1
|
Rieu JP, Delanoë-Ayari H, Barentin C, Nakagaki T, Kuroda S. Dynamics of centipede locomotion revealed by large-scale traction force microscopy. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230439. [PMID: 38807527 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a novel approach to traction force microscopy (TFM) for studying the locomotion of 10 cm long walking centipedes on soft substrates. Leveraging the remarkable elasticity and ductility of kudzu starch gels, we use them as a deformable gel substrate, providing resilience against the centipedes' sharp leg tips. By optimizing fiducial marker size and density and fine-tuning imaging conditions, we enhance measurement accuracy. Our TFM investigation reveals traction forces along the centipede's longitudinal axis that effectively counterbalance inertial forces within the 0-10 mN range, providing the first report of non-vanishing inertia forces in TFM studies. Interestingly, we observe waves of forces propagating from the head to the tail of the centipede, corresponding to its locomotion speed. Furthermore, we discover a characteristic cycle of leg clusters engaging with the substrate: forward force (friction) upon leg tip contact, backward force (traction) as the leg pulls the substrate while stationary, and subsequent forward force as the leg tip detaches to reposition itself in the anterior direction. This work opens perspectives for TFM applications in ethology, tribology and robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Rieu
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS , Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - H Delanoë-Ayari
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS , Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - C Barentin
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS , Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - T Nakagaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20W10 , Kita-ku, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - S Kuroda
- Faculty of Software and Information Technology, Aomori University, Koubata 2-3-1 , Aomori 030-0943, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Godeau AL, Leoni M, Comelles J, Guyomar T, Lieb M, Delanoë-Ayari H, Ott A, Harlepp S, Sens P, Riveline D. 3D single cell migration driven by temporal correlation between oscillating force dipoles. eLife 2022; 11:71032. [PMID: 35899947 PMCID: PMC9395190 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional cell locomotion requires symmetry breaking between the front and rear of the cell. In some cells, symmetry breaking manifests itself in a directional flow of actin from the front to the rear of the cell. Many cells, especially in physiological 3D matrices do not show such coherent actin dynamics and present seemingly competing protrusion/retraction dynamics at their front and back. How symmetry breaking manifests itself for such cells is therefore elusive. We take inspiration from the scallop theorem proposed by Purcell for micro-swimmers in Newtonian fluids: self-propelled objects undergoing persistent motion at low Reynolds number must follow a cycle of shape changes that breaks temporal symmetry. We report similar observations for cells crawling in 3D. We quantified cell motion using a combination of 3D live cell imaging, visualization of the matrix displacement and a minimal model with multipolar expansion. We show that our cells embedded in a 3D matrix form myosin-driven force dipoles at both sides of the nucleus, that locally and periodically pinch the matrix. The existence of a phase shift between the two dipoles is required for directed cell motion which manifests itself as cycles with finite area in the dipole-quadrupole diagram, a formal equivalence to the Purcell cycle. We confirm this mechanism by triggering local dipolar contractions with a laser. This leads to directed motion. Our study reveals that these cells control their motility by synchronizing dipolar forces distributed at front and back. This result opens new strategies to externally control cell motion as well as for the design of micro-crawlers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Luise Godeau
- Laboratory of Cell Physics, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Jordi Comelles
- Laboratory of Cell Physics, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Tristan Guyomar
- Laboratory of Cell Physics, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Michele Lieb
- Laboratory of Cell Physics, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Hélène Delanoë-Ayari
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306, LyonVilleurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Albrecht Ott
- Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sebastien Harlepp
- INSERM UMR S1109, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Sens
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Riveline
- Development and stem cells, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghabache E, Cao Y, Miao Y, Groisman A, Devreotes PN, Rappel W. Coupling traction force patterns and actomyosin wave dynamics reveals mechanics of cell motion. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10505. [PMID: 34898015 PMCID: PMC8666840 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cells can use and switch between different modes of migration. Here, we use traction force microscopy and fluorescent labeling of actin and myosin to quantify and correlate traction force patterns and cytoskeletal distributions in Dictyostelium discoideum cells that move and switch between keratocyte-like fan-shaped, oscillatory, and amoeboid modes. We find that the wave dynamics of the cytoskeletal components critically determine the traction force pattern, cell morphology, and migration mode. Furthermore, we find that fan-shaped cells can exhibit two different propulsion mechanisms, each with a distinct traction force pattern. Finally, the traction force patterns can be recapitulated using a computational model, which uses the experimentally determined spatiotemporal distributions of actin and myosin forces and a viscous cytoskeletal network. Our results suggest that cell motion can be generated by friction between the flow of this network and the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuansheng Cao
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Yuchuan Miao
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Wouter‐Jan Rappel
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cochet-Escartin O, Demircigil M, Hirose S, Allais B, Gonzalo P, Mikaelian I, Funamoto K, Anjard C, Calvez V, Rieu JP. Hypoxia triggers collective aerotactic migration in Dictyostelium discoideum. eLife 2021; 10:64731. [PMID: 34415238 PMCID: PMC8378850 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a self-generated hypoxic assay, we show that the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum displays a remarkable collective aerotactic behavior. When a cell colony is covered, cells quickly consume the available oxygen (O2) and form a dense ring moving outwards at constant speed and density. To decipher this collective process, we combined two technological developments: porphyrin-based O2 -sensing films and microfluidic O2 gradient generators. We showed that Dictyostelium cells exhibit aerotactic and aerokinetic response in a low range of O2 concentration indicative of a very efficient detection mechanism. Cell behaviors under self-generated or imposed O2 gradients were modeled using an in silico cellular Potts model built on experimental observations. This computational model was complemented with a parsimonious ‘Go or Grow’ partial differential equation (PDE) model. In both models, we found that the collective migration of a dense ring can be explained by the interplay between cell division and the modulation of aerotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cochet-Escartin
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mete Demircigil
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR5208, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Satomi Hirose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Blandine Allais
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Gonzalo
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et Pharmacologie, Faculté de médecine de Saint-Etienne, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Ivan Mikaelian
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kenichi Funamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christophe Anjard
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR5208, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Paul Rieu
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Wu H. Mathematical modeling of chemotaxis guided amoeboid cell swimming. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33853049 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abf7d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells and microorganisms adopt various strategies to migrate in response to different environmental stimuli. To date, many modeling research has focused on the crawling-basedDictyostelium discoideum(Dd) cells migration induced by chemotaxis, yet recent experimental results reveal that even without adhesion or contact to a substrate, Dd cells can still swim to follow chemoattractant signals. In this paper, we develop a modeling framework to investigate the chemotaxis induced amoeboid cell swimming dynamics. A minimal swimming system consists of one deformable Dd amoeboid cell and a dilute suspension of bacteria, and the bacteria produce chemoattractant signals that attract the Dd cell. We use themathematical amoeba modelto generate Dd cell deformation and solve the resulting low Reynolds number flows, and use a moving mesh based finite volume method to solve the reaction-diffusion-convection equation. Using the computational model, we show that chemotaxis guides a swimming Dd cell to follow and catch bacteria, while on the other hand, bacterial rheotaxis may help the bacteria to escape from the predator Dd cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America.,Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prunet A, Lefort S, Delanoë-Ayari H, Laperrousaz B, Simon G, Barentin C, Saci S, Argoul F, Guyot B, Rieu JP, Gobert S, Maguer-Satta V, Rivière C. A new agarose-based microsystem to investigate cell response to prolonged confinement. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4016-4030. [PMID: 32975276 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00732c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests the importance of mechanical stimuli in normal and pathological situations for the control of many critical cellular functions. While the effect of matrix stiffness has been and is still extensively studied, few studies have focused on the role of mechanical stresses. The main limitation of such analyses is the lack of standard in vitro assays enabling extended mechanical stimulation compatible with dynamic biological and biophysical cell characterization. We have developed an agarose-based microsystem, the soft cell confiner, which enables the precise control of confinement for single or mixed cell populations. The rigidity of the confiner matches physiological conditions and its porosity enables passive medium renewal. It is compatible with time-lapse microscopy, in situ immunostaining, and standard molecular analyses, and can be used with both adherent and non-adherent cell lines. Cell proliferation of various cell lines (hematopoietic cells, MCF10A epithelial breast cells and HS27A stromal cells) was followed for several days up to confluence using video-microscopy and further documented by Western blot and immunostaining. Interestingly, even though the nuclear projected area was much larger upon confinement, with many highly deformed nuclei (non-circular shape), cell viability, assessed by live and dead cell staining, was unaffected for up to 8 days in the confiner. However, there was a decrease in cell proliferation upon confinement for all cell lines tested. The soft cell confiner is thus a valuable tool to decipher the effects of long-term confinement and deformation on the biology of cell populations. This tool will be instrumental in deciphering the impact of nuclear and cytoskeletal mechanosensitivity in normal and pathological conditions involving highly confined situations, such as those reported upon aging with fibrosis or during cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Prunet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR-5306, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martinac B, Nikolaev YA, Silvani G, Bavi N, Romanov V, Nakayama Y, Martinac AD, Rohde P, Bavi O, Cox CD. Cell membrane mechanics and mechanosensory transduction. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:83-141. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
8
|
Paulitschke P, Keber F, Lebedev A, Stephan J, Lorenz H, Hasselmann S, Heinrich D, Weig EM. Ultraflexible Nanowire Array for Label- and Distortion-Free Cellular Force Tracking. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2207-2214. [PMID: 30427688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Living cells interact with their immediate environment by exerting mechanical forces, which regulate important cell functions. Elucidation of such force patterns yields deep insights into the physics of life. Here we present a top-down nanostructured, ultraflexible nanowire array biosensor capable of probing cell-induced forces. Its universal building block, an inverted conical semiconductor nanowire, greatly enhances both the functionality and the sensitivity of the device. In contrast to existing cellular force sensing architectures, microscopy is performed on the nanowire heads while cells deflecting the nanowires are confined within the array. This separation between the optical path and the cells under investigation excludes optical distortions caused by cell-induced refraction, which can give rise to feigned displacements on the 100 nm scale. The undistorted nanowire displacements are converted into cellular forces via the nanowire spring constant. The resulting distortion-free cellular force transducer realizes a high-resolution and label-free biosenor based on optical microscopy. Its performance is demonstrated in a proof-of-principle experiment with living Dictyostelium discoideum cells migrating through the nanowire array. Cell-induced forces are probed with a resolution of 50 piconewton, while the most flexible nanowires promise to enter the 100 femtonewton realm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Paulitschke
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - F Keber
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - A Lebedev
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - J Stephan
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - H Lorenz
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - S Hasselmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) , Neunerplatz 2 , 97082 Würzburg , Germany
| | - D Heinrich
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC) , Neunerplatz 2 , 97082 Würzburg , Germany
- Leiden Institute of Physics , Leiden University , 2333 Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - E M Weig
- Center for NanoScience & Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
- Department of Physics , Universität Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hanke J, Ranke C, Perego E, Köster S. Human blood platelets contract in perpendicular direction to shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2009-2019. [PMID: 30724316 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In their physiological environment, blood platelets are permanently exposed to shear forces caused by blood flow. Within this surrounding, they generate contractile forces that eventually lead to a compaction of the blood clot. Here, we present a microfluidic chamber that combines hydrogel-based traction force microscopy with a controlled shear environment, and investigate the force fields platelets generate when exposed to shear flow in a spatio-temporally resolved manner. We find that for shear rates between 14 s-1 to 33 s-1, the general contraction behavior in terms of force distribution and magnitude does not differ from no-flow conditions. The main direction of contraction, however, does respond to the externally applied stress. At high shear stress, we observe an angle of about 90° between flow direction and main contraction axis. We explain this observation by the distribution of the stress acting on the adherent cell: the observed angle provides the most stable situation for the cell experiencing the shear flow, as supported by a finite element method simulation of the stresses along the platelet boundary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hanke
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hanke J, Probst D, Zemel A, Schwarz US, Köster S. Dynamics of force generation by spreading platelets. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6571-6581. [PMID: 30052252 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00895g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to gain more insight into the role of human platelets for blood clot formation, here we investigate the dynamics of force generation by platelet spreading onto elastic substrates of variable stiffness. Despite their small size, platelets generate high and rapidly varying traction forces on their extracellular environment, which we reconstruct with adapted implementations of Fourier transform traction cytometry. We find that while the final spread area is reached within a few minutes, the build-up of forces typically takes 10-30 minutes. In addition, we identify two distinct behaviors of individual cells, namely oscillating and non-oscillating platelets. An eigenvalue analysis of the platelet dipole tensor reveals a small anisotropy of the exerted force, which is compatible with a random distribution of a few force transmitting centers, in agreement with the observed shapes and traction patterns. We find a correlation between the maximum force level a platelet reaches and its spread area, which we explain by a thin film model for the actively contracting cell. The model reveals a large internal stress of hundreds of kPa. Experimentally we do not find any statistically relevant relation between the force level reached and the substrate stiffness within the stiffness range from 19 to 83 kPa, which might be related to the high platelet activation level used in our study. In addition, our model suggests that due to the uniquely small thickness of platelets, their mechanosensitivity might be limited to a lower stiffness range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hanke
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Goettingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dimitri Probst
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Assaf Zemel
- Institute of Dental Sciences and Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. and BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Goettingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fukuyama T, Fuke A, Mochizuki M, Kamei KI, Maeda YT. Directing and Boosting of Cell Migration by the Entropic Force Gradient in Polymer Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:12567-12572. [PMID: 26496637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Noncontact manipulation of nano/micromaterials presents a great challenge in fields ranging from biotechnology to nanotechnology. In this study we developed a new strategy for the manipulation of molecules and cells based on diffusiophoresis driven by a concentration gradient of a polymer solute. By using laser focusing in a microfluidic device, we created a sharp concentration gradient of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in a solution of this polymer. Because diffusiophoresis essentially depends on solute gradients alone, PEG solute contrast resulted in trapping of DNA and eukaryotic cells with little material dependence. Furthermore, quantitative analysis revealed that the motility of migrating cells was enhanced with the PEG concentration, consistent with a theoretical model of boosted cell migration. Our results support that a solute contrast of polymer can exert an interfacial force gradient that physically propels objects and may have application for the manipulation of soft materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukuyama
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, 812-8581 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ariko Fuke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Megumi Mochizuki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kamei
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University , Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke T Maeda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, 812-8581 Fukuoka, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu X, Bouffanais R, Yue DKP. Interplay between motility and cell-substratum adhesion in amoeboid cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:054112. [PMID: 26487898 PMCID: PMC4592429 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effective migration of amoeboid cells requires a fine regulation of cell-substratum adhesion. These entwined processes have been shown to be regulated by a host of biophysical and biochemical cues. Here, we reveal the pivotal role played by calcium-based mechanosensation in the active regulation of adhesion resulting in a high migratory adaptability. Using mechanotactically driven Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae, we uncover the existence of optimal mechanosensitive conditions-corresponding to specific levels of extracellular calcium-for persistent directional migration over physicochemically different substrates. When these optimal mechanosensitive conditions are met, noticeable enhancement in cell migration directionality and speed is achieved, yet with significant differences among the different substrates. In the same narrow range of calcium concentrations that yields optimal cellular mechanosensory activity, we uncovered an absolute minimum in cell-substratum adhesion activity, for all considered substrates, with differences in adhesion strength among them amplified. The blocking of the mechanosensitive ion channels with gadolinium-i.e., the inhibition of the primary mechanosensory apparatus-hampers the active reduction in substrate adhesion, thereby leading to the same undifferentiated and drastically reduced directed migratory response. The adaptive behavioral responses of Dictyostelium cells sensitive to substrates with varying physicochemical properties suggest the possibility of novel surface analyses based on the mechanobiological ability of mechanosensitive and guidable cells to probe substrates at the nanometer-to-micrometer level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Roland Bouffanais
- Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Dick K P Yue
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Geng Y, Wang Z. Review of cellular mechanotransduction on micropost substrates. Med Biol Eng Comput 2015; 54:249-71. [PMID: 26245253 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-015-1343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As physical entities, living cells can sense and respond to various stimulations within and outside the body through cellular mechanotransduction. Any deviation in cellular mechanotransduction will not only undermine the orchestrated regulation of mechanical responses, but also lead to the breakdown of their physiological function. Therefore, a quantitative study of cellular mechanotransduction needs to be conducted both in experiments and in computational simulations to investigate the underlying mechanisms of cellular mechanotransduction. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge and significant progress in cellular mechanotransduction via micropost substrates. In the aspect of experimental studies, we summarize significant experimental progress and place an emphasis on the coupled relationship among cellular spreading, focal adhesion and contractility as well as the influence of substrate properties on force-involved cellular behaviors. In the other aspect of computational investigations, we outline a coupled framework including the biochemically motivated stress fiber model and thermodynamically motivated adhesion model and present their predicted biomechanical responses and then compare predicted simulation results with experimental observations to further explore the mechanisms of cellular mechanotransduction. At last, we discuss the future perspectives both in experimental technologies and in computational models, as well as facing challenges in the area of cellular mechanotransduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhanjiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rieu JP, Delanoë-Ayari H, Takagi S, Tanaka Y, Nakagaki T. Periodic traction in migrating large amoeba of Physarum polycephalum. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20150099. [PMID: 25808339 PMCID: PMC4424688 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The slime mould Physarum polycephalum is a giant multinucleated cell exhibiting well-known Ca(2+)-dependent actomyosin contractions of its vein network driving the so-called cytoplasmic shuttle streaming. Its actomyosin network forms both a filamentous cortical layer and large fibrils. In order to understand the role of each structure in the locomotory activity, we performed birefringence observations and traction force microscopy on excised fragments of Physarum. After several hours, these microplasmodia adopt three main morphologies: flat motile amoeba, chain types with round contractile heads connected by tubes and motile hybrid types. Each type exhibits oscillations with a period of about 1.5 min of cell area, traction forces and fibril activity (retardance) when fibrils are present. The amoeboid types show only peripheral forces while the chain types present a never-reported force pattern with contractile rings far from the cell boundary under the spherical heads. Forces are mostly transmitted where the actomyosin cortical layer anchors to the substratum, but fibrils maintain highly invaginated structures and contribute to forces by increasing the length of the anchorage line. Microplasmodia are motile only when there is an asymmetry in the shape and/or the force distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Rieu
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Hélène Delanoë-Ayari
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Seiji Takagi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo 060-0806, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakagaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo 060-0806, Japan JST, CREST, 5, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tanimoto H, Sano M. A simple force-motion relation for migrating cells revealed by multipole analysis of traction stress. Biophys J 2014; 106:16-25. [PMID: 24411233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
For biophysical understanding of cell motility, the relationship between mechanical force and cell migration must be uncovered, but it remains elusive. Since cells migrate at small scale in dissipative circumstances, the inertia force is negligible and all forces should cancel out. This implies that one must quantify the spatial pattern of the force instead of just the summation to elucidate the force-motion relation. Here, we introduced multipole analysis to quantify the traction stress dynamics of migrating cells. We measured the traction stress of Dictyostelium discoideum cells and investigated the lowest two moments, the force dipole and quadrupole moments, which reflect rotational and front-rear asymmetries of the stress field. We derived a simple force-motion relation in which cells migrate along the force dipole axis with a direction determined by the force quadrupole. Furthermore, as a complementary approach, we also investigated fine structures in the stress field that show front-rear asymmetric kinetics consistent with the multipole analysis. The tight force-motion relation enables us to predict cell migration only from the traction stress patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaki Sano
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Álvarez-González B, Bastounis E, Meili R, del Álamo JC, Firtel R, Lasheras JC. Cytoskeletal Mechanics Regulating Amoeboid Cell Locomotion. APPLIED MECHANICS REVIEWS 2014; 66. [PMID: 25328163 PMCID: PMC4201387 DOI: 10.1115/1.4026249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Migrating cells exert traction forces when moving. Amoeboid cell migration is a common type of cell migration that appears in many physiological and pathological processes and is performed by a wide variety of cell types. Understanding the coupling of the biochemistry and mechanics underlying the process of migration has the potential to guide the development of pharmacological treatment or genetic manipulations to treat a wide range of diseases. The measurement of the spatiotemporal evolution of the traction forces that produce the movement is an important aspect for the characterization of the locomotion mechanics. There are several methods to calculate the traction forces exerted by the cells. Currently the most commonly used ones are traction force microscopy methods based on the measurement of the deformation induced by the cells on elastic substrate on which they are moving. Amoeboid cells migrate by implementing a motility cycle based on the sequential repetition of four phases. In this paper we review the role that specific cytoskeletal components play in the regulation of the cell migration mechanics. We investigate the role of specific cytoskeletal components regarding the ability of the cells to perform the motility cycle effectively and the generation of traction forces. The actin nucleation in the leading edge of the cell, carried by the ARP2/3 complex activated through the SCAR/WAVE complex, has shown to be fundamental to the execution of the cyclic movement and to the generation of the traction forces. The protein PIR121, a member of the SCAR/WAVE complex, is essential to the proper regulation of the periodic movement and the protein SCAR, also included in the SCAR/WAVE complex, is necessary for the generation of the traction forces during migration. The protein Myosin II, an important F-actin cross-linker and motor protein, is essential to cytoskeletal contractility and to the generation and proper organization of the traction forces during migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Álvarez-González
- Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering Department,
University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
e-mail:
| | - Effie Bastounis
- Postdoctoral Fellow
Division of Cell and Developmental Biology,
University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | - Ruedi Meili
- Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering Department,
Division of Cell and Developmental Biology,
University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | - Juan C. del Álamo
- Associate Professor
Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering Department,
Institute for Engineering in Medicine,
University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | - Richard Firtel
- Distinguished Professor
Division of Cell and Developmental Biology,
University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA 92093-0411
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moussus M, der Loughian C, Fuard D, Courçon M, Gulino-Debrac D, Delanoë-Ayari H, Nicolas A. Intracellular stresses in patterned cell assemblies. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:2414-2423. [PMID: 24622969 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52318g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Confining cells on adhesive patterns allows performing robust, weakly dispersed, statistical analysis. A priori, adhesive patterns could be efficient tools to analyze intracellular cell stress fields, in particular when patterns are used to force the geometry of the cytoskeleton. This tool could then be very helpful in deciphering the relationship between the internal architecture of the cells and the mechanical, intracellular stresses. However, the quantification of the intracellular stresses is still something delicate to perform. Here we first propose a new, very simple and original method to quantify the intracellular stresses, which directly relates the strain the cells impose on the extracellular matrix to the intracellular stress field. This method is used to analyze how confinement influences the intracellular stress field. As a result, we show that the more confined the cells are, the more stressed they will be. The influence of the geometry of the adhesive patterns on the stress patterns is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Moussus
- LTM c/o CEA Léti, Université Joseph Fourier, CNRS UMR 5129, 17 av des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Burnette DT, Shao L, Ott C, Pasapera AM, Fischer RS, Baird MA, Der Loughian C, Delanoe-Ayari H, Paszek MJ, Davidson MW, Betzig E, Lippincott-Schwartz J. A contractile and counterbalancing adhesion system controls the 3D shape of crawling cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:83-96. [PMID: 24711500 PMCID: PMC3987145 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201311104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
How adherent and contractile systems coordinate to promote cell shape changes is unclear. Here, we define a counterbalanced adhesion/contraction model for cell shape control. Live-cell microscopy data showed a crucial role for a contractile meshwork at the top of the cell, which is composed of actin arcs and myosin IIA filaments. The contractile actin meshwork is organized like muscle sarcomeres, with repeating myosin II filaments separated by the actin bundling protein α-actinin, and is mechanically coupled to noncontractile dorsal actin fibers that run from top to bottom in the cell. When the meshwork contracts, it pulls the dorsal fibers away from the substrate. This pulling force is counterbalanced by the dorsal fibers' attachment to focal adhesions, causing the fibers to bend downward and flattening the cell. This model is likely to be relevant for understanding how cells configure themselves to complex surfaces, protrude into tight spaces, and generate three-dimensional forces on the growth substrate under both healthy and diseased conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Burnette
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and 2 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dallon JC, Scott M, Smith WV. A force based model of individual cell migration with discrete attachment sites and random switching terms. J Biomech Eng 2014; 135:71008. [PMID: 23722520 DOI: 10.1115/1.4023987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A force based model of cell migration is presented which gives new insight into the importance of the dynamics of cell binding to the substrate. The main features of the model are the focus on discrete attachment dynamics, the treatment of the cellular forces as springs, and an incorporation of the stochastic nature of the attachment sites. One goal of the model is to capture the effect of the random binding and unbinding of cell attachments on global cell motion. Simulations reveal one of the most important factor influencing cell speed is the duration of the attachment to the substrate. The model captures the correct velocity and force relationships for several cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Dallon
- Department of Mathematics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cell speed is independent of force in a mathematical model of amoeboidal cell motion with random switching terms. Math Biosci 2013; 246:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
21
|
Abdolahad M, Mohajerzadeh S, Janmaleki M, Taghinejad H, Taghinejad M. Evaluation of the shear force of single cancer cells by vertically aligned carbon nanotubes suitable for metastasis diagnosis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:535-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Abdolahad
- Nano-Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano-Electronics and Thin Film Lab., School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395/515, Tehran Iran
- Science and Technology Park, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Mohajerzadeh
- Nano-Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano-Electronics and Thin Film Lab., School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395/515, Tehran Iran
- Science and Technology Park, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Janmaleki
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Taghinejad
- Nano-Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano-Electronics and Thin Film Lab., School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395/515, Tehran Iran
| | - M. Taghinejad
- Nano-Electronic Center of Excellence, Nano-Electronics and Thin Film Lab., School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395/515, Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yip AK, Iwasaki K, Ursekar C, Machiyama H, Saxena M, Chen H, Harada I, Chiam KH, Sawada Y. Cellular response to substrate rigidity is governed by either stress or strain. Biophys J 2013; 104:19-29. [PMID: 23332055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells sense the rigidity of their substrate; however, little is known about the physical variables that determine their response to this rigidity. Here, we report traction stress measurements carried out using fibroblasts on polyacrylamide gels with Young's moduli ranging from 6 to 110 kPa. We prepared the substrates by employing a modified method that involves N-acryloyl-6-aminocaproic acid (ACA). ACA allows for covalent binding between proteins and elastomers and thus introduces a more stable immobilization of collagen onto the substrate when compared to the conventional method of using sulfo-succinimidyl-6-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl-amino) hexanoate (sulfo-SANPAH). Cells remove extracellular matrix proteins off the surface of gels coated using sulfo-SANPAH, which corresponds to lower values of traction stress and substrate deformation compared to gels coated using ACA. On soft ACA gels (Young's modulus <20 kPa), cell-exerted substrate deformation remains constant, independent of the substrate Young's modulus. In contrast, on stiff substrates (Young's modulus >20 kPa), traction stress plateaus at a limiting value and the substrate deformation decreases with increasing substrate rigidity. Sustained substrate strain on soft substrates and sustained traction stress on stiff substrates suggest these may be factors governing cellular responses to substrate rigidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kia Yip
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Kraning-Rush CM, Carey SP, Califano JP, Reinhart-King CA. Quantifying Traction Stresses in Adherent Cells. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 110:139-78. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-388403-9.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
25
|
Golé L, Rivière C, Hayakawa Y, Rieu JP. A quorum-sensing factor in vegetative Dictyostelium discoideum cells revealed by quantitative migration analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26901. [PMID: 22073217 PMCID: PMC3207821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many cells communicate through the production of diffusible signaling molecules that accumulate and once a critical concentration has been reached, can activate or repress a number of target genes in a process termed quorum sensing (QS). In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, QS plays an important role during development. However little is known about its effect on cell migration especially in the growth phase. Methods and Findings To investigate the role of cell density on cell migration in the growth phase, we use multisite timelapse microscopy and automated cell tracking. This analysis reveals a high heterogeneity within a given cell population, and the necessity to use large data sets to draw reliable conclusions on cell motion. In average, motion is persistent for short periods of time (), but normal diffusive behavior is recovered over longer time periods. The persistence times are positively correlated with the migrated distances. Interestingly, the migrated distance decreases as well with cell density. The adaptation of cell migration to cell density highlights the role of a secreted quorum sensing factor (QSF) on cell migration. Using a simple model describing the balance between the rate of QSF generation and the rate of QSF dilution, we were able to gather all experimental results into a single master curve, showing a sharp cell transition between high and low motile behaviors with increasing QSF. Conclusion This study unambiguously demonstrates the central role played by QSF on amoeboid motion in the growth phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Golé
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée et Nanostructures, Université de Lyon, Université de Lyon I, CNRS, UMR 5586, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Charlotte Rivière
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée et Nanostructures, Université de Lyon, Université de Lyon I, CNRS, UMR 5586, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yoshinori Hayakawa
- Center for Information Technology in Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Rieu
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée et Nanostructures, Université de Lyon, Université de Lyon I, CNRS, UMR 5586, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Delanoë-Ayari H, Rieu JP, Sano M. 4D traction force microscopy reveals asymmetric cortical forces in migrating Dictyostelium cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:248103. [PMID: 21231559 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.248103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a 4D (x; y; z; t) force map of Dictyostelium cells crawling on a soft gel substrate. Vertical forces are of the same order as the tangential ones. The cells pull the substratum upward along the cell, medium, or substratum contact line and push it downward under the cell except for the pseudopods. We demonstrate quantitatively that the variations in the asymmetry in cortical forces correlates with the variations of the direction and speed of cell displacement.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bouffanais R, Yue DKP. Hydrodynamics of cell-cell mechanical signaling in the initial stages of aggregation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:041920. [PMID: 20481766 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.041920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotactic cell motility has recently been shown to be a key player in the initial aggregation of crawling cells such as leukocytes and amoebae. The effects of mechanotactic signaling in the early aggregation of amoeboid cells are here investigated using a general mathematical model based on known biological evidence. We elucidate the hydrodynamic fundamentals of the direct guiding of a cell through mechanotaxis in the case where one cell transmits a mechanotactic signal through the fluid flow by changing its shape. It is found that any mechanosensing cells placed in the stimulus field of mechanical stress are able to determine the signal transmission direction with a certain angular dispersion which does not preclude the aggregation from happening. The ubiquitous presence of noise is accounted for by the model. Finally, the mesoscopic pattern of aggregation is obtained which constitutes the bridge between, on one hand, the microscopic world where the changes in the cell shape occur and, on the other hand, the cooperative behavior of the cells at the mesoscopic scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bouffanais
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Z, Song J, Mantini G, Lu MY, Fang H, Falconi C, Chen LJ, Wang ZL. Quantifying the traction force of a single cell by aligned silicon nanowire array. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:3575-80. [PMID: 19824706 DOI: 10.1021/nl901774m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physical behaviors of stationary cells, such as the morphology, motility, adhesion, anchorage, invasion and metastasis, are likely to be important for governing their biological characteristics. A change in the physical properties of mammalian cells could be an indication of disease. In this paper, we present a silicon-nanowire-array based technique for quantifying the mechanical behavior of single cells representing three distinct groups: normal mammalian cells, benign cells (L929), and malignant cells (HeLa). By culturing the cells on top of NW arrays, the maximum traction forces of two different tumor cells (HeLa, L929) have been measured by quantitatively analyzing the bending of the nanowires. The cancer cell exhibits a larger traction force than the normal cell by approximately 20% for a HeLa cell and approximately 50% for a L929 cell. The traction forces have been measured for the L929 cells and mechanocytes as a function of culture time. The relationship between cells extending area and their traction force has been investigated. Our study is likely important for studying the mechanical properties of single cells and their migration characteristics, possibly providing a new cellular level diagnostic technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Li
- Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering, Peking University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rieu JP, Saito T, Delanoë-Ayari H, Sawada Y, Kay RR. Migration ofDictyosteliumslugs: Anterior-like cells may provide the motive force for the prespore zone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:1073-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
30
|
Winklbauer R. Cell adhesion in amphibian gastrulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 278:215-75. [PMID: 19815180 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)78005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The amphibian gastrula can be regarded as a single coherent tissue which folds and distorts itself in a reproducible pattern to establish the embryonic germ layers. It is held together by cadherins which provide the flexible adhesion required for the massive cell rearrangements that accompany gastrulation. Cadherin expression and adhesiveness increase as one goes from the vegetal cell mass through the anterior mesendoderm to the chordamesoderm, and then decrease again slightly in the ectoderm. Together with a basic random component of cell motility, this flexible, differentially expressed adhesiveness generates surface and interfacial tension effects which, in principle, can exert strong forces. However, conclusive evidence for an in vivo role of differential adhesion-related effects in gastrula morphogenesis is still lacking. The most important morphogenetic process in the amphibian gastrula seems to be intercellular migration, where cells crawl actively across each other's surface. The crucial aspect of this process is that cell motility is globally oriented, leading for example to mediolateral intercalation of bipolar cells during convergent extension of the chordamesoderm or to the directional migration of unipolar cells during translocation of the anterior mesendoderm on the ectodermal blastocoel roof. During these movements, the boundary between ectoderm and mesoderm is maintained by a tissue separation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|