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Hu S, Zhao J, Fang S, Guo K, Qi W, Liu H. Neurotoxic effects of chloroquine and its main transformation product formed after chlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168043. [PMID: 37898196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical transformation products (TPs) generated during wastewater treatment have become an environmental concern. However, there is limited understanding regarding the TPs produced from pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment. In this study, chloroquine (CQ), which was extensively used for treating coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infections during the pandemic, was selected for research. We identified and fractionated the main TP produced from CQ during chlorine disinfection and investigated the neurotoxic effects of CQ and its main TP on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Halogenated TP353 was observed as one of the main TPs produced from CQ during chlorine disinfection. Zebrafish embryos test revealed that TP353 caused higher neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae, as compared to the CQ, and that was accompanied by significantly decreased expression levels of the genes related to central nervous system development (e.g., gfap, syn2a, and elavl3), inhibited activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), reduced GFP fluorescence intensity of motor neuron axons in transgenic larvae (hb9-GFP), and reduced total swimming distance and swimming velocity of larvae during light-dark transition stimulation. The results of this study can potentially be utilized as a theoretical reference for future evaluations of environmental risks associated with CQ and its related TPs. This work presents a methodology for assessing the environmental hazards linked to the discharge of pharmaceutical TPs after wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Hu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shangbiao Fang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kehui Guo
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Zhou Z, Wang P, Wang Q, Dong Z, Chen X, Zhuo R, Wu R, Liu Y, Yang L, Liu M. SASH1 contributes to glial cell migration in the early development of the central nervous system. Dev Biol 2023; 504:49-57. [PMID: 37741309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
SAM and SH3 domain-containing 1 (SASH1), a member of the SLy protein family, is a tumor suppressor gene that has been studied for its association with various cancers. SASH1 is highly expressed in the mammalian central nervous system, particularly in glial cells, and is expressed in the central nervous system during zebrafish embryo development. However, SASH1's role in brain development has rarely been investigated. In this study, Morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) were used to down-regulate sash1a expression in zebrafish to observe morphological changes in the brain. Three transgenic zebrafish lines, Tg(gfap:eGFP), Tg(hb9:eGFP), and Tg(coro1a:eGFP) were selected to observe changes in glial cells, neurons, and immune cells after sash1a knockdown. Our results showed that the number of microglia residing in the developmental brain was reduced, whereas the axonal growth of caudal primary motor neurons was unaffected by sash1a downregulation. And more significantly, the gfap + glia presented abnormal arrangements and disordered orientations in sash1a morphants. The similar phenotype was verified in the mutation induced by the injection of cas9 mRNA and sash1a sgRNA. We further performed behavioral experiments in zebrafish larvae that had been injected with sash1a MO at one-cell stage, and found them exhibiting abnormal behavior trajectories. Moreover, injecting the human SASH1 mRNA rescued these phenomena in sash1a MO zebrafish. In summary, our study revealed that the downregulation of SASH1 leads to malformations in the embryonic brain and disorganization of glial cell marshalling, suggesting that SASH1 plays an important role in the migration of glial cells during embryonic brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Penghui Wang
- Departement of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Run Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Departement of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China.
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Cai Y, Lai Q, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Gu S, Qin Y, Hou J, Zhao L. Kinesin superfamily member 15 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 27:457-470. [PMID: 37641808 PMCID: PMC10466069 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2023.27.5.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of kinesin superfamily member 15 (KIF15) in nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis (NPC) and explore its underlying mechanisms. We employed various assays, including the CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, the Transwell and scratch assay, Western blotting, and nude mice transplantation tumor, to investigate the impact of KIF15 on NPC. Our findings demonstrate that KIF15 plays a critical role in the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of NPC cells. Furthermore, we discovered that silencing KIF15 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while promoting apoptosis, and that KIF15's effect on NPC cell growth is mediated through the PI3K/AKT and P53 signaling pathways. Additionally, we showed that KIF15 promotes nasopharyngeal cancer cell growth in vivo. Our study sheds light on the significance of KIF15 in NPC by revealing that KIF15 knockdown inhibits NPC cell growth through the regulation of AKT-related signaling pathways. These findings suggest that KIF15 represents a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qianyue Lai
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shaoju Gu
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jingshen Hou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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Sema4C Is Required for Vascular and Primary Motor Neuronal Patterning in Zebrafish. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162527. [PMID: 36010604 PMCID: PMC9406964 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) and neurons share a number of common signaling pathways and molecular mediators to orchestrate directional migration and guide the pattern of the vascular network and nervous system. So far, research concerning the functional coupling between vascular and neuronal pathfinding remains insufficient. Semaphorin4C (sema4C), a member of class 4 semaphorins, is initially described in the nervous system, whose role has been demonstrated in diverse biological developments. The present study focused on the role of sema4C in the vascular and neural development process in zebrafish embryos. It confirmed that sema4C is expressed in both the nervous system and intersegmental vessels (ISVs) in zebrafish embryos by diverse expression analysis. It also showed that the knockdown of sema4C caused a serious pathfinding anomaly both in the ISVs and primary motor neurons (PMNs) of zebrafish embryos. In addition, overexpressing exogenous sema4C mRNA in sema4C morphants remarkably neutralized the defective pattern of the vascular and neural system. Collectively, this report suggests that sema4C acts as a dual guiding factor regulating vascular and neuronal development. These findings elucidate a new molecular mechanism underlying blood vessel and nerve development and might serve as groundwork for future research on functional coupling between both systems.
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Shi J, Li T, Dong J, Wu Y, Wang W, Wang C. Neurotoxicity and Structure-Activity Relationships of Resveratrol and its two Natural Analogs, 4,4′-Dihydroxystilbene and Pinosylvin. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221113707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) and its two natural analogues, 4,4′-dihydroxystilbene (DHS) and pinosylvin (PIN), are very important polyphenols and have attracted considerable pharmaceutical interest because of their diverse biological activities. However, their adverse effects on motor nerves and glioma cells have not been properly assessed. Herein, we surveyed the toxicity and analyzed the structure-activity relationship of these three polyphenols using transgenic zebrafish ( Danio rerio) and U87. Results indicated that, in zebrafish embryos, both DHS (1 and 10 μg/mL) with hydroxyl groups at the 4 and 4′ positions, and PIN (1 and 10 μg/mL) with hydroxyl groups at the 3 and 5 positions inhibited motor neuron growth more effectively than RES (1 and 10 μg/mL) with hydroxyl groups at the 3, 4′, and 5 positions, although their appearance is normal. Both the DHS- (10 μg/mL) and PIN (10 μg/mL) -treated groups significantly reduced the swimming distance of zebrafish compared with the RES (10 μg/mL) -treated group. In addition, DHS with the hydroxyl groups at the 4 and 4′ positions (0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 2, and 20 μM) inhibited U87 cell aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner; PIN with the hydroxyl groups at the 3 and 5 positions (0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 2, and 20 μM) promoted U87 cell aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner, while RES with three hydroxyl groups promoted U87 cell aggregation at concentrations from 0.2 to 2 μM. Taken together, DHS and PIN are more neurotoxic than RES. The position and number of hydroxyl groups significantly affected the ability of the polyphenols to aggregate into tumors in the U87 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Shi
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jin Dong
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenran Wang
- Blood Purification Centre, Third People’s Hospital of Rugao, Rugao, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chengniu Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Wang L, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu Q. Kinesin family member 15 can promote the proliferation of glioblastoma. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:8259-8272. [PMID: 35801464 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most dangerous tumors for patients in clinical practice at present, and since glioblastoma originates from the brain, it will have a serious impact on patients. Therefore, more effective clinical therapeutic targets are still needed at this stage. Kinesin family member 15 (KIF15) promotes proliferation in several cancers, but its effect on glioblastoma is unclear. In this study, differentially expressed gene analysis and network analysis were performed to identify critical genes affecting glioma progression. The samples were divided into a KIF15 high-expression group and KIF15 low-expression group, and the association between FIK15 expression level and clinical characteristics was summarized and analyzed by performing medical data analysis; the effect of KIF15 on glioblastoma cell proliferation was detected by employing colony formation and MTT assays. The effect of KIF15 on tumor growth in mice was determined. It was found that KIF15 was a potential gene affecting the progression of glioblastoma. In addition, KIF15 was highly expressed in glioblastoma tumor tissues, and KIF15 was correlated with tumor size, clinical stage and other clinical characteristics. After the KIF15 gene was knocked out, the proliferation ability of glioblastoma was significantly inhibited. KIF15 also contributed to the growth of glioblastoma tumors in mice. Therefore, we found KIF15 to be a promising clinical therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leibo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
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8
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Sheng J, Xu J, Geng K, Liu D. Sema6D Regulates Zebrafish Vascular Patterning and Motor Neuronal Axon Growth in Spinal Cord. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:854556. [PMID: 35465091 PMCID: PMC9021825 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.854556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vessels and nerves are closely associated in anatomy as well as functions. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that axon-guiding signals may affect endothelial cells migration and path finding, which is crucial for the patterning of both the complex vascular network and neural system. However, studies regarding the functional overlap between vascular and neuronal orchestrating are still incomplete. Semaphorin6D (Sema6D) belongs to the Semaphorin family and has been identified as an important regulating factor in diverse biological processes. Its roles in vascular development are still unclear. Here, we confirmed that sema6D is enriched in neural system and blood vessels of zebrafish embryos by in situ hybridization. Then, the deficiency of sema6D caused by specific antisense morpholino-oligonucleotides (MO) led to dramatic path finding defects in both intersegmental vessels (ISVs) and primary motor neurons (PMNs) of spinal cord in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, these defective phenotypes were confirmed in F0 generation of sema6D knockouts and rescue experiments by overexpression of sema6D mRNA in sema6D morphants. These data collectively indicate that sema6D regulates zebrafish vascular patterning and motor neuronal axon growth in the spinal cord, which might be of great therapeutical use to regulate vessel and nerve guidance in the relevant diseases that affect both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Sheng
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Second Affiliated Hospital, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiehuan Xu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Kaixi Geng
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Second Affiliated Hospital, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Second Affiliated Hospital, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Liu
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Sheng J, Gong J, Shi Y, Wang X, Liu D. MicroRNA-22 coordinates vascular and motor neuronal pathfinding via sema4 during zebrafish development. Open Biol 2022; 12:210315. [PMID: 35382569 PMCID: PMC8984383 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise guiding signal is crucial to orchestrate directional migration and patterning of the complex vascular network and neural system. So far, limited studies have reported the discovery and functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in guiding vascular and neural pathfinding. Currently, we showed that the deficiency of miRNA-22a, an endothelial-enriched miRNA, caused dramatic pathfinding defects both in intersegmental vessels (ISVs) and primary motor neurons (PMNs) in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we found the specific inhibition of miR-22a in endothelial cells (ECs) resulted in patterning defects of both ISVs and PMNs. Neuronal block of miR-22a mainly led to axonal defects of PMN. Sema4c was identified as a potential target of miR-22a through transcriptomic analysis and in silico analysis. Additionally, a luciferase assay and EGFP sensor assay confirmed the binding of miR-22a with 3'-UTR of sema4c. In addition, downregulation of sema4c in the miR-22a morphants significantly neutralized the aberrant patterning of vascular and neural networks. Then we demonstrated that endothelial miR-22a regulates PMNs axonal navigation. Our study revealed that miR-22a acted as a dual regulatory cue coordinating vascular and neuronal patterning, and expanded the repertoire of regulatory molecules, which might be of use therapeutically to guide vessels and nerves in the relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Sheng
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gong
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunwei Shi
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases; Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zheng YQ, Suo GH, Liu D, Li HY, Wu YJ, Ni H. Nexmifa Regulates Axon Morphogenesis in Motor Neurons in Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:848257. [PMID: 35431796 PMCID: PMC9009263 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.848257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nexmif is mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays important roles in cell migration, cell to cell and cell-matrix adhesion, and maintains normal synaptic formation and function. Nevertheless, it is unclear how nexmif is linked to motor neuron morphogenesis. Here, we provided in situ hybridization evidence that nexmifa (zebrafish paralog) was localized to the brain and spinal cord and acted as a vital regulator of motor neuron morphogenesis. Nexmifa deficiency in zebrafish larvae generated abnormal primary motor neuron (PMN) development, including truncated Cap axons and decreased branches in Cap axons. Importantly, RNA-sequencing showed that nexmifa-depleted zebrafish embryos caused considerable CNS related gene expression alterations. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in axon guidance and several synaptic pathways, including glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic synapse pathways, according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation. In particular, when compared with other pathways, DEGs were highest (84) in the axon guidance pathway, according to Organismal Systems. Efna5b, bmpr2b, and sema6ba were decreased markedly in nexmifa-depleted zebrafish embryos. Moreover, both overexpression of efna5b mRNA and sema6ba mRNA could partially rescued motor neurons morphogenesis. These observations supported nexmifa as regulating axon morphogenesis of motor neurons in zebrafish. Taken together, nexmifa elicited crucial roles during motor neuron development by regulating the morphology of neuronal axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-qin Zheng
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gui-hai Suo
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hai-ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - You-jia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- You-jia Wu,
| | - Hong Ni
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Ni,
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11
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Zheng S, Tang D, Wang X, Liu C, Zuo N, Yan R, Wu C, Ma J, Wang C, Xu H, He Y, Liu D, Liu S. Kif15 Is Required in the Development of Auditory System Using Zebrafish as a Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:844568. [PMID: 35370541 PMCID: PMC8971910 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.844568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kif15, a kinesin family member, is powerful in the formation of bipolar spindles. There is emerging evidence indicating that Kif15 plays vital roles in influencing the growth of axons and interference with the progression of the tumor. However, the function of Kif15 in the auditory organs remains unknown. The Western blotting test was used to examine the effect of Kif15 downregulation by specific morpholino targeting Kif15 (Kif15-MO). The development of the inner ear and posterior lateral line (PLL) system in zebrafish was under continuous observation from spawns to 96 h postfertilization (hpf) to investigate the potential role of Kif15 in the auditory and vestibular system. We uncovered that Kif15 inhibition induced otic organ deformities in zebrafish, including malformed semicircular canals, abnormal number and location of otoliths, and reduced number of hair cells (HCs) both in utricle and saccule. Furthermore, a remarkable reduction in the number of PLL neuromasts was also explored in Kif15-MO morphants compared to the normal larvae. We also detected notably reduced activity in locomotion after Kif15 was knocked down. Additionally, we performed rescue experiments with co-injection of Kif15 mRNA and found that the Kif15 splicing MO-induced deformities in otic vesicle and PLL of zebrafish were successfully rescued, and the severely reduced locomotor activity caused by Kif15-MO was partially rescued compared to the control-MO (Con-MO) embryos. Our findings uncover that Kif15 is essential in the early development of auditory and vestibular organs using zebrafish as models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimei Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Dongmei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zuo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Renchun Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingzi He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yingzi He,
| | - Dong Liu
- Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Dong Liu, ,
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Shaofeng Liu,
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12
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Gu J, Guo M, Yin X, Huang C, Qian L, Zhou L, Wang Z, Wang L, Shi L, Ji G. A systematic comparison of neurotoxicity of bisphenol A and its derivatives in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150210. [PMID: 34534871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As more and more countries have prohibited the manufacture and sale of plastic products with bisphenol A (BPA), a number of bisphenol analogues (BPs), including BPS, BPF and BPAF, have gradually been used as its primary substitutes. Ideally, substitutes used to replace chemicals with environmental risks should be inert, so it makes sense that the risk of the similar chemical substitutes (BPS, BPF, and BPAF) should be assessed before they used. Therefore, in the present study, the neurotoxicity of four BPs at environmentally relevant concentration (200 μg/L) were systematically compared using zebrafish as a model. Our results showed that the four BPs (BPA, BPS, BPF and BPAF) exhibited no obvious effect on the hatchability, survival rate and body length of zebrafish larvae, noteworthily a significant inhibitory effect on spontaneous movement at 24 hpf was observed in the BPA, BPF and BPAF treatment groups. Behavioral tests showed that BPAF, BPF and BPA exposure significantly reduced the locomotor activity of the larvae. Additionally, BPAF treatment adversely affected motor neuron axon length in transgenic lines hb9-GFP zebrafish and decreased central nervous system (CNS) neurogenesis in transgenic lines HuC-GFP zebrafish. Intriguingly, BPAF displayed the strongest effects on the levels and metabolism of neurotransmitters, followed by BPF and BPA, while BPS showed the weakest effects on neurotransmitters. In conclusion, our study deciphered that environmentally relevant concentrations of BPs exposure exhibited differential degrees of neurotoxicity, which ranked as below: BPAF > BPF ≈ BPA > BPS. The possible mechanisms can be partially ascribed to the dramatical changes of multiple neurotransmitters and the inhibitory effects on neuronal development. These results suggest that BPAF and BPF should be carefully considered as alternatives to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Min Guo
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaogang Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lingling Qian
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linjun Zhou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Guixiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China.
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13
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Li N, Zhou P, Tang H, He L, Fang X, Zhao J, Wang X, Qi Y, Sun C, Lin Y, Qin F, Yang M, Zhang Z, Liao C, Zheng S, Peng X, Xue T, Zhu Q, Li H, Li Y, Liu L, Huang J, Liu L, Peng C, Kaindl AM, Gecz J, Han D, Liu D, Xu K, Hu H. In-depth analysis reveals complex molecular aetiology in a cohort of idiopathic cerebral palsy. Brain 2021; 145:119-141. [PMID: 34077496 PMCID: PMC8967106 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy is the most prevalent physical disability in children; however, its inherent molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we performed in-depth clinical and molecular analysis on 120 idiopathic cerebral palsy families, and identified underlying detrimental genetic variants in 45% of these patients. In addition to germline variants, we found disease-related postzygotic mutations in ∼6.7% of cerebral palsy patients. We found that patients with more severe motor impairments or a comorbidity of intellectual disability had a significantly higher chance of harbouring disease-related variants. By a compilation of 114 known cerebral-palsy-related genes, we identified characteristic features in terms of inheritance and function, from which we proposed a dichotomous classification system according to the expression patterns of these genes and associated cognitive impairments. In two patients with both cerebral palsy and intellectual disability, we revealed that the defective TYW1, a tRNA hypermodification enzyme, caused primary microcephaly and problems in motion and cognition by hindering neuronal proliferation and migration. Furthermore, we developed an algorithm and demonstrated in mouse brains that this malfunctioning hypermodification specifically perturbed the translation of a subset of proteins involved in cell cycling. This finding provided a novel and interesting mechanism for congenital microcephaly. In another cerebral palsy patient with normal intelligence, we identified a mitochondrial enzyme GPAM, the hypomorphic form of which led to hypomyelination of the corticospinal tract in both human and mouse models. In addition, we confirmed that the aberrant Gpam in mice perturbed the lipid metabolism in astrocytes, resulting in suppressed astrocytic proliferation and a shortage of lipid contents supplied for oligodendrocytic myelination. Taken together, our findings elucidate novel aspects of the aetiology of cerebral palsy and provide insights for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Yifei Qi
- Division of Uterine Vascular Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanbo Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunting Lin
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengying Qin
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caihua Liao
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxin Zheng
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Peng
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianying Zhu
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liru Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changgeng Peng
- The First Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200029, Shanghai, China
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, SA5005, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dingding Han
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Kaishou Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Laboratory of Medical Systems Biology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, China.,Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Joseph NF, Swarnkar S, Puthanveettil SV. Double Duty: Mitotic Kinesins and Their Post-Mitotic Functions in Neurons. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010136. [PMID: 33445569 PMCID: PMC7827351 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons, regarded as post-mitotic cells, are characterized by their extensive dendritic and axonal arborization. This unique architecture imposes challenges to how to supply materials required at distal neuronal components. Kinesins are molecular motor proteins that mediate the active delivery of cellular materials along the microtubule cytoskeleton for facilitating the local biochemical and structural changes at the synapse. Recent studies have made intriguing observations that some kinesins that function during neuronal mitosis also have a critical role in post-mitotic neurons. However, we know very little about the function and regulation of such kinesins. Here, we summarize the known cellular and biochemical functions of mitotic kinesins in post-mitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine F. Joseph
- The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;
| | - Supriya Swarnkar
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;
| | - Sathyanarayanan V Puthanveettil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-561-228-3504; Fax: +1-568-228-2249
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15
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Wang C, Hui J, Zhu X, Cui S, Cui Z, Xu D. Lobetyolin Efficiently Promotes Angiogenesis and Neuronal Development in Transgenic Zebrafish. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20937174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that lobetyolin (LBT), a component of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has many very good biological activities and functions. However, its side effects and toxicities have not been evaluated adequately. In this work, we investigated the effects of LBT in transgenic zebrafish. LBT treatments promoted angiogenesis and led to vascular morphological malformation in zebrafish embryos, although they were normal in appearance. Interestingly, our results indicated that LBT has a function of promoting nerve growth in the embryonic stage of zebrafish. We also treated the zebrafish with combretastatin A-4 (which resulted in neuronal apoptosis) and LBT simultaneously and found that LBT promoted nerve growth at higher concentrations. Taken together, our findings clearly display that LBT efficiently promotes angiogenesis, leading to vascular morphological malformation, has low toxicity, and notably promotes neuronal development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengniu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical College, Nantong University, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hui
- Lianyungang Higher Vocational Technical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xinhui Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Shengyu Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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16
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Mutations in the KIF21B kinesin gene cause neurodevelopmental disorders through imbalanced canonical motor activity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2441. [PMID: 32415109 PMCID: PMC7229210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KIF21B is a kinesin protein that promotes intracellular transport and controls microtubule dynamics. We report three missense variants and one duplication in KIF21B in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders associated with brain malformations, including corpus callosum agenesis (ACC) and microcephaly. We demonstrate, in vivo, that the expression of KIF21B missense variants specifically recapitulates patients’ neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including microcephaly and reduced intra- and inter-hemispheric connectivity. We establish that missense KIF21B variants impede neuronal migration through attenuation of kinesin autoinhibition leading to aberrant KIF21B motility activity. We also show that the ACC-related KIF21B variant independently perturbs axonal growth and ipsilateral axon branching through two distinct mechanisms, both leading to deregulation of canonical kinesin motor activity. The duplication introduces a premature termination codon leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Although we demonstrate that Kif21b haploinsufficiency leads to an impaired neuronal positioning, the duplication variant might not be pathogenic. Altogether, our data indicate that impaired KIF21B autoregulation and function play a critical role in the pathogenicity of human neurodevelopmental disorder. Kinesins regulate intracellular transport and microtubule dynamics. Here, the authors show that KIF21B variants in humans associate with corpus callosum agenesis and microcephaly. Using mice and zebrafish, they showed the cellular mechanisms altered by the missense KIF21B variants.
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17
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Gong J, Hu S, Huang Z, Hu Y, Wang X, Zhao J, Qian P, Wang C, Sheng J, Lu X, Wei G, Liu D. The Requirement of Sox2 for the Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Development of Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:34. [PMID: 32292330 PMCID: PMC7135881 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y box 2 (Sox2), expressed in neural tissues, plays an important role as a transcription factor not only in the pluripotency and proliferation of neuronal cells but also in the opposite function of cell differentiation. Nevertheless, how Sox2 is linked to motor neuron development remains unknown. Here, we showed that Sox2 was localized in the motor neurons of spinal cord by in situ hybridization and cell separation, which acted as a positive regulator of motor neuron development. The deficiency of Sox2 in zebrafish larvae resulted in abnormal PMN development, including truncated but excessively branched CaP axons, loss of MiP, and increase of undifferentiated neuron cells. Importantly, transcriptome analysis showed that Sox2-depleted embryos caused many neurogenesis, axonogenesis, axon guidance, and differentiation-related gene expression changes, which further support the vital function of Sox2 in motor neuron development. Taken together, these data indicate that Sox2 plays a crucial role in the motor neuron development by regulating neuron differentiation and morphology of neuron axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Songqun Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zigang Huang
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuebo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Peipei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiajing Sheng
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guanyun Wei
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and MOE, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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18
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Wang Q, Han B, Huang W, Qi C, Liu F. Identification of KIF15 as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic factor for glioma. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1035-1044. [PMID: 32323839 PMCID: PMC7057805 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most commonly diagnosed primary intracranial malignant tumor with rapid growth, easy recurrence and thus poor prognosis. In the present study, the role of kinesin‑12 (KIF15) in glioma was revealed. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis were used to detect the protein expression. An MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation. Flow cytometric analysis was utilized to assess cell apoptosis and the cell cycle. A mouse xenograft model was constructed for in vivo study. The results indicated that KIF15 was significantly upregulated in glioma tumor tissues and positively correlated with pathological staging, recurrence risk and poor prognosis. Silencing of KIF15 could inhibit cell proliferation and stemness of glioma cells, arrest cells in the G2 phase and induce cell apoptosis. The in vivo study verified the inhibitory effect of KIF15 knockdown on tumor growth. The mechanism study demonstrated the regulation of apoptosis‑ and cycle‑related proteins in the KIF15 KD‑induced inhibition of glioma. KIF15 was revealed to function as a tumor promoter in the development and progression of glioma. KIF15 also served as a prognostic indicator for glioma and may be a therapeutic target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Wu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Chunjian Qi
- Department of Central Lab, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
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19
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Espino-Saldaña AE, Rodríguez-Ortiz R, Pereida-Jaramillo E, Martínez-Torres A. Modeling Neuronal Diseases in Zebrafish in the Era of CRISPR. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:136-152. [PMID: 31573887 PMCID: PMC7324878 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191001145550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Danio rerio is a powerful experimental model for studies in genetics and development. Recently, CRISPR technology has been applied in this species to mimic various human diseases, including those affecting the nervous system. Zebrafish offer multiple experimental advantages: external embryogenesis, rapid development, transparent embryos, short life cycle, and basic neurobiological processes shared with humans. This animal model, together with the CRISPR system, emerging imaging technologies, and novel behavioral approaches, lay the basis for a prominent future in neuropathology and will undoubtedly accelerate our understanding of brain function and its disorders. OBJECTIVE Gather relevant findings from studies that have used CRISPR technologies in zebrafish to explore basic neuronal function and model human diseases. METHODS We systematically reviewed the most recent literature about CRISPR technology applications for understanding brain function and neurological disorders in D. rerio. We highlighted the key role of CRISPR in driving forward our understanding of particular topics in neuroscience. RESULTS We show specific advances in neurobiology when the CRISPR system has been applied in zebrafish and describe how CRISPR is accelerating our understanding of brain organization. CONCLUSION Today, CRISPR is the preferred method to modify genomes of practically any living organism. Despite the rapid development of CRISPR technologies to generate disease models in zebrafish, more efforts are needed to efficiently combine different disciplines to find the etiology and treatments for many brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Edith Espino-Saldaña
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Ortiz
- CONACYT - Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Elizabeth Pereida-Jaramillo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro CP76230, México
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20
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Del Castillo U, Norkett R, Gelfand VI. Unconventional Roles of Cytoskeletal Mitotic Machinery in Neurodevelopment. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:901-911. [PMID: 31597609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At first look, cell division and neurite formation seem to be two different, essential biological processes. However, both processes require extensive reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and especially microtubules. Remarkably, in recent years, independent work from several groups has shown that multiple cytoskeletal components previously considered specific for the mitotic machinery play important roles in neurite initiation and extension. In this review article, we describe how several cytoplasmic and mitotic microtubule motors, components of mitotic kinetochores, and cortical actin participate in reorganization of the microtubule network required to form and maintain axons and dendrites. The emerging similarities between these two biological processes will certainly generate new insights into the mechanisms generating the unique morphology of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urko Del Castillo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rosalind Norkett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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21
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22
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A ribosomal DNA-hosted microRNA regulates zebrafish embryonic angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2019; 22:211-221. [PMID: 30656567 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded small non-coding RNAs, generally 18-25 nucleotides in length, that act as repressors of gene expression. miRNAs are encoded by independent genes or processed from a variety of different RNA species. So far, there is no evidence showing that the ribosomal DNA-hosted microRNA is implicated in vertebrate development. Currently, we found a highly expressed small RNA hosted in ribosomal DNA was predicted as a novel miRNA, named miR-ntu1, in zebrafish endothelial cells by deep sequencing analysis. The miRNA was validated by custom-designed Taqman PCR, Northern Blot, and in silico analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-ntu1 played a crucial role in zebrafish angiogenesis via modulation of Notch signaling. Our findings provide a notable case that a miRNA hosted in ribosomal DNA is involved in vertebrate development.
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23
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Dong Z, Wu S, Zhu C, Wang X, Li Y, Chen X, Liu D, Qiang L, Baas PW, Liu M. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-mediated kif15 mutations accelerate axonal outgrowth during neuronal development and regeneration in zebrafish. Traffic 2018; 20:71-81. [PMID: 30411440 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
KIF15, the vertebrate kinesin-12, is best known as a mitotic motor protein, but continues to be expressed in neurons. Like KIF11 (the vertebrate kinesin-5), KIF15 interacts with microtubules in the axon to limit their sliding relative to one another. Unlike KIF11, KIF15 also regulates interactions between microtubules and actin filaments at sites of axonal branch formation and in growth cones. Our original work on these motors was done on cultured rat neurons, but we are now using zebrafish to extend these studies to an in vivo model. We previously studied kif15 in zebrafish by injecting splice-blocking morpholinos injected into embryos. Consistent with the cell culture work, these studies demonstrated that axons grow faster and longer when KIF15 levels are reduced. In the present study, we applied CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout technology to create kif15 mutants and labeled neurons with Tg(mnx1:GFP) transgene or transient expression of elavl3:EGFP-alpha tubulin. We then compared by live imaging the homozygotic, heterozygotic mutants to their wildtype siblings to ascertain the effects of depletion of kif15 during Caudal primary motor neuron and Rohon-Beard (R-B) sensory neuron development. The results showed, compared to the kif15 wildtype, the number of branches was reduced while axon outgrowth was accelerated in kif15 homozygotic and heterozygotic mutants. In R-B sensory neurons, after laser irradiation, injured axons with loss of kif15 displayed significantly greater regenerative velocity. Given these results and the fact that kif15 drugs are currently under development, we posit kif15 as a novel target for therapeutically augmenting regeneration of injured axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangji Dong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chenwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liang Qiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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24
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Wang X, Yuan W, Wang X, Qi J, Qin Y, Shi Y, Zhang J, Gong J, Dong Z, Liu X, Sun C, Chai R, Le Noble F, Liu D. The somite-secreted factor Maeg promotes zebrafish embryonic angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77749-77763. [PMID: 27780917 PMCID: PMC5363618 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MAM and EGF containing gene (MAEG), also called Epidermal Growth Factor-like domain multiple 6 (EGFL6), belongs to the epidermal growth factor repeat superfamily. The role of Maeg in zebrafish angiogenesis remains unclear. It was demonstrated that maeg was dynamically expressed in zebrafish developing somite during a time window encompassing many key steps in embryonic angiogenesis. Maeg loss-of-function embryos showed reduced endothelial cell number and filopodia extensions of intersegmental vessels (ISVs). Maeg gain-of-function induced ectopic sprouting evolving into a hyperbranched and functional perfused vasculature. Mechanistically we demonstrate that Maeg promotes angiogenesis dependent on RGD domain and stimulates activation of Akt and Erk signaling in vivo. Loss of Maeg or Itgb1, augmented expression of Notch receptors, and inhibiting Notch signaling or Dll4 partially rescued angiogenic phenotypes suggesting that Notch acts downstream of Itgb1. We conclude that Maeg acts as a positive regulator of angiogenic cell behavior and formation of functional vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jialing Qi
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yinyin Qin
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yunwei Shi
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Gong
- School of life science, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ferdinand Le Noble
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dong Liu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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25
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Wang P, Xia P, Yang J, Wang Z, Peng Y, Shi W, Villeneuve DL, Yu H, Zhang X. A Reduced Transcriptome Approach to Assess Environmental Toxicants Using Zebrafish Embryo Test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:821-830. [PMID: 29224359 PMCID: PMC5839301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Omics approaches can monitor responses and alterations of biological pathways at genome-scale, which are useful to predict potential adverse effects by environmental toxicants. However, high throughput application of transcriptomics in chemical assessment is limited due to the high cost and lack of "standardized" toxicogenomic methods. Here, a reduced zebrafish transcriptome (RZT) approach was developed to represent the whole transcriptome and to profile bioactivity of chemical and environmental mixtures in zebrafish embryo. RZT gene set of 1637 zebrafish Entrez genes was designed to cover a wide range of biological processes, and to faithfully capture gene-level and pathway-level changes by toxicants compared with the whole transcriptome. Concentration-response modeling was used to calculate the effect concentrations (ECs) of DEGs and corresponding molecular pathways. To validate the RZT approach, quantitative analysis of gene expression by RNA-ampliseq technology was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 32 hpf following exposure to seven serial dilutions of reference chemical BPA (10-10E-5μM) or each of four water samples ranging from wastewater to drinking water (relative enrichment factors 10-6.4 × 10-4). The RZT-ampliseq-embryo approach was both sensitive and able to identify a wide spectrum of biological activities associated with BPA exposure. Water quality was benchmarked based on the sensitivity distribution curve of biological pathways detected using RZT-ampliseq-embryo. Finally, the most sensitive biological pathways were identified, including those linked with adverse reproductive outcomes, genotoxicity and development outcomes. RZT-ampliseq-embryo approach provides an efficient and cost-effective tool to prioritize toxicants based on responsiveness of biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China, 210023
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China, 210023
| | - Jianghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China, 210023
| | - Zhihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China, 210023
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China, 210023
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China, 210023
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China, 210023
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China, 210023
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26
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Gong J, Wang X, Zhu C, Dong X, Zhang Q, Wang X, Duan X, Qian F, Shi Y, Gao Y, Zhao Q, Chai R, Liu D. Insm1a Regulates Motor Neuron Development in Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:274. [PMID: 28894416 PMCID: PMC5581358 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulinoma-associated1a (insm1a) is a zinc-finger transcription factor playing a series of functions in cell formation and differentiation of vertebrate central and peripheral nervous systems and neuroendocrine system. However, its roles on the development of motor neuron have still remained uncovered. Here, we provided evidences that insm1a was a vital regulator of motor neuron development, and provided a mechanistic understanding of how it contributes to this process. Firstly, we showed the localization of insm1a in spinal cord, and primary motor neurons (PMNs) of zebrafish embryos by in situ hybridization, and imaging analysis of transgenic reporter line Tg(insm1a: mCherry)ntu805. Then we demonstrated that the deficiency of insm1a in zebrafish larvae lead to the defects of PMNs development, including the reduction of caudal primary motor neurons (CaP), and middle primary motor neurons (MiP), the excessive branching of motor axons, and the disorganized distance between adjacent CaPs. Additionally, knockout of insm1 impaired motor neuron differentiation in the spinal cord. Locomotion analysis showed that swimming activity was significantly reduced in the insm1a-null zebrafish. Furthermore, we showed that the insm1a loss of function significantly decreased the transcript levels of both olig2 and nkx6.1. Microinjection of olig2 and nkx6.1 mRNA rescued the motor neuron defects in insm1a deficient embryos. Taken together, these data indicated that insm1a regulated the motor neuron development, at least in part, through modulation of the expressions of olig2 and nkx6.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- School of Life Science, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Chenwen Zhu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qinxin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Xuchu Duan
- School of Life Science, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Fuping Qian
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yunwei Shi
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
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27
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Sleiman PMA, March M, Nguyen K, Tian L, Pellegrino R, Hou C, Dridi W, Sager M, Housawi YH, Hakonarson H. Loss-of-Function Mutations in KIF15 Underlying a Braddock-Carey Genocopy. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:507-510. [PMID: 28150392 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Braddock-Carey Syndrome (BCS) is characterized by microcephaly, congenital thrombocytopenia, Pierre-Robin sequence (PRS), and agenesis of the corpus callosum. BCS has been shown to be caused by a 21q22.11 microdeletion that encompasses multiple genes. Here, we report a BCS genocopy characterized by congenital thrombocytopenia and PRS that is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in KIF15 in a consanguineous Saudi Arabian family. Mutations of mitotic kinesins are a well-established cause of microcephaly. To our knowledge, KIF15 is the first kinesin to be associated with congenital thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M A Sleiman
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael March
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenny Nguyen
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lifeng Tian
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cuiping Hou
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Walid Dridi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Research, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Sager
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Research, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef H Housawi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Research, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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28
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Mu W, Wang Q, Bourland WA, Jiang C, Yuan D, Pan X, Miao W, Chen Y, Xiong J. Epidermal growth factor-induced stimulation of proliferation and gene expression changes in the hypotrichous ciliate, Stylonychia lemnae. Gene 2016; 592:186-192. [PMID: 27506312 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces proliferation of epidermal and epithelial tissues in mammals. However, the effect of EGF on the single-celled eukaryotes is not well characterized, especially in the protists. Ciliates, an important group of protists, are well characterized as both pollution indicators and model organisms for research. Stylonychia lemnae, is one of the most common free-living ciliates, widely distributed in ponds, rivers and marshes. Here, we report the role of EGF on cell proliferation stimulation in S. lemnae. The growth curve of S. lemnae was established, and the stimulation effect of EGF on the proliferation of S. lemnae was investigated. Based on the results, potential EGF receptors were identified in S. lemnae according to the conserved domains and gene expression. Differential gene expression revealed that EGF-induced genes in other organisms (e.g. antioxidant) also up-regulated in S. lemnae cells at propagation stages. In addition, our results showed that EGF could up-regulate the signal transduction-related processes in the decline stage of S. lemnae cells, indicating its potential function in apoptosis inhibition. In summary, this study reports findings of the first investigation of EGF effects in hypotrich ciliates, and establishes an additional system for the study of the molecular mechanisms of EGF actions in eukaryotic cell division and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Mu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - William A Bourland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA.
| | - Chuanqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Dongxia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xuming Pan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
| | - Wei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
| | - Jie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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29
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Shi YW, Yuan W, Wang X, Gong J, Zhu SX, Chai LL, Qi JL, Qin YY, Gao Y, Zhou YL, Fan XL, Ji CY, Wu JY, Wang ZW, Liu D. Combretastatin A-4 efficiently inhibits angiogenesis and induces neuronal apoptosis in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30189. [PMID: 27452835 PMCID: PMC4958954 DOI: 10.1038/srep30189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cis-stilbene combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and a large group of its derivant compounds have been shown significant anti-angiogenesis activity. However the side effects even the toxicities of these chemicals were not evaluated adequately. The zebrafish model has become an important vertebrate model for evaluating drug effects. The testing of CA-4 on zebrafish is so far lacking and assessment of CA-4 on this model will provide with new insights of understanding the function of CA-4 on angiogenesis, the toxicities and side effects of CA-4. We discovered that 7-9 ng/ml CA-4 treatments resulted in developmental retardation and morphological malformation, and led to potent angiogenic defects in zebrafish embryos. Next, we demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg CA-4 obviously inhibited vessel plexus formation in regenerated pectoral fins of adult zebrafish. Interestingly, we proved that CA-4 treatment induced significant cell apoptosis in central nervous system of zebrafish embryos and adults. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the neuronal apoptosis induced by CA-4 treatment was alleviated in p53 mutants. In addition, notch1a was up-regulated in CA-4 treated embryos, and inhibition of Notch signaling by DAPT partially rescued the apoptosis in zebrafish central nervous system caused by CA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Shi
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Wei Yuan
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Xin Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Jie Gong
- School of life science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Shun-Xing Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Lin-Lin Chai
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Jia-Ling Qi
- School of medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Yin-Yin Qin
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Yu Gao
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Yu-Ling Zhou
- School of medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Xiao-Le Fan
- School of medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Chun-Ya Ji
- School of medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Jia-Yi Wu
- School of medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dong Liu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PRC
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30
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Kahn OI, Baas PW. Microtubules and Growth Cones: Motors Drive the Turn. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:433-440. [PMID: 27233682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Navigation of the growth cone at the tip of the developing axon is crucial for the proper wiring of the nervous system. Mechanisms of actin-dependent growth cone steering, via signaling cascades, are well documented. Microtubules are also important in growth cone guidance, because their polarized invasion into the peripheral domain on one side of the growth cone is essential for it to turn in that direction. Classically, microtubules have been considered secondary players, invading the peripheral domain only where the actin cytoskeleton permits them to go. Presented here is evidence for an underappreciated mechanism by which signaling cascades can potentially affect growth cone turning, namely through regulatable forces imposed on the microtubules by molecular motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Kahn
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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Feng J, Hu Z, Chen H, Hua J, Wu R, Dong Z, Qiang L, Liu Y, Baas PW, Liu M. Depletion of kinesin-12, a myosin-IIB-interacting protein, promotes migration of cortical astrocytes. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2438-47. [PMID: 27170353 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.181867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-12 (also named Kif15) participates in important events during neuronal development, such as cell division of neuronal precursors, migration of young neurons and establishment of axons and dendritic arbors, by regulating microtubule organization. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind the functions of kinesin-12, and even less is known about its roles in other cell types of the nervous system. Here, we show that kinesin-12 depletion from cultured rat cortical astrocytes decreases cell proliferation but increases migration. Co-immunoprecipitation, GST pulldown and small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments indicated that kinesin-12 directly interacts with myosin-IIB through their tail domains. Immunofluorescence analyses indicated that kinesin-12 and myosin-IIB colocalize in the lamellar region of astrocytes, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer analyses revealed an interaction between the two. The phosphorylation at Thr1142 of kinesin-12 was vital for their interaction. Loss of their interaction through expression of a phosphorylation mutant of kinesin-12 promoted astrocyte migration. We suggest that kinesin-12 and myosin-IIB can form a hetero-oligomer that generates force to integrate microtubules and actin filaments in certain regions of cells, and in the case of astrocytes, that this interaction can modulate their migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zunlu Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Haijiao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Juan Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Liang Qiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong Jiangsu 226001, China
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Wang X, Ling CC, Li L, Qin Y, Qi J, Liu X, You B, Shi Y, Zhang J, Jiang Q, Xu H, Sun C, You Y, Chai R, Liu D. MicroRNA-10a/10b represses a novel target gene mib1 to regulate angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:140-50. [PMID: 26825552 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNA-10 (miR-10) was originally shown to regulate angiogenesis by directly modulating the levels of membrane-bound fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (mflt1) and its soluble splice isoform sflt1 post-transcriptionally in zebrafish. Given that flt1 knockdown incompletely rescues the angiogenic phenotypes in miR-10 morphants, flt1 is unlikely to be the only important target of miR-10 in endothelial cells (ECs). It will be interesting to investigate new mechanism responsible for angiogenic defect induced by miR-10 knockdown. METHODS AND RESULTS Firstly, we demonstrated that miR-10a and miR-10b (miR-10a/10b) were highly enriched in embryonic zebrafish ECs using deep sequencing, Taqman polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridisation. Subsequently, we proved that loss of miR-10a/10b impaired blood vessel outgrowth through regulating tip cell behaviours. Mib1 was identified as a potential direct target of miR-10a/10b through in silicon analysis and in vitro luciferase sensor assay. In vivo reporter assay in zebrafish embryos confirmed the binding of miR-10 with 3'-UTR of zebrafish mib1. Furthermore, inhibition of mib1 and Notch signaling rescued the angiogenic defects in miR-10-deficient zebrafish embryos. In addition, we provided evidences that miR-10 regulates human ECs behaviour through targeting Mib1 as well. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that miR-10 regulates the angiogenic behaviour in a Notch-dependent manner by directly targeting mib1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | | | - Liping Li
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yinyin Qin
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jialing Qi
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bo You
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yunwei Shi
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiu Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yiwen You
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Qixiu Road 19, Nantong 226001, China
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