1
|
Campos C, Ruiz LAM, Fragoso‐Soriano R, Sato‐Berrú RY, Hernández‐Pérez E, Fernández FJ. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and ultrastructural analysis of penicillin‐producing
Penicillium rubens
strains. J Microsc 2022; 286:22-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos
- Department of Health Sciences Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina Mexico City Iztapalapa 09340 Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto Moreno Ruiz
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. Mexico City 07738 Mexico
| | - Rogelio Fragoso‐Soriano
- Department of Physics CINVESTAV‐IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City Mexico
| | - Roberto Y. Sato‐Berrú
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, Ciudad Universitaria A.P. 70–186, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. Mexico City 04510 Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández‐Pérez
- Department of Health Sciences Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina Mexico City Iztapalapa 09340 Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Department of Biotechnology Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina Iztapalapa 09340 Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lingo DE, Shukla N, Osmani AH, Osmani SA. Aspergillus nidulans biofilm formation modifies cellular architecture and enables light-activated autophagy. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1181-1192. [PMID: 33826367 PMCID: PMC8351559 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-11-0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After growing on surfaces, including those of medical and industrial importance, fungal biofilms self-generate internal microenvironments. We previously reported that gaseous microenvironments around founder Aspergillus nidulans cells change during biofilm formation causing microtubules to disassemble under control of the hypoxic transcription factor SrbA. Here we investigate if biofilm formation might also promote changes to structures involved in exocytosis and endocytosis. During biofilm formation, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remained intact but ER exit sites and the Golgi apparatus were modified as were endocytic actin patches. The biofilm-driven changes required the SrbA hypoxic transcription factor and could be triggered by nitric oxide, further implicating gaseous regulation of biofilm cellular architecture. By tracking green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Atg8 dynamics, biofilm founder cells were also observed to undergo autophagy. Most notably, biofilm cells that had undergone autophagy were triggered into further autophagy by spinning disk confocal light. Our findings indicate that fungal biofilm formation modifies the secretory and endocytic apparatus and show that biofilm cells can also undergo autophagy that is reactivated by light. The findings provide new insights into the changes occurring in fungal biofilm cell biology that potentially impact their unique characteristics, including antifungal drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Lingo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Nandini Shukla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Aysha H Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Stephen A Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pfister J, Lichius A, Summer D, Haas H, Kanagasundaram T, Kopka K, Decristoforo C. Live-cell imaging with Aspergillus fumigatus-specific fluorescent siderophore conjugates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15519. [PMID: 32968138 PMCID: PMC7511942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging allows the in vivo analysis of subcellular localisation dynamics of physiological processes with high spatial-temporal resolution. However, only few fluorescent dyes have been custom-designed to facilitate species-specific live-cell imaging approaches in filamentous fungi to date. Therefore, we developed fluorescent dye conjugates based on the sophisticated iron acquisition system of Aspergillus fumigatus by chemical modification of the siderophore triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC). Various fluorophores (FITC, NBD, Ocean Blue, BODIPY 630/650, SiR, TAMRA and Cy5) were conjugated to diacetylfusarinine C (DAFC). Gallium-68 labelling enabled in vitro and in vivo characterisations. LogD, uptake assays and growth assays were performed and complemented by live-cell imaging in different Aspergillus species. Siderophore conjugates were specifically recognised by the TAFC transporter MirB and utilized as an iron source in growth assays. Fluorescence microscopy revealed uptake dynamics and differential subcellular accumulation patterns of all compounds inside fungal hyphae.[Fe]DAFC-NBD and -Ocean Blue accumulated in vacuoles, whereas [Fe]DAFC-BODIPY, -SiR and -Cy5 localised to mitochondria. [Fe]DAFC -FITC showed a uniform cytoplasmic distribution, whereas [Fe]DAFC-TAMRA was not internalised at all. Co-staining experiments with commercially available fluorescent dyes confirmed these findings. Overall, we developed a new class of fluorescent dyes that vary in intracellular fungal targeting , thereby providing novel tools for live-cell imaging applications for Aspergillus fumigatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Pfister
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Lichius
- Department of Microbiology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Summer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thines Kanagasundaram
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center, (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center, (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu J, Ying SH, Feng MG. The Na + /H + antiporter Nhx1 controls vacuolar fusion indispensible for life cycles in vitro and in vivo in a fungal insect pathogen. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3884-3895. [PMID: 27112237 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The sole Na+ /H+ antiporter Nhx1 has been generally unexplored in filamentous fungi. We characterized Nhx1 in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. An eGFP-tagged Nhx1 fusion accumulated in small punctuate structures, presumably endosomal and trans-Golgi network compartments, between septum and tubular vacuole of each wild-type cell stained with a vacuole-specific dye. Deletion of nhx1 resulted in significant acidification and severe fusion defect in vacuoles, which were fragmented and distinct from large or tubular wild-type vacuoles. The deletion also caused a drastic reduction in aerial conidiation or submerged blastospore production and more severe defect in vegetative growth than in conidial germination. The Δnhx1 mutant became more sensitive to high osmolarity, heat shock and several metal ions during growth but its conidia showed increased UV-B tolerance. Intriguingly, Δnhx1 was unable to infect a model insect through cuticle penetration or intrahaemocoel injection because it produced much less biomass and cuticle-degrading enzymes in a minimal broth and failed to form blastospores in the insect haemolymph. All changes were completely or largely restored by targeted nhx1 complementation. Our results provide novel insight into an indispensability of Nhx1 for not only vacuolar fusion but also life cycles in vitro and in vivo in B. bassiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Richards A, Gow NAR, Veses V. Identification of vacuole defects in fungi. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:155-63. [PMID: 22902527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fungal vacuoles are involved in a diverse range of cellular functions, participating in cellular homeostasis, degradation of intracellular components, and storage of ions and molecules. In recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of studies linking these organelles with the regulation of growth and control of cellular morphology, particularly in those fungal species able to undergo yeast-hypha morphogenetic transitions. This has contributed to the refinement of previously published protocols and the development of new techniques, particularly in the area of live-cell imaging of membrane trafficking events and vacuolar dynamics. The current review outlines recent advances in the imaging of fungal vacuoles and assays for characterization of trafficking pathways, and other physiological activities of this important cell organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Richards
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Bowman BJ, Draskovic M, Freitag M, Bowman EJ. Structure and distribution of organelles and cellular location of calcium transporters in Neurospora crassa. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1845-55. [PMID: 19801418 PMCID: PMC2794220 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00174-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We wanted to examine the cellular locations of four Neurospora crassa proteins that transport calcium. However, the structure and distribution of organelles in live hyphae of N. crassa have not been comprehensively described. Therefore, we made recombinant genes that generate translational fusions of putative organellar marker proteins with green or red fluorescent protein. We observed putative endoplasmic reticulum proteins, encoded by grp-78 and dpm, in the nuclear envelope and associated membranes. Proteins of the vacuolar membrane, encoded by vam-3 and vma-1, were in an interconnected network of small tubules and vesicles near the hyphal tip, while in more distal regions they were in large and small spherical vacuoles. Mitochondria, visualized with tagged ARG-4, were abundant in all regions of the hyphae. Similarly, we tagged the four N. crassa proteins that transport calcium with green or red fluorescent protein to examine their cellular locations. NCA-1 protein, a homolog of the SERCA-type Ca(2+)-ATPase of animal cells, colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum markers. The NCA-2 and NCA-3 proteins are homologs of Ca(2+)-ATPases in the vacuolar membrane in yeast or in the plasma membrane in animal cells. They colocalized with markers in the vacuolar membrane, and they also occurred in the plasma membrane in regions of the hyphae more than 1 mm from the tip. The cax gene encodes a Ca(2+)/H(+) exchange protein found in vacuoles. As expected, the CAX protein localized to the vacuolar compartment. We observed, approximately 50 to 100 mum from the tip, a few spherical organelles that had high amounts of tagged CAX protein and tagged subunits of the vacuolar ATPase (VMA-1 and VMA-5). We suggest that this organelle, not described previously in N. crassa, may have a role in sequestering calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Bowman
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pollack JK, Li ZJ, Marten MR. Fungal mycelia show lag time before re-growth on endogenous carbon. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:458-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Maruyama JI, Kitamoto K. Differential distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum network in filamentous fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 272:1-7. [PMID: 17517068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are composed of hyphal compartments divided by septa, which communicate via septal pores. Apical compartments can elongate to over 100 microm without septum formation and possess a polarized distribution of organelles. In Aspergillus, subapical compartments are arrested in interphase but can reinitiate mitosis and growth by branching. Recent reports using green fluorescent protein (GFP) technology have demonstrated the highly differentiated localization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network in various regions of the hyphae: the gradient distribution from the apical region, the localization along the septum, differential distributions in adjacent compartments, and the dynamic morphological change during septum formation. In this review the spatial regulation of the ER network in multicellular filamentous fungi is discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Maruyama JI, Kikuchi S, Kitamoto K. Differential distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum network as visualized by the BipA-EGFP fusion protein in hyphal compartments across the septum of the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 43:642-54. [PMID: 16759887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We visualized the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network by expression of the BipA-EGFP fusion protein in the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, and focused on the spatial difference of the ER distribution throughout hyphae. The ER formed an interconnected network with motility and displayed a gradient distribution from the apical region. The ER was also found as a tubular network along the septum, which was formed soon after the completion of septation. Discontinuity of the ER network distribution was noticed between the adjacent compartments across the septum, suggesting that the cellular activities in these compartments were independently regulated although they are considered to communicate with each other through the septal pore. Moreover, the ER-visualized strain was subjected to a hypotonic shock, leading to hyphal tip bursting where the Woronin body plugs septal pores and prevents excessive loss of the cytoplasm. In the compartment adjacent to the burst apical tip, the ER network structure and motility were still retained. We also observed re-growth of hyphae from the plugged septa forming intrahyphal hyphae in which the ER network distribution, specialized for apical growth, was regenerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Maruyama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tuszynska S, Davies D, Turnau K, Ashford AE. Changes in vacuolar and mitochondrial motility and tubularity in response to zinc in a Paxillus involutus isolate from a zinc-rich soil. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 43:155-63. [PMID: 16504552 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Short-term effects of zinc on organelles were investigated in Paxillus involutus from a zinc-rich soil. Vacuoles were labelled with Oregon Green 488 carboxylic acid and mitochondria with DiOC(6)(3). Hyphae were treated with ZnSO(4) in the range 1-100 mM and examined by fluorescence microscopy. ZnSO(4) caused loss of tubularity and motility in both organelles depending on concentration and exposure time. Tubular vacuoles thickened after 15 min in 5 mM ZnSO(4) and became spherical at higher concentrations. Mitochondria fragmented after 30 min in 25 mM ZnSO(4). Vacuoles recovered their tubularity after transfer to reverse osmosis water depending on ZnSO(4) concentration and exposure time during treatment. Mitochondria recovered their tubularity with time, both with and without removal of the ZnSO(4) solution. K(2)SO(4) (as control) had no effect on vacuoles but disrupted mitochondria, the effect also depending on concentration and duration of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tuszynska
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shoji JY, Arioka M, Kitamoto K. Vacuolar membrane dynamics in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:411-21. [PMID: 16467481 PMCID: PMC1405889 DOI: 10.1128/ec.5.2.411-421.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vacuoles in filamentous fungi are highly pleomorphic and some of them, e.g., tubular vacuoles, are implicated in intra- and intercellular transport. In this report, we isolated Aovam3, the homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae VAM3 gene that encodes the vacuolar syntaxin, from Aspergillus oryzae. In yeast complementation analyses, the expression of Aovam3 restored the phenotypes of both Deltavam3 and Deltapep12 mutants, suggesting that AoVam3p is likely the vacuolar and/or endosomal syntaxin in A. oryzae. FM4-64 [N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(p-diethylaminophenyl-hexatrienyl)pyridinium dibromide] and CMAC (7-amino-4-chloromethylcoumarin) staining confirmed that the fusion protein of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) with AoVam3p (EGFP-AoVam3p) localized on the membrane of the pleomorphic vacuolar networks, including large spherical vacuoles, tubular vacuoles, and putative late endosomes/prevacuolar compartments. EGFP-AoVam3p-expressing strains allowed us to observe the dynamics of vacuoles with high resolutions, and moreover, led to the discovery of several new aspects of fungal vacuoles, which have not been discovered so far with conventional staining methods, during different developmental stages. In old hyphae, EGFP fluorescence was present in the entire lumen of large vacuoles, which occupied most of the cell, indicating that degradation of cytosolic materials had occurred in such hyphae via an autophagic process. In hyphae that were not in contact with nutrients, such as aerial hyphae and hyphae that grew on a glass surface, vacuoles were composed of small punctate structures and tubular elements that often formed reticulum-like networks. These observations imply the presence of so-far-unrecognized roles of vacuoles in the development of filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ya Shoji
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|