1
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Greißel PM, Schroeder ZW, Thiel D, Ferguson MJ, Clark T, Guldi DM, Tykwinski RR. Controlling Interchromophore Coupling in Diamantane-Linked Pentacene Dimers To Create a "Binary" Pair. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10875-10888. [PMID: 38579119 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Two isomeric pentacene dimers, each linked by a diamantane spacer, have been synthesized. These dimers are designed to provide experimental evidence to support quantum mechanical calculations, which predict the substitution pattern on the carbon-rich diethynyldiamantane spacer to be decisive in controlling the interpentacene coupling. Intramolecular singlet fission (i-SF) serves as a probe for the existence and strength of the electronic coupling between the two pentacenes, with transient absorption spectroscopy as the method of choice to characterize i-SF. 4,9-Substitution of diamantane provides a pentacene dimer (4,9-dimer) in which the two chromophores are completely decoupled and that, following photoexcitation, deactivates to the ground state analogous to a monomeric pentacene chromophore. Conversely, 1,6-substitution provides a pentacene dimer (1,6-dimer) that exhibits sufficiently strong coupling to drive i-SF, resulting in correlated triplet M(T1T1) yields close to unity and free triplet (T1 + T1) yields of ca. 50%. Thus, the diamantane spacer effectively switches "on" or "off" the coupling between the chromophores, based on the substitution pattern. The binary control of diamantane contrasts other known molecular spacers designed only to modulate the coupling strength between two pentacenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zachary W Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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2
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Greißel PM, Thiel D, Gotfredsen H, Chen L, Krug M, Papadopoulos I, Miskolzie M, Torres T, Clark T, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Intramolecular Triplet Diffusion Facilitates Triplet Dissociation in a Pentacene Hexamer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315064. [PMID: 38092707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Triplet dynamics in singlet fission depend strongly on the strength of the electronic coupling. Covalent systems in solution offer precise control over such couplings. Nonetheless, efficient free triplet generation remains elusive in most systems, as the intermediate triplet pair 1 (T1 T1 ) is prone to triplet-triplet annihilation due to its spatial confinement. In the solid state, entropically driven triplet diffusion assists in the spatial separation of triplets, resulting in higher yields of free triplets. Control over electronic coupling in the solid state is, however, challenging given its sensitivity to molecular packing. We have thus developed a hexameric system (HexPnc) to enable solid-state-like triplet diffusion at the molecular scale. This system is realized by covalently tethering three pentacene dimers to a central subphthalocyanine scaffold. Transient absorption spectroscopy, complemented by theoretical structural optimizations and steady-state spectroscopy, reveals that triplet diffusion is indeed facilitated due to intramolecular cluster formation. The yield of free triplets in HexPnc is increased by a factor of up to 14 compared to the corresponding dimeric reference (DiPnc). Thus, HexPnc establishes crucial design aspects for achieving efficient triplet dissociation in strongly coupled systems by providing avenues for diffusive separation of 1 (T1 T1 ), while, concomitantly, retaining strong interchromophore coupling which preserves rapid formation of 1 (T1 T1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mark Miskolzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Hou Y, Papadopoulos I, Bo Y, Wollny AS, Ferguson MJ, Mai LA, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Catalyzing Singlet Fission by Transition Metals: Second versus Third Row Effects. Precis Chem 2023; 1:555-564. [PMID: 38037593 PMCID: PMC10685717 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.3c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes bearing two (dimers Pt(Lpc)2Cl2 and Pd(Lpc)2Cl2), one (monomers Pt(Lpc)(Lref)Cl2 and Pd(Lpc)(Lref)Cl2), or no (reference compounds Pt(Lref)2Cl2 and Pd(Lref)2Cl2) pentacene-based pyridyl ligands are presented. Photophysical properties of the dimers are probed by means of steady-state and time-resolved transient absorption measurements in comparison to the monomer and model compounds. Our results document that despite enhanced spin-orbit coupling from the presence of heavy atoms, intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) is not challenged by intersystem crossing. iSF thus yields correlated triplet pairs and even uncorrelated triplet excited states upon decoherence. Importantly, significant separation of the two pentacenyl groups facilitates decoupling of the two chromophores. Furthermore, the mechanism of iSF is altered depending on the respective metal center, that is, Pt(II) versus Pd(II). The dimer based on Pt(II), Pt(Lpc)2Cl2, exhibits a direct pathway for the iSF and forms a correlated triplet pair with singlet-quintet spin-mixing within 10 ns in variable solvents. On the other hand, the dimer based on Pd(II), Pd(Lpc)2Cl2, leads to charge transfer mixing during the population of the correlated triplet pair that is dependent on solvent polarity. Moreover, Pd(Lpc)2Cl2 gives rise to a stable equilibrium between singlet and quintet correlated triplet pairs with lifetimes of up to 170 ns. Inherent differences in the size and polarizability, when contrasting platinum(II) with palladium(II), are the most likely rationale for the underlying trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University
Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yifan Bo
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University
Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophie Wollny
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University
Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lukas A. Mai
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University
Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University
Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Ringström R, Schroeder ZW, Mencaroni L, Chabera P, Tykwinski RR, Albinsson B. Triplet Formation in a 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene Dimer and Trimer Occurs by Charge Recombination Rather than Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7897-7902. [PMID: 37642563 PMCID: PMC10494225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study investigating the solvent-dependent dynamics of a 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene monomer, dimer, and trimer. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we have discovered that triplet excited state formation in the dimer and trimer molecules in polar solvents is a consequence of charge recombination subsequent to symmetry-breaking charge separation rather than singlet fission. Total internal reflection emission measurements of the monomer demonstrate that excimer formation serves as the primary decay pathway at a high concentration. In the case of highly concentrated solutions of the trimer, we observe evidence of triplet formation without the prior formation of a charge-separated state. We postulate that this is attributed to the formation of small aggregates, suggesting that oligomers mimicking the larger chromophore counts in crystals could potentially facilitate singlet fission. Our experimental study sheds light on the intricate dynamics of the 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene system, elucidating the role of solvent- and concentration-dependent factors for triplet formation and charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ringström
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zachary W. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Letizia Mencaroni
- Department
of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto n. 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pavel Chabera
- The
Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Bo Y, Hou Y, Thiel D, Weiß R, Clark T, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Tetracene Dimers: A Platform for Intramolecular Down- and Up-conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18260-18275. [PMID: 37531628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Photon energy conversion can be accomplished in many different ways, including the two opposing manners, down-conversion (i.e., singlet fission, SF) and up-conversion (i.e., triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion, TTA-UC). Both processes have the potential to help overcome the detailed balance limit of single-junction solar cells. Tetracene, in which the energies of the lowest singlet excited state and twice the triplet excited state are comparable, exhibits both down- and up-conversion. Here, we have designed meta-diethynylphenylene- and 1,3-diethynyladamantyl-linked tetracene dimers, which feature different electronic coupling, to characterize the interplay between intramolecular SF (intra-SF) and intramolecular TTA-UC (intra-TTA-UC) via steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have used Pd-phthalocyanine as a sensitizer to enable intra-TTA-UC in the two dimers via indirect photoexcitation in the near-infrared part of the solar spectrum. The work is rounded off by temperature-dependent measurements, which outline key aspects of how thermal effects impact intra-SF and intra-TTA-UC in different dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - René Weiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Gotfredsen H, Thiel D, Greißel PM, Chen L, Krug M, Papadopoulos I, Ferguson MJ, Nielsen MB, Torres T, Clark T, Guldi DM, Tykwinski RR. Sensitized Singlet Fission in Rigidly Linked Axial and Peripheral Pentacene-Subphthalocyanine Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9548-9563. [PMID: 37083447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The goal of harnessing the theoretical potential of singlet fission (SF), a process in which one singlet excited state is split into two triplet excited states, has become a central challenge in solar energy research. Covalently linked dimers provide crucial models for understanding the role of chromophore arrangement and coupling in SF. Sensitizers can be integrated into these systems to expand the absorption bandwidth through which SF can be accessed. Here, we define the role of the sensitizer-chromophore geometry in a sensitized SF model system. To this end, two conjugates have been synthesized consisting of a pentacene dimer (SF motif) connected via a rigid alkynyl bridge to a subphthalocyanine (the sensitizer motif) in either an axial or a peripheral arrangement. Steady-state and time-resolved photophysical measurements are used to confirm that both conjugates operate as per design, displaying near unity energy transfer efficiencies and high triplet quantum yields from SF. Decisively, energy transfer between the subphthalocyanine and pentacene dimer occurs ca. 26 times faster in the peripheral conjugate, even though the two chromophores are ca. 3 Å farther apart than in the axial conjugate. Following a theoretical evaluation of the dipolar coupling, Vdip2, and the orientation factor, κ2, of both the axial (Vdip2 = 140 cm-2; κ2 = 0.08) and the peripheral (Vdip2 = 724 cm-2; κ2 = 1.46) arrangements, we establish that this rate acceleration is due to a more favorable (nearly co-planar) relative orientation of the transition dipole moments of the subphthalocyanine and pentacenes in the peripheral constellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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7
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Hou Y, Papadopoulos I, Ferguson MJ, Jux N, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Photophysical characterization of a ruthenium-based tetrameric pentacene complex. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2023. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424623500645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Abstract
The formation and study of molecules that model the sp-hybridized carbon allotrope, carbyne, is a challenging field of synthetic physical organic chemistry. The target molecules, oligo- and polyynes, are often the preferred candidates as models for carbyne because they can be formed with monodisperse lengths as well as defined structures. Despite a simple linear structure, the synthesis of polyynes is often far from straightforward, due in large part to a highly conjugated framework that can render both precursors and products highly reactive, i.e., kinetically unstable. The vast majority of polyynes are formed as symmetrical products from terminal alkynes as precursors via an oxidative, acetylenic homocoupling reaction based on the Glaser, Eglinton-Galbraith, and Hay reactions. These reactions are very efficient for the synthesis of shorter polyynes (e.g., hexaynes and octaynes), but yields often drop dramatically as a function of length for longer derivatives, usually starting with the formation of decaynes. The most effective approach to circumvent unstable precursors and products has been through the incorporation of sterically demanding end groups that serve to "protect" the polyyne skeleton. This approach was arguably identified in the early 1950s by Bohlmann and co-workers with the synthesis of tBu-end-capped polyynes. During the next 50 years, a polyyne with 14 contiguous alkyne units remained the longest isolated derivative until 2010, when the record was extended to 22 alkyne units. The record length was broken again in 2020, when a polyyne consisting of 24 alkynes was isolated and characterized. Beyond polyynes, there have been several reports describing the potential synthesis of carbyne, but conclusive characterization and proof of structure have been tenuous. The sole example of synthetic carbyne arises from synthesis within carbon nanotubes, when chains of thousands of sp carbon atoms have been linked to form polydisperse samples of carbyne. Thus, model compounds for carbyne, the polyynes, remain the best means to examine and predict the experimental structure and properties of this carbon allotrope.This Account will discuss the general synthesis of polyynes using homologous series of polyynes with up to 10 alkyne units as examples (decaynes). The limited number of specific syntheses of series with longer polyynes will then be presented and discussed in more detail based on end groups. The monodisperse polyynes produced from these synthetic efforts are then examined toward providing our best extrapolations for the expected characteristics for carbyne based on 13C NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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9
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Schroeder ZW, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Chalifoux WA, Tykwinski RR, Lehnherr D. Pentacenones as Divergent Intermediates to Unsymmetrically Substituted Pentacenes: Synthesis and Crystallographic Analysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16236-16249. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- X-ray Crystallography Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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10
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Johnson MA, Meckes JA, Bühringer MU, Zhou Z, Kuwatani Y, Ferguson MJ, Wei Z, Iyoda M, Petrukhina MA, Tykwinski RR. On the road to stable, isolable [4]cumulenes: Reactivity and cyclization reactions. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob A. Meckes
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Martina U. Bühringer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuwatani
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY USA
| | - Masahiko Iyoda
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Tokyo Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY USA
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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11
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Sun B, Oakley MS, Yoshida K, Yang Y, Tommasini M, Zanchi C, Lucotti A, Ferguson MJ, Hampel F, Klobukowski M, Tykwinski RR. The Effects of Ring Strain on Cyclic Tetraaryl[5]cumulenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200616. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Meagan S. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yanwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Chiara Zanchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Lucotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | | | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
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12
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Papadopoulos I, Reddy SR, Coto PB, Lehnherr D, Thiel D, Thoss M, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Parallel versus Twisted Pentacenes: Conformational Impact on Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5094-5100. [PMID: 35653702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We placed two pentacene chromophores at the termini of a diacetylene linker to investigate the impact of excitation wavelength, conformational flexibility, and vibronic coupling on singlet fission. Photoexcitation of the low-energy absorption results in a superposed mixture of states, which transform on an ultrafast time-scale into a spin-correlated and vibronically coupled/hot delocalized triplet pair 1(T1T1)deloc. Regardless of temperature, the lifetime for 1(T1T1)deloc is less than 2 ps. In contrast, photoexcitation of the high-energy absorption results in the formation of 1(T1T1)deloc lasting 1.0 ps, which then decays at room temperature within 4 ps via triplet-triplet annihilation. Lowering the temperature enables 1(T1T1)deloc to delocalize and vibronically decouple, in turn affording 1(T1T1)loc. In addition, our results suggest that the quasi-free rotation at the diacetylene spacer may lead to twisted conformations with very low SF quantum yields, highlighting the need of controlling this structural aspect in the design of new singlet fission active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Rajagopala Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Pedro B Coto
- Materials Physics Center (CFM), CSIC and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Thoss
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Ringström R, Edhborg F, Schroeder ZW, Chen L, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR, Albinsson B. Molecular rotational conformation controls the rate of singlet fission and triplet decay in pentacene dimers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4944-4954. [PMID: 35655894 PMCID: PMC9067590 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Three pentacene dimers have been synthesized to investigate the effect of molecular rotation and rotational conformations on singlet fission (SF). In all three dimers, the pentacene units are linked by a 1,4-diethynylphenylene spacer that provides almost unimpeded rotational freedom between the pentacene- and phenylene-subunits in the parent dimer. Substituents on the phenylene spacer add varying degrees of steric hindrance that restricts both the rotation and the equilibrium distribution of different conformers; the less restricted conformers exhibit faster SF and more rapid subsequent triplet-pair recombination. Furthermore, the rotational conformers have small shifts in their absorption spectra and this feature has been used to selectively excite different conformers and study the resulting SF. Femtosecond transient absorption studies at 100 K reveal that the same dimer can have orders of magnitude faster SF in a strongly coupled conformer compared to a more weakly coupled one. Measurements in polystyrene further show that the SF rate is nearly independent of viscosity whereas the triplet pair lifetime is considerably longer in a high viscosity medium. The results provide insight into design criteria for maintaining high initial SF rate while suppressing triplet recombination in intramolecular singlet fission. In this study we show that one molecule can have vastly different singlet fission and triplet recombination rates depending on its rotational freedom and the relative orientation of the pentacene moieties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ringström
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Zachary W Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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14
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Pecorario S, Scaccabarozzi AD, Fazzi D, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Vurro V, Maserati L, Jiang M, Losi T, Sun B, Tykwinski RR, Casari CS, Caironi M. Stable and Solution-Processable Cumulenic sp-Carbon Wires: A New Paradigm for Organic Electronics. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2110468. [PMID: 35178779 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed, large-area, and flexible electronics largely relies on the excellent electronic properties of sp2 -hybridized carbon molecules, either in the form of π-conjugated small molecules and polymers or graphene and carbon nanotubes. Carbon with sp-hybridization, the foundation of the elusive allotrope carbyne, offers vast opportunities for functionalized molecules in the form of linear carbon atomic wires (CAWs), with intriguing and even superior predicted electronic properties. While CAWs represent a vibrant field of research, to date, they have only been applied sparingly to molecular devices. The recent observation of the field-effect in microcrystalline cumulenes suggests their potential applications in solution-processed thin-film transistors but concerns surrounding the stability and electronic performance have precluded developments in this direction. In the present study, ideal field-effect characteristics are demonstrated for solution-processed thin films of tetraphenyl[3]cumulene, the shortest semiconducting CAW. Films are deposited through a scalable, large-area, meniscus-coating technique, providing transistors with hole mobilities in excess of 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 , as well as promising operational stability under dark conditions. These results offer a solid foundation for the exploitation of a vast class of molecular semiconductors for organic electronics based on sp-hybridized carbon systems and create a previously unexplored paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pecorario
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | | | - Vito Vurro
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maserati
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mengting Jiang
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Carlo S Casari
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
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15
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Martin
- FAU Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kévin Cocq
- University of Alberta Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | | | - Norbert Jux
- FAU: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- University of Alberta Department of Chemistry T6G 2G2 Edmonton CANADA
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16
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Scott DE, Aloisio MD, Rodriguez JF, Morimoto M, Hamilton RJ, Brown O, Tykwinski RR, Stryker JM. Optimizing the Iodide/Iodonium/O
2
Oxidation Cycle Enhances the Scope, Selectivity, and Yields of Hydroiodic Acid‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Cyclocondensation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Scott
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Mark D. Aloisio
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jose F. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Masato Morimoto
- Energy Process Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 16-1 Onogawa Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8569 Japan
| | - Robin J. Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Orain Brown
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jeffrey M. Stryker
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
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17
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Golbek TW, Faase RA, Rasmussen MH, Tykwinski RR, Stryker JM, Ivar Andersen S, Baio JE, Weidner T. Model Asphaltenes Adsorbed onto Methyl- and COOH-Terminated SAMs on Gold. Langmuir 2021; 37:9785-9792. [PMID: 34351167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum asphaltenes are surface-active compounds found in crude oils, and their interactions with surfaces and interfaces have huge implications for many facets of reservoir exploitation, including production, transportation, and oil-water separation. The asphaltene fraction in oil, found in the highest boiling-point range, is composed of many different molecules that vary in size, functionality, and polarity. Studies done on asphaltene fractions have suggested that they interact via polyaromatic and heteroaromatic ring structures and functional groups containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. However, isolating a single pure chemical structure of asphaltene in abundance is challenging and often not possible, which impairs the molecular-level study of asphaltenes of various architectures on surfaces. Thus, to further the molecular fundamental understanding, we chose to use functionalized model asphaltenes (AcChol-Th, AcChol-Ph, and 1,6-DiEtPy[Bu-Carb]) and model self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces with precisely known chemical structures, whereby the hydrophobicity of the model surface is controlled. We applied solutions of asphaltenes to these SAM surfaces and then analyzed them with surface-sensitive techniques of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We observe no adsorption of asphaltenes to the hydrophobic surface. On the hydrophilic surface, AcChol-Ph penetrates into the SAM with a preferential orientation parallel to the surface; AcChol-Th adsorbs in a similar manner, and 1,6-DiEtPy[Bu-Carb] binds the surface with a bent binding geometry. Overall, this study demonstrates the need for studying pure and fractionated asphaltenes at the molecular level, as even within a family of asphaltene congeners, very different surface interactions can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan A Faase
- The School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | | | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Stryker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Simon Ivar Andersen
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, bld. 375, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Joe E Baio
- The School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Scott DE, Schulze M, Stryker JM, Tykwinski RR. Deciphering structure and aggregation in asphaltenes: hypothesis-driven design and development of synthetic model compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9202-9239. [PMID: 34231589 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asphaltenes comprise the heaviest and least understood fraction of crude petroleum. The asphaltenes are a diverse and complex mixture of organic and organometallic molecules in which most of the molecular constituents are tightly aggregated into more complicated suprastructures. The bulk properties of asphaltenes arise from a broad range of polycyclic aromatics, heteroatoms, and polar functional groups. Despite much analytical effort, the precise molecular architectures of the material remain unresolved. To understand asphaltene characteristics and reactivity, the field has turned to synthetic model compounds that mirror asphaltene structure, aggregation behavior, and thermal chemistry, including the nucleation of coke. Historically, molecular asphaltene modeling was limited to commercial compounds, offering little illumination and few opportunities for hypothesis-driven research. More recently, however, rational molecular design and modern organic synthesis have started to impact this area. This review provides an overview of commercially available model compounds but is principally focused on the design and synthesis of structurally advanced and appropriately functionalized compounds to mimic the physical and chemical behavior of asphaltenes. Efforts to model asphaltene aggregation are briefly discussed, and a prognosis for the field is offered. A referenced tabulation of the synthetic compounds reported to date is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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19
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Tykwinski RR, Nierengarten JF. François Diederich’s legacy. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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21
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Tykwinski RR, Haley MM. Cover Image. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Guzmán D, Papadopoulos I, Lavarda G, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Rodríguez‐Morgade MS, Guldi DM, Torres T. Controlling Intramolecular Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Singlet Fission in a Subporphyrazine-Pentacene Conjugate by Solvent Polarity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1474-1481. [PMID: 33002284 PMCID: PMC7839765 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due its complementary absorptions in the range of 450 and 600 nm, an energy-donating hexaaryl-subporphyrazine has been linked to a pentacene dimer, which acts primarily as an energy acceptor and secondarily as a singlet fission enabler. In the corresponding conjugate, efficient intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (i-FRET) is the modus operandi to transfer energy from the subporphyrazine to the pentacene dimer. Upon energy transfer, the pentacene dimer undergoes intramolecular singlet fission (i-SF), that is, converting the singlet excited state, via an intermediate state, into a pair of correlated triplet excited states. Solvatochromic fluorescence of the subporphyrazine is a key feature of this system and features a red-shift as large as 20 nm in polar media. Solvent is thus used to modulate spectral overlap between the fluorescence of subporphyrazine and absorption of the pentacene dimer, which controls the Förster rate constant, on one hand, and the triplet quantum yield, on the other hand. The optimum spectral overlap is realized in xylene, leading to Förster rate constant of 3.52×1011 s-1 and a triplet quantum yield of 171 % ±10 %. In short, the solvent polarity dependence, which is a unique feature of subporphyrazines, is decisive in terms of adjusting spectral overlap, ensuring a sizable Förster rate constant, and maximizing triplet quantum yields. Uniquely, this optimization can be achieved without a need for synthetic modification of the subporphyrazine donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Guzmán
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Parisa R. Rami
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez‐Morgade
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- IMDEA-NanocienciaCampus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridCantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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23
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Guzmán D, Papadopoulos I, Lavarda G, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Rodríguez‐Morgade MS, Guldi DM, Torres T. Kontrolle des intramolekularen Förster‐Resonanzenergietransfers und der Singulettspaltung in einem Subporphyrazin‐Pentacen‐Konjugat mittels Lösungsmittelpolarität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Parisa R. Rami
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez‐Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- IMDEA-Nanociencia Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
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24
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Gao Y, Walter V, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR. Hierarchical Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Gallium- and Ruthenium-Porphyrins with Axially Bonded Azo Ligands. Chemistry 2020; 26:16712-16720. [PMID: 32706454 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical synthesis of three porphyrin and four bisporphyrin derivatives is presented. This strategy relies on the incorporation of linkers based on azo moieties appended with pyridyl and/or acetylenic groups that facilitate axial coordination to Ga- and Ru-metalloporphyrins. These porphyrinic systems allow for a quantitative analysis of the effects of diamagnetic anisotropy (DA) by using 1 H NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. A simple power-law relationship between the proton chemical shift and the distance from the porphyrin core is experimentally outlined, which confirms previous theoretical predictions and shows that the limit of DA is about 2 nm. Photophysical properties of the azo-linked porphyrins are analyzed by UV/Vis spectroscopy, showing that significant cis-trans isomerization is not observed for azo ligands bound only to Ga-porphyrins. Incorporation of Ru-porphyrins to an azo ligand facilitates photoswitching behavior, but the process faces competition from decarbonylation of the Ru-porphyrin, and appreciable switching is only documented for GaL1Ru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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25
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Zirzlmeier J, Lavarda G, Gotfredsen H, Papadopoulos I, Chen L, Clark T, Tykwinski RR, Torres T, Guldi DM. Modulating the dynamics of Förster resonance energy transfer and singlet fission by variable molecular spacers. Nanoscale 2020; 12:23061-23068. [PMID: 33179680 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06285e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to previous work, the synergy between panchromatic absorption and molecular singlet fission (SF) is exploited to optimize solar energy conversion through evaluation of the distance dependence of intramolecular Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (i-FRET) in a series of subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) linked to pentacene dimers (Pnc2s). To provide control over i-FRET, the molecular spacer rather than the energy donating SubPc is tailored in the corresponding SubPc-Pnc2 conjugates in terms of length (i.e., the number of aryl units) and flexibility (i.e., presence or absence of a CH2 group). AM1-CIS calculations support the experiments, which underline the importance of the molecular spacer to impact not only the i-FRET dynamics, but also the dynamics of intramolecular singlet fission (i-SF). For example, an additional phenyl group slows down both i-FRET and i-SF by a factor of ∼3.8 and ∼1.6, respectively, by a quinone-like conjugation pattern that affords a pentacene acceptor orbital that is fairly delocalized over both pentacenes and the bridging phenyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Papadopoulos I, Gao Y, Hetzer C, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Cover Feature: Singlet Fission in Enantiomerically Pure Pentacene Dimers (ChemPhotoChem 10/2020). CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Constantin Hetzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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27
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Böttger S, Gruber M, Münzer JE, Bernard GM, Kneusels NJH, Poggel C, Klein M, Hampel F, Neumüller B, Sundermeyer J, Michaelis VK, Tonner R, Tykwinski RR, Kuzu I. Solvent-Induced Bond-Bending Isomerism in Hexaphenyl Carbodiphosphorane: Decisive Dispersion Interactions in the Solid State. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12054-12064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silas Böttger
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Gruber
- Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörn Eike Münzer
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Guy M. Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nis-Julian H. Kneusels
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Poggel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marius Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Neumüller
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Tonner
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Istemi Kuzu
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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28
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Nebauer J, Ishikawa T, Toyota S, Tykwinski RR, Iwanaga T. Construction of Anthracene Bisimide-based Donor–Acceptor–Donor Arrays with 6,13-Diethynylpentacenes and 9,10-Diethynylanthracenes as Extended π-Conjugated Systems. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Nebauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Tenta Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tetsuo Iwanaga
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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29
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Hauschild M, Chen L, Etschel SH, Ferguson MJ, Hampel F, Halik M, Tykwinski RR. Anthracene-Pentacene Dyads: Synthesis and OFET Characterization. Chempluschem 2020; 85:921-926. [PMID: 32401434 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of unsymmetrical derivatives of pentacene appended with functionalized anthracene moieties is reported. These anthracene-pentacene dyads have been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry to examine their electronic properties. X-ray crystallographic analysis was used to examine the solid-state features of anthracene-pentacene dyads 1 a-d with H-, F-, Cl-, and Br- substituents on the 9-position of anthracene, and shows that the packing arrangement of anthracene-pentacene derivatives 1 b,d,e are remarkably similar irrespective of the presence of fluoride, bromide or methyl substituents. The pentacene-anthracene dyads have been incorporated into OTFTs to evaluate their semiconducting properties. The pentacene derivative 1 b shows ambipolar behavior using AlOx C14 PA as the gate dielectric (electron and hole mobilities of 7.6 ⋅ 10-3 and 1.6 ⋅ 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 ), while performance of all derivatives was poor using p-doped Silicon as the substrate. These studies highlight the importance of thin-film formation over molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hauschild
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Sebastian H Etschel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films - IZNF Institute of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films - IZNF Institute of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Constantin Hetzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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31
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Scaccabarozzi A, Milani A, Peggiani S, Pecorario S, Sun B, Tykwinski RR, Caironi M, Casari CS. A Field-Effect Transistor Based on Cumulenic sp-Carbon Atomic Wires. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1970-1974. [PMID: 32067464 PMCID: PMC7065831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbyne and linear carbon structures based on sp-hybridization are attractive targets as the ultimate one-dimensional system (i.e., one-atom in diameter) featuring wide tunability of optical and electronic properties. Two possible structures exist for sp-carbon atomic wires: (a) the polyynes with alternated single-triple bonds and (b) the cumulenes with contiguous double bonds. Theoretical studies predict semiconducting behavior for polyynes, while cumulenes are expected to be metallic. Very limited experimental work, however, has been directed toward investigating the electronic properties of these structures, mostly at the single-molecule or monolayer level. However, sp-carbon atomic wires hold great potential for solution-processed thin-film electronics, an avenue not exploited to date. Herein, we report the first field-effect transistor (FET) fabricated employing cumulenic sp-carbon atomic wires as a semiconductor material. Our proof-of-concept FET device is easily fabricated by solution drop casting and paves the way for exploiting sp-carbon atomic wires as active electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto
D. Scaccabarozzi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto Milani
- Micro
and Nanostructured Materials Lab NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sonia Peggiani
- Micro
and Nanostructured Materials Lab NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Pecorario
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
- Micro
and Nanostructured Materials Lab NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bozheng Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milan 20133, Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Micro
and Nanostructured Materials Lab NanoLab, Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- E-mail:
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32
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Medina DP, Papadopoulos I, Lavarda G, Gotfredsen H, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Guldi DM, Torres T. Light-harvesting porphyrazines to enable intramolecular singlet fission. Nanoscale 2019; 11:22286-22292. [PMID: 31730142 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A porphyrazine featuring complementary absorption to a pentacene dimer was chosen to fill the absorption gap of the latter in the range of 450 to 600 nm to realize panchromatic absorption through the visible region out to ca. 700 nm. Of even greater relevance is the quantitative intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (i-FRET) to funnel energy to the pentacene moieties, where efficient intramolecular singlet fission (i-SF) converts the singlet excited state into the corresponding triplet excited states. Remarkably, the triplet quantum yield either via direct excitation or via indirect i-FRET is up to 200% ± 20% in polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Paola Medina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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33
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Basel BS, Young RM, Krzyaniak MD, Papadopoulos I, Hetzer C, Gao Y, La Porte NT, Phelan BT, Clark T, Tykwinski RR, Wasielewski MR, Guldi DM. Influence of the heavy-atom effect on singlet fission: a study of platinum-bridged pentacene dimers. Chem Sci 2019; 10:11130-11140. [PMID: 32206262 PMCID: PMC7069226 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two platinum-bridged pentacene dimers undergo efficient singlet fission to form a correlated triplet pair (T1T1). The internal heavy-atom effect of the platinum allows for 1(T1T1)–3(T1T1) mixing leading to the formation of mainly (T1S0).
The process of singlet fission (SF) produces two triplet excited states (T1 + T1) from one singlet excited exciton (S1) and a molecule in its ground state (S0). It, thus, possesses the potential to boost the solar cell efficiency above the thermodynamic Shockley–Queisser limit of 33%. A key intermediate in the SF mechanism is the singlet correlated triplet pair state 1(T1T1). This state is of great relevance, as its formation is spin-allowed and, therefore, very fast and efficient. Three fundamentally different pathways to formation of 1(T1T1) have been documented so far. The factors that influence which mechanism is associated with which chromophore, however, remain largely unknown. In order to harvest both triplet excitons independently, a decorrelation of the correlated triplet pair state to two individual triplets is required. This second step of the SF process implies a change in the total spin quantum number. In the case of a dimer, this is usually only possible if the coupling between the two pentacenes is sufficiently weak. In this study, we present two platinum-bridged pentacene dimers in which the pentacenes are coupled strongly, so that spin-decorrelation yielding (T1 + T1) was initially expected to be outcompeted by triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) to the ground state. Both platinum-bridged pentacene dimers undergo quantitative formation of the (T1T1) state on a picosecond timescale that is unaffected by the internal heavy-atom effect of the platinum. Instead of TTA of (T1T1) to the ground state, the internal heavy-atom effect allows for 1(T1T1)–3(T1T1) and 1(T1T1)–5(T1T1) mixing and, thus, triggers subsequent TTA to the (T1S0) state and minor formation of (T1 + T1). A combination of transient absorption and transient IR spectroscopy is applied to investigate the mechanism of the (T1T1) formation in both dimers. Using a combination of experiment and quantum chemical calculations, we are able to observe a transition from the CT-mediated to the direct SF mechanism and identify relevant factors that influence the mechanism that dominates SF in pentacene. Moreover, a combination of time-resolved optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic data allows us to develop a kinetic model that describes the effect of enhanced spin–orbit couplings on the correlated triplet pair state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina S Basel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN) , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN) , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Constantin Hetzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - Nathan T La Porte
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN) , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN) , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nägelsbachstrasse 25 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN) , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208-3113 , USA .
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
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34
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Hetzer C, Basel BS, Kopp SM, Hampel F, White FJ, Clark T, Guldi DM, Tykwinski RR. Chromophore Multiplication To Enable Exciton Delocalization and Triplet Diffusion Following Singlet Fission in Tetrameric Pentacene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15263-15267. [PMID: 31342607 PMCID: PMC7497398 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A tetrameric pentacene, PT, has been used to explore the effects of exciton delocalization on singlet fission (SF). For the first time, triplet decorrelation through intramolecular triplet diffusion was observed following SF. Transient absorption spectroscopy was used to examine different decorrelation mechanisms (triplet diffusion versus structural changes) for PT and its dimeric equivalent PD on the basis of the rate and activation barrier of the decorrelation step. Charge-separation experiments using tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) to quench triplet excitons formed through SF demonstrate that enhanced intersystem crossing, that is, spin catalysis, is a widely underestimated obstacle to quantitative harvesting of the SF products. The importance of spatial separation of the decorrelated triplet states is emphasized, and independent proof that the decorrelated triplet pair state consists of two (T1 ) states per molecule is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Hetzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Bettina S. Basel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), FAUEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sebastian M. Kopp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Fraser J. White
- Rigaku Europe, Unit B6Chaucer Business ParkWatery Lane, KemsingSevenoaksTN15 6QYUK
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry CenterDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, FAUNägelsbachstrasse 2591052ErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), FAUEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaT6G 2G2Canada
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35
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Hetzer C, Basel BS, Kopp SM, Hampel F, White FJ, Clark T, Guldi DM, Tykwinski RR. Chromophore Multiplication To Enable Exciton Delocalization and Triplet Diffusion Following Singlet Fission in Tetrameric Pentacene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Hetzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Bettina S. Basel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), FAU Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Kopp
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Fraser J. White
- Rigaku Europe, Unit B6 Chaucer Business Park Watery Lane, Kemsing Sevenoaks TN15 6QY UK
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry Center Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, FAU Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), FAU Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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36
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Abstract
Pentacene shows unique electronic properties that have long been appreciated and exploited. Over the past 20 years, new synthetic schemes have been developed to address some of the problems encountered with pristine pentacene (e.g., stability and solubility), and pentacene derivatives have become a mainstay in the realm of organic semiconductors in applications such as organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics. At the onset of our work, the vast majority of known pentacene derivatives featured a symmetrical structure, often as the result of synthetic protocols that rely on nucleophilic additions to 6,13-pentacenequinone (PQ). The assembly of pentacenes featuring an unsymmetrical framework held great appeal, but the stepwise formation of derivatives, in which a specific function might be incorporated through each individual addition step, did not exist. This Account presents contributions from our lab and others to the synthesis and study of unsymmetrical pentacene derivatives. PQ offers an ideal platform for desymmetrization through the sequential addition of nucleophiles to each of the two ketone groups. Addition can be completed in a one-pot protocol, or through individual steps in which the product of the first addition is isolated and used as a precursor in the divergent synthesis of a series of structurally related molecules. This general approach has been used to assemble pentacene derivatives appended with alkynyl/aryl/alkyl groups, polarized frameworks via substitution with donor and/or acceptor groups, and conjugated oligomers linked by butadiynyl moieties. Stepwise substitution also provides derivatives with remarkable functionality, including pentacene-porphyrin dyads, pendent TEMPO free radicals, cyanoacrylic acid anchor groups (for incorporation into dye-sensitized solar cells), and derivatives with ambipolar behavior for OFET devices. The study of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) has emerged as one of the most fruitful applications of unsymmetrical pentacene derivatives. SF involves the spontaneous splitting of a photoexcited singlet state (S1) in one chromophore into a pair of triplets (T1) shared with a neighboring chromophore. Pentacene derivatives are particularly well suited for this since E(S1) ≥ 2E(T1) satisfies the thermodynamic requirements for SF, and they have the additional feature that two chromophores can be tethered together by a "spacer" that allows spectroscopic studies of iSF to be done in dilute solution. From a synthetic perspective, the major advantage of the dimeric structure is the ability to modify the spacer, which allows for control over the distance, geometric relationship, and electronic coupling between the two pentacene groups. Dimeric pentacenes are central to providing an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of SF, often providing advances not possible from measurements in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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37
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Basel BS, Hetzer C, Zirzlmeier J, Thiel D, Guldi R, Hampel F, Kahnt A, Clark T, Guldi DM, Tykwinski RR. Davydov splitting and singlet fission in excitonically coupled pentacene dimers. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3854-3863. [PMID: 31015927 PMCID: PMC6461118 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) allows two charges to be generated from the absorption of a single photon and is, therefore, potentially transformative toward improving solar energy conversion. Key to the present study of SF is the design of pentacene dimers featuring a xanthene linker that strictly places two pentacene chromophores in a rigid arrangement and, in turn, enforces efficient, intramolecular π-overlap that mimics interactions typically found in condensed state (e.g., solids, films, etc.). Inter-chromophore communication ensures Davydov splitting, which plays an unprecedented role toward achieving SF in pentacene dimers. Transient absorption measurements document that intramolecular SF evolves upon excitation into the lower Davydov bands to form a correlated triplet pair at cryogenic temperature. At room temperature, the two spin-correlated triplets, one per pentacene moiety within the dimers, are electronically coupled to an excimer state. The presented results are transferable to a broad range of acene morphologies including aggregates, crystals, and films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sabine Basel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Constantin Hetzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Rebecca Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM) , Permoserstr. 15 , D-04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nägelsbachstrasse 25 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Dirk Michael Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta, T6G 2G2 , Canada .
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Basel BS, Papadopoulos I, Thiel D, Casillas R, Zirzlmeier J, Clark T, Guldi DM, Tykwinski RR. Pentacenes: A Molecular Ruler for Singlet Fission. Trends in Chemistry 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Franz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johanna A. Januszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G Canada
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40
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Papadopoulos I, Zirzlmeier J, Hetzer C, Bae YJ, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR, Clark T, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Varying the Interpentacene Electronic Coupling to Tune Singlet Fission. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6191-6203. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Constantin Hetzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Youn J. Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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41
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Funda Arslan
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 DE-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johanna A. Januszewski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 DE-91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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42
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Spisak SN, Bühringer MU, Wei Z, Zhou Z, Tykwinski RR, Petrukhina MA. Structural and Electronic Effects of Stepwise Reduction of a Tetraaryl[3]Cumulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Martina U. Bühringer
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry; University at Albany; State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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43
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Spisak SN, Bühringer MU, Wei Z, Zhou Z, Tykwinski RR, Petrukhina MA. Structural and Electronic Effects of Stepwise Reduction of a Tetraaryl[3]Cumulene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2023-2028. [PMID: 30560557 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reduction of a [3]cumulene ([3]TrTol) has been explored using alkali metals. Mono- and doubly reduced forms of [3]TrTol were isolated as solvent-separated ion pairs with {Na(18-crown-6)THF2 }+ and {K(18-crown-6)THF2 }+ counterions and crystallographically characterized. This allowed analysis of structural parameters of the "naked" anions of [3]TrTol without interference from metal binding. The dianion of [3]TrTol was also isolated as a contact-ion complex with {Cs(18-crown-6)}+ cations, thereby adding the effect of metal coordination to the core. Structural comparisons of anions to the neutral molecule, [3]TrTol, outline monotonic increases in bond-length alternation (BLA) upon stepwise reduction. The greatest BLA value is found for the contact-ion complex, which shows an alternating sequence of short and long carbon-carbon bonds, consistent with the structure of an alkyne. In contrast to studies on tetraphenyl[3]cumulene, the cumulenic framework of [3]TrTol remains planar in all the derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Martina U Bühringer
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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44
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Lavarda G, Zirzlmeier J, Gruber M, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Torres T, Guldi DM. Feinabstimmung von intramolekularem resonantem Förster-Energietransfer und Aktivierung intramolekularer Singulettspaltung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica und Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Marco Gruber
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Parisa R. Rami
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica und Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spanien
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
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45
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Walter V, Gao Y, Grzegorzek N, Krempe M, Hampel F, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Building from Ga-Porphyrins: Synthesis of Ga-Acetylide Complexes Using Acetylenes and Polyynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:494-498. [PMID: 30452109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional, conjugated building blocks have been formed through the axial coordination of polyynes to the central Ga atom of tetraarylporphyrins. Electron deficient pentafluorophenyl substituents in the meso-positions provide more stable σ-acetylide complexes to Ga than analogous structures with tert-butylphenyl groups. Mono-, di-, and triynes have been used, including a pyridyl endcapped diyne that allows for formation of porphyrin triads through coordination of the pyridyl ligand to a Ru porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Norbert Grzegorzek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Krempe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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46
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Walter V, Gao Y, Grzegorzek N, Krempe M, Hampel F, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Building from Ga-Porphyrins: Synthesis of Ga-Acetylide Complexes Using Acetylenes and Polyynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Norbert Grzegorzek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Krempe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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47
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Lavarda G, Zirzlmeier J, Gruber M, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Torres T, Guldi DM. Tuning Intramolecular Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Activating Intramolecular Singlet Fission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16291-16295. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Gruber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Parisa R. Rami
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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48
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Kunzmann A, Gruber M, Casillas R, Zirzlmeier J, Stanzel M, Peukert W, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Singulettspaltung für Photovoltaikanwendungen mit Injektionseffizienzen von bis zu 130 %. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kunzmann
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Marco Gruber
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Rubén Casillas
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Melanie Stanzel
- Lehrstuhl für Feststoff- und Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Funktionale PartikelsystemeFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Lehrstuhl für Feststoff- und Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Funktionale PartikelsystemeFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare MaterialienFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
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49
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Kunzmann A, Gruber M, Casillas R, Zirzlmeier J, Stanzel M, Peukert W, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Singlet Fission for Photovoltaics with 130 % Injection Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10742-10747. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kunzmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular MaterialsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Gruber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rubén Casillas
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular MaterialsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular MaterialsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Melanie Stanzel
- Institute of Particle Technology & Interdisciplinary Center of Functional Particle SystemsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology & Interdisciplinary Center of Functional Particle SystemsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular MaterialsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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50
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Bühringer MU, Padberg K, Phleps MD, Maid H, Placht C, Neiss C, Ferguson MJ, Görling A, Tykwinski RR. Doppelbindungen? Untersuchungen der Rotationsbarrieren von cumulenischen C=C‐Bindungen in Tetraaryl[
n
]cumulenen (
n=
3, 5, 7, 9). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina U. Bühringer
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Kevin Padberg
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Martin D. Phleps
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Harald Maid
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Christian Placht
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Christian Neiss
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
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