinity are found to dictate the rate capability and the ion diffusion along with the porosity. Such findings open up a vast space of compositions and morphologies to accelerate the practical application of resource-friendly cathode materials to satisfy the rapidly increasing need for efficient electrical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Shakouri
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ebrahim Abouzari‐Lotf
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 11Ulm89081Germany
| | - Jie Chen
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 11Ulm89081Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 11Ulm89081Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Frank Dieter Pammer
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 11Ulm89081Germany
| | - Asato Mizuno
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Maximilian Fichtner
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 11Ulm89081Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT)Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyP.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
- Centre Européen de Science Quantique (CESQ)Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS)Université de Strasbourg8, Allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
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de Souza JR, de Moraes MMF, Aoto YA, Homem-de-Mello P. Can one use the electronic absorption spectra of metalloporphyrins to benchmark electronic structure methods? A case study on the cobalt porphyrin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23886-23898. [PMID: 33073830 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe calculations on the absorption spectrum of cobalt(ii) porphyrin, using density functional (DFT) and multireference n-electron valence perturbation (NEVPT) theories. With these calculations, we describe the lowest-energy states of doublet and quartet spin multiplicities, the excited states that originate the Q and B bands of porphyrins, some higher-energy π-π* excitations and charge-transfer states, HOMO-LUMO gaps, and ionisation potentials. Results undoubtedly show that the position of B band is essentially independent on the DFT functional, while the Q band is better described by pure functionals, and these bands do not depend on the initial state of the transition (whether doublet or quartet) as well. However, other excitation energies, orbital energies, and ionisation potentials strongly depend on the functional, in some cases varying more than 2 eV. Based on these results we conclude that one should not use the UV-Vis spectrum of metalloporphyrins to benchmark density functionals, mainly those properties related to coordination with the metallic ion. Furthermore, the results show that functionals that yield correct spectra may be based on an incorrect ground state description. Moreover, we reinforce that one must be skeptical about the reference chosen to benchmark electronic structure calculations, such as DFT functionals and active spaces for multireference calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonathan Rosa de Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Morato F de Moraes
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - Yuri Alexandre Aoto
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição (CMCC), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - Paula Homem-de-Mello
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Tang M, Chen D, Lin B, Zhou Z, Liu Q. Horizontal and Vertical Push Effects in Saddled Zinc Porphyrin Complexes: Implications for Heme Distortion. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:2627-2636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Dilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Binghua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zaichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Qiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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Walter V, Gao Y, Grzegorzek N, Krempe M, Hampel F, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Building from Ga-Porphyrins: Synthesis of Ga-Acetylide Complexes Using Acetylenes and Polyynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:494-498. [PMID: 30452109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional, conjugated building blocks have been formed through the axial coordination of polyynes to the central Ga atom of tetraarylporphyrins. Electron deficient pentafluorophenyl substituents in the meso-positions provide more stable σ-acetylide complexes to Ga than analogous structures with tert-butylphenyl groups. Mono-, di-, and triynes have been used, including a pyridyl endcapped diyne that allows for formation of porphyrin triads through coordination of the pyridyl ligand to a Ru porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Norbert Grzegorzek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Krempe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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Walter V, Gao Y, Grzegorzek N, Krempe M, Hampel F, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Building from Ga-Porphyrins: Synthesis of Ga-Acetylide Complexes Using Acetylenes and Polyynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Norbert Grzegorzek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Krempe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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Liu Q, Zhang J, Tang M, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zhou Z. Geometric deconstruction of core and electron activation of a π-system in a series of deformed porphyrins: mimics of heme. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7725-7736. [PMID: 30289139 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01959b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The predominant distortion of heme is responsible for its electronic activity, catalytic ability and spectral properties. In this work, altogether 12 new X-ray structures of saddled, waved and ruffled porphyrins are reported. Three types of deformed porphyrins as mimics of heme were evaluated and analyzed by geometric deconstruction, spectral comparison, and electrochemical tracking, which shows a unique relationship of deformation fashions and distortion degree to the geometry of the core and electron transfer ability of rings in these enzyme containing porphyrins. These mimics can adjust their core geometry for changing the structures of potential metals; while for rings themselves, they can also regulate the electron activity by switching the HOMO of the large π systems. These deformed porphyrins can be used as ideal mimics for heme. These findings help us to understand the principle and contribution of these deformations to electron transfer in catalytic oxidation and photoreactions. The nonplanar mimics have been synthesized through a modular synthetic approach under Adler-Longo or Lindsey condensation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education; and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education; and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education; and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education; and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA.
| | - Zaichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education; and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China.
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7
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Tang M, Yang Y, Zhang S, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Liu Q. Electron Transfer and Geometric Conversion of Co-NO Moiety in Saddled Porphyrins: Implications for Trigger Role of Tetrapyrrole Distortion. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:277-287. [PMID: 29257677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrons of NO and Co are strongly delocalized in normal {Co-NO}8 species. In this work, {Co-NO}8 complexes are induced to convert from (CoII)+•-NO• to CoIII-NO- by a core contraction of 0.06 Å in saddled cobalt(II) porphyrins. This intramolecular electron transfer mechanism indicates that nonplanarity of porphyrin is involved in driving conversion of the NO units from electrophilic NO• as a bent geometry to nucleophilic NO- as a linear geometry. This implies that distortion acts as a trigger in enzymes containing tetrapyrrole. The electronic behaviors of the CoII ions and Co-NO moieties were confirmed by X-ray crystallography, EPR spectroscopy, theoretical calculation, UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Jiafu Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Zaichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Qiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan 411201, China
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8
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Liu Q, Tang M, Zeng W, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhou Z. Optimal Size Matching and Minimal Distortion Energy: Implications for Natural Selection by the Macrocycle of the Iron Species in Heme. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University410083ChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
| | - Wennan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
| | - Jianxiu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University410083ChangshaChina
| | - Zaichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecules of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
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9
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Zhou Z, Tang M, Liu Q, Zhang X, Zhou X. Formation of π‐Cation Radicals in Highly Deformed Copper(II) Porphyrins: Implications for the Distortion of Natural Tetrapyrrole Macrocycles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of “Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule” of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering;Hunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of “Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule” of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering;Hunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
| | - Qiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of “Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule” of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering;Hunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of “Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule” of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering;Hunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
| | - Xiaochun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of “Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule” of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering;Hunan University of Science and Technology411201XiangtanChina
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