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Odell J, Lammerding J. Lamins as structural nuclear elements through evolution. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102267. [PMID: 37871500 PMCID: PMC10841731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Lamins are nuclear intermediate filament proteins with important, well-established roles in humans and other vertebrates. Lamins interact with DNA and numerous proteins at the nuclear envelope to determine the mechanical properties of the nucleus, coordinate chromatin organization, and modulate gene expression. Many of these functions are conserved in the lamin homologs found in basal metazoan organisms, including Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Lamin homologs have also been recently identified in non-metazoans, like the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, yet how these proteins compare functionally to the metazoan isoforms is only beginning to emerge. A better understanding of these distantly related lamins is not only valuable for a more complete picture of eukaryotic evolution, but may also provide new insights into the function of vertebrate lamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Odell
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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2
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Raval PK, Garg SG, Gould SB. Endosymbiotic selective pressure at the origin of eukaryotic cell biology. eLife 2022; 11:e81033. [PMID: 36355038 PMCID: PMC9648965 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dichotomy that separates prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells runs deep. The transition from pro- to eukaryote evolution is poorly understood due to a lack of reliable intermediate forms and definitions regarding the nature of the first host that could no longer be considered a prokaryote, the first eukaryotic common ancestor, FECA. The last eukaryotic common ancestor, LECA, was a complex cell that united all traits characterising eukaryotic biology including a mitochondrion. The role of the endosymbiotic organelle in this radical transition towards complex life forms is, however, sometimes questioned. In particular the discovery of the asgard archaea has stimulated discussions regarding the pre-endosymbiotic complexity of FECA. Here we review differences and similarities among models that view eukaryotic traits as isolated coincidental events in asgard archaeal evolution or, on the contrary, as a result of and in response to endosymbiosis. Inspecting eukaryotic traits from the perspective of the endosymbiont uncovers that eukaryotic cell biology can be explained as having evolved as a solution to housing a semi-autonomous organelle and why the addition of another endosymbiont, the plastid, added no extra compartments. Mitochondria provided the selective pressures for the origin (and continued maintenance) of eukaryotic cell complexity. Moreover, they also provided the energetic benefit throughout eukaryogenesis for evolving thousands of gene families unique to eukaryotes. Hence, a synthesis of the current data lets us conclude that traits such as the Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, autophagosomes, and meiosis and sex evolved as a response to the selective pressures an endosymbiont imposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth K Raval
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDusseldorfGermany
| | - Sriram G Garg
- Evolutionary Biochemistry Group, Max-Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyMarburgGermany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDusseldorfGermany
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Ancient Origins of Cytoskeletal Crosstalk: Spectraplakin-like Proteins Precede the Emergence of Cortical Microtubule Stabilization Complexes as Crosslinkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105594. [PMID: 35628404 PMCID: PMC9145010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the prerequisites for multicellularity, motility, and tissue specialization. Focal adhesions (FAs) are defined as protein complexes that mediate signals from the ECM to major components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments), and their mutual communication determines a variety of cellular processes. In this study, human cytoskeletal crosstalk proteins were identified by comparing datasets with experimentally determined cytoskeletal proteins. The spectraplakin dystonin was the only protein found in all datasets. Other proteins (FAK, RAC1, septin 9, MISP, and ezrin) were detected at the intersections of FAs, microtubules, and actin cytoskeleton. Homology searches for human crosstalk proteins as queries were performed against a predefined dataset of proteomes. This analysis highlighted the importance of FA communication with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, as these crosstalk proteins exhibit the highest degree of evolutionary conservation. Finally, phylogenetic analyses elucidated the early evolutionary history of spectraplakins and cortical microtubule stabilization complexes (CMSCs) as model representatives of the human cytoskeletal crosstalk. While spectraplakins probably arose at the onset of opisthokont evolution, the crosstalk between FAs and microtubules is associated with the emergence of metazoans. The multiprotein complexes contributing to cytoskeletal crosstalk in animals gradually gained in complexity from the onset of metazoan evolution.
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Ni JH, Yang WX. Extracellular and Intracellular Skeletons: How Do They Involve in Apoptosis. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 41:80-90. [PMID: 34847739 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a key role in removing abnormal or senescent cells, maintaining the overall health of the tissue, and coordinating individual development. Recently, it has been discovered that the intracellular cytoskeleton plays a role in the apoptotic process. In addition, the regulatory role of extracellular matrix (ECM) fibrous proteins, which can be considered as the extracellular skeleton, in the process of apoptosis is rarely summarized. In this review, we collect the latest knowledge about how fibrous proteins inside and outside cells regulate apoptosis. We describe how ECM fibrous proteins participate in the regulation of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways through various signaling cascades mediated by integrins. We then explore the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular intermediate filaments regulate cell apoptosis by regulating death receptors on the cell membrane surface. Similarly, we report on novel supporting functions of microtubules in the execution phase of apoptosis and discuss their formation mechanisms. Finally, we discuss that the polypeptide fragments formed by caspase degradation of ECM fibrous proteins and intracellular intermediate filament act as local regulatory signals to play different regulatory roles in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hao Ni
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Cantwell H, Dey G. Nuclear size and shape control. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 130:90-97. [PMID: 34776332 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus displays a wide range of sizes and shapes in different species and cell types, yet its size scaling and many of the key structural constituents that determine its shape are highly conserved. In this review, we discuss the cellular properties and processes that contribute to nuclear size and shape control, drawing examples from across eukaryotes and highlighting conserved themes and pathways. We then outline physiological roles that have been uncovered for specific nuclear morphologies and disease pathologies associated with aberrant nuclear morphology. We argue that a comparative approach, assessing and integrating observations from different systems, will be a powerful way to help us address the open questions surrounding functional roles of nuclear size and shape in cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Cantwell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gautam Dey
- Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr.1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Gould NR, Torre OM, Leser JM, Stains JP. The cytoskeleton and connected elements in bone cell mechano-transduction. Bone 2021; 149:115971. [PMID: 33892173 PMCID: PMC8217329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a mechano-responsive tissue that adapts to changes in its mechanical environment. Increases in strain lead to increased bone mass acquisition, whereas decreases in strain lead to a loss of bone mass. Given that mechanical stress is a regulator of bone mass and quality, it is important to understand how bone cells sense and transduce these mechanical cues into biological changes to identify druggable targets that can be exploited to restore bone cell mechano-sensitivity or to mimic mechanical load. Many studies have identified individual cytoskeletal components - microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments - as mechano-sensors in bone. However, given the high interconnectedness and interaction between individual cytoskeletal components, and that they can assemble into multiple discreet cellular structures, it is likely that the cytoskeleton as a whole, rather than one specific component, is necessary for proper bone cell mechano-transduction. This review will examine the role of each cytoskeletal element in bone cell mechano-transduction and will present a unified view of how these elements interact and work together to create a mechano-sensor that is necessary to control bone formation following mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Gould
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Olivia M Torre
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jenna M Leser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA..
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Kloetzel JA, Aubusson-Fleury A, Butler MD, Banerjee D, Mozzicafreddo M. Sequence and Properties of Cagein, a Coiled-Coil Scaffold Protein Linking Basal Bodies in the Polykinetids of the Ciliate Euplotes aediculatus. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 68:e12850. [PMID: 33738894 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the hypotrich ciliate Euplotes, many individual basal bodies are grouped together in tightly packed clusters, forming ventral polykinetids. These groups of basal bodies (which produce compound ciliary organelles such as cirri and oral membranelles) are cross-linked into ordered arrays by scaffold structures known as "basal-body cages." The major protein comprising Euplotes cages has been previously identified and termed "cagein." Screening a E. aediculatus cDNA expression library with anti-cagein antisera identified a DNA insert containing most of a putative cagein gene; standard PCR techniques were used to complete the sequence. Probes designed from this gene identified a macronuclear "nanochromosome" of ca. 1.5 kb in Southern blots against whole-cell DNA. The protein derived from this sequence (463 residues) is predicted to be hydrophilic and highly charged; however, the native cage structures are highly resistant to salt/detergent extraction. This insolubility could be explained by the coiled-coil regions predicted to extend over much of the length of the derived cagein polypeptide. One frameshift sequence is found within the gene, as well as a short intron. BLAST searches find many ciliates with evident homologues to cagein within their derived genomic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kloetzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
| | - Anne Aubusson-Fleury
- Biogenese et Fonction des Structures Centriolaires, I2BC, Université Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Maurice D Butler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
| | | | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Camerino, Camerino, Macerata, 62032, Italy
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Dubik N, Mai S. Lamin A/C: Function in Normal and Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123688. [PMID: 33316938 PMCID: PMC7764147 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this review is to summarize lamin A/C’s currently known functions in both normal and diseased cells. Lamin A/C is a nuclear protein with many functions in cells, such as maintaining a cell’s structural stability, cell motility, mechanosensing, chromosome organization, gene regulation, cell differentiation, DNA damage repair, and telomere protection. Mutations of the lamin A/C gene, incorrect processing of the protein, and lamin A/C deregulation can lead to various diseases and cancer. This review touches on diseases caused by mutation and incorrect processing of lamin A/C, called laminopathies. The effect of lamin A/C deregulation in cancer is also reviewed, and lamin A/C’s potential in helping to diagnose prostate cancers more accurately is discussed. Abstract This review is focused on lamin A/C, a nuclear protein with multiple functions in normal and diseased cells. Its functions, as known to date, are summarized. This summary includes its role in maintaining a cell’s structural stability, cell motility, mechanosensing, chromosome organization, gene regulation, cell differentiation, DNA damage repair, and telomere protection. As lamin A/C has a variety of critical roles within the cell, mutations of the lamin A/C gene and incorrect processing of the protein results in a wide variety of diseases, ranging from striated muscle disorders to accelerated aging diseases. These diseases, collectively termed laminopathies, are also touched upon. Finally, we review the existing evidence of lamin A/C’s deregulation in cancer. Lamin A/C deregulation leads to various traits, including genomic instability and increased tolerance to mechanical insult, which can lead to more aggressive cancer and poorer prognosis. As lamin A/C’s expression in specific cancers varies widely, currently known lamin A/C expression in various cancers is reviewed. Additionally, Lamin A/C’s potential as a biomarker in various cancers and as an aid in more accurately diagnosing intermediate Gleason score prostate cancers is also discussed.
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The Cytoskeleton as Regulator of Cell Signaling Pathways. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:96-107. [PMID: 31812462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During interphase, filamentous actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments regulate cell shape, motility, transport, and interactions with the environment. These activities rely on signaling events that control cytoskeleton properties. Recent studies uncovered mechanisms that go far beyond this one-directional flow of information. Thus, the three branches of the cytoskeleton impinge on signaling pathways to determine their activities. We propose that this regulatory role of the cytoskeleton provides sophisticated mechanisms to control the spatiotemporal output and the intensity of signaling events. Specific examples emphasize these emerging contributions of the cytoskeleton to cell physiology. In our opinion, further exploration of these pathways will uncover new concepts of cellular communication that originate from the cytoskeleton.
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Javadi A, Söderholm N, Olofsson A, Flärdh K, Sandblad L. Assembly mechanisms of the bacterial cytoskeletal protein FilP. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/3/e201800290. [PMID: 31243049 PMCID: PMC6599971 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FilP is a coiled-coil protein that self-assembles into striated filaments and meshwork that shares structural and biochemical characteristics with metazoan intermediate filaments. Despite low-sequence homology, the intermediate filament (IF)–like protein FilP from Streptomyces coelicolor displays structural and biochemical similarities to the metazoan nuclear IF lamin. FilP, like IF proteins, is composed of central coiled-coil domains interrupted by short linkers and flanked by head and tail domains. FilP polymerizes into repetitive filament bundles with paracrystalline properties. However, the cations Na+ and K+ are found to induce the formation of a FilP hexagonal meshwork with the same 60-nm repetitive unit as the filaments. Studies of polymerization kinetics, in combination with EM techniques, enabled visualization of the basic building block—a transiently soluble rod-shaped FilP molecule—and its assembly into protofilaments and filament bundles. Cryoelectron tomography provided a 3D view of the FilP bundle structure and an original assembly model of an IF-like protein of prokaryotic origin, thereby enabling a comparison with the assembly of metazoan IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Javadi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Klas Flärdh
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Sandblad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Fujiwara S, Matsui TS, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Deguchi S. Keratin‐binding ability of the N‐terminal Solo domain of Solo is critical for its function in cellular mechanotransduction. Genes Cells 2019; 24:390-402. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Fujiwara
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Japan
- Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsubasa S. Matsui
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ohashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Japan
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12
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Grafe M, Batsios P, Meyer I, Lisin D, Baumann O, Goldberg MW, Gräf R. Supramolecular Structures of the Dictyostelium Lamin NE81. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020162. [PMID: 30781468 PMCID: PMC6406624 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear lamins are nucleus-specific intermediate filaments (IF) found at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) of the nuclear envelope (NE). Together with nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins, they form the nuclear lamina and are crucial for gene regulation and mechanical robustness of the nucleus and the whole cell. Recently, we characterized Dictyostelium NE81 as an evolutionarily conserved lamin-like protein, both on the sequence and functional level. Here, we show on the structural level that the Dictyostelium NE81 is also capable of assembling into filaments, just as metazoan lamin filament assemblies. Using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, we show that NE81 expressed in Xenopous oocytes forms filamentous structures with an overall appearance highly reminiscent of Xenopus lamin B2. The in vitro assembly properties of recombinant His-tagged NE81 purified from Dictyostelium extracts are very similar to those of metazoan lamins. Super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) and expansion microscopy (ExM), as well as transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained purified NE81, demonstrated its capability of forming filamentous structures under low-ionic-strength conditions. These results recommend Dictyostelium as a non-mammalian model organism with a well-characterized nuclear envelope involving all relevant protein components known in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Grafe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Petros Batsios
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Irene Meyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Daria Lisin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Otto Baumann
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Martin W Goldberg
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Ralph Gräf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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