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The Anti-Cancer Activity of Pentamidine and Its Derivatives (WLC-4059) Is through Blocking the Interaction between S100A1 and RAGE V Domain. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010081. [PMID: 36671465 PMCID: PMC9856166 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The S100A1 protein in humans is a calcium-binding protein. Upon Ca2+ binding to S100A1 EF-hand motifs, the conformation of S100A1 changes and promotes interactions with target proteins. RAGE consists of three domains: the cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and extracellular domains. The extracellular domain consists of C1, C2, and V domains. V domains are the primary receptors for the S100 protein. It was reported several years ago that S100A1 and RAGE V domains interact in a pathway involving S100A1-RAGE signaling, whereby S100A1 binds to the V domain, resulting in RAGE dimerization. The autophosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain initiates a signaling cascade that regulates cell proliferation, cell growth, and tumor formation. In this study, we used pentamidine and a newly synthesized pentamidine analog (WLC-4059) to inhibit the S100A1-RAGE V interaction. 1H-15N HSQC NMR titration was carried out to characterize the interaction between mS100A1 (mutant S100A1, C86S) and pentamidine analogs. We found that pentamidine analogs interact with S100A1 via 1H-15N HSQC NMR spectroscopy. Based on the results, we utilized the HADDOCK program to generate structures of the mS100A1-WLC-4059 binary complex. Interestingly, the binary complex overlapped with the complex crystal structure of the mS100A1-RAGE-V domain, proving that WLC-4059 blocks interaction sites between S100A1 and RAGE-V. A WST-1 cell proliferation assay also supported these results. We conclude that pentamidine analogs could potentially enhance therapeutic approaches against cancers.
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Zhang B, Jin Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Wang X. Pentamidine Ninety Years on: the Development and Applications of Pentamidine and its Analogs. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4602-4609. [PMID: 35289252 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220314121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine, an FDA-approved human drug for many protozoal infections, was initially synthesized in the late 1930s and first reported to be curative for parasitosis in the 1940s. After ninety years of sometimes quiet growth, pentamidine and its derivatives have gone far beyond antibacterial agents, including but not limited to the ligands of DNA minor groove, modulators of PPIs (protein-protein interactions) of the transmembrane domain 5 of lateral membrane protein 1, and the blockers of the SARS-CoV-2 3a channel. This mini review highlights the development and applications of pentamidine and its analogs, aiming to provide insights for further developing pentamidine derivatives in the following decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China;
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yushan Jin
- Department of Immunology and Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China;
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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3
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Abstract
Pentamidine (PTM), which is a diamine that is widely known for its antimicrobial activity, is a very interesting drug whose mechanism of action is not fully understood. In recent years, PTM has been proposed as a novel potential drug candidate for the treatment of mental illnesses, myotonic dystrophy, diabetes, and tumors. Nevertheless, the systemic administration of PTM causes severe side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. In order to efficiently deliver PTM and reduce its side effects, several nanosystems that take advantage of the chemical characteristics of PTM, such as the presence of two positively charged amidine groups at physiological pH, have been proposed as useful delivery tools. Polymeric, lipidic, inorganic, and other types of nanocarriers have been reported in the literature for PTM delivery, and they are all in different development phases. The available approaches for the design of PTM nanoparticulate delivery systems are reported in this review, with a particular emphasis on formulation strategies and in vitro/in vivo applications. Furthermore, a critical view of the future developments of nanomedicine for PTM applications, based on recent repurposing studies, is provided. Created with BioRender.com.
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Schepetkin IA, Plotnikov MB, Khlebnikov AI, Plotnikova TM, Quinn MT. Oximes: Novel Therapeutics with Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Potential. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060777. [PMID: 34067242 PMCID: PMC8224626 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oximes have been studied for decades because of their significant roles as acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Over the last twenty years, a large number of oximes have been reported with useful pharmaceutical properties, including compounds with antibacterial, anticancer, anti-arthritis, and anti-stroke activities. Many oximes are kinase inhibitors and have been shown to inhibit over 40 different kinases, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), serine/threonine kinases glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (GSK-3α/β), Aurora A, B-Raf, Chk1, death-associated protein-kinase-related 2 (DRAK2), phosphorylase kinase (PhK), serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK), Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK), and multiple receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Some oximes are inhibitors of lipoxygenase 5, human neutrophil elastase, and proteinase 3. The oxime group contains two H-bond acceptors (nitrogen and oxygen atoms) and one H-bond donor (OH group), versus only one H-bond acceptor present in carbonyl groups. This feature, together with the high polarity of oxime groups, may lead to a significantly different mode of interaction with receptor binding sites compared to corresponding carbonyl compounds, despite small changes in the total size and shape of the compound. In addition, oximes can generate nitric oxide. This review is focused on oximes as kinase inhibitors with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Oximes with non-kinase targets or mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Mark B. Plotnikov
- Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Andrei I. Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Scientific Research Institute of Biological Medicine, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Tatiana M. Plotnikova
- Department of Pharmacology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-406-994-4707; Fax: +1-406-994-4303
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5
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Sahyoun T, Arrault A, Schneider R. Amidoximes and Oximes: Synthesis, Structure, and Their Key Role as NO Donors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132470. [PMID: 31284390 PMCID: PMC6651102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is naturally synthesized in the human body and presents many beneficial biological effects; in particular on the cardiovascular system. Recently; many researchers tried to develop external sources to increase the NO level in the body; for example by using amidoximes and oximes which can be oxidized in vivo and release NO. In this review; the classical methods and most recent advances for the synthesis of both amidoximes and oximes are presented first. The isomers of amidoximes and oximes and their stabilities will also be described; (Z)-amidoximes and (Z)-oximes being usually the most energetically favorable isomers. This manuscript details also the biomimetic and biological pathways involved in the oxidation of amidoximes and oximes. The key role played by cytochrome P450 or other dihydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent reductase pathways is demonstrated. Finally, amidoximes and oximes exhibit important effects on the relaxation of both aortic and tracheal rings alongside with other effects as the decrease of the arterial pressure and of the thrombi formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sahyoun
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Axelle Arrault
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Raphaël Schneider
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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6
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Berger O, Ortial S, Wein S, Denoyelle S, Bressolle F, Durand T, Escale R, Vial HJ, Vo-Hoang Y. Evaluation of amidoxime derivatives as prodrug candidates of potent bis-cationic antimalarials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2203-2207. [PMID: 31255483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for most of the cases of malaria and its resistance to established antimalarial drugs is a major issue. Thus, new chemotherapies are needed to fight the emerging multi-drug resistance of P. falciparum malaria, like choline analogues targeting plasmodial phospholipidic metabolism. Here we describe the synthesis of amidoxime derivatives as prodrug candidates of reverse-benzamidines and hybrid compounds able to mimic choline, as well as the design of a new series of asymmetrical bis-cationic compounds. Bioconversion studies were conducted on amidoximes in asymmetrical series and showed that amidoxime prodrug strategy could be applied on C-alkylamidine moieties, like benzamidines and that N-substituents did not alter the bioconversion of amidoximes. The antimalarial activity of the three series of compounds was evaluated in vitro against P. falciparum and in vivo against P. vinckei petteri in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Berger
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Ortial
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Sharon Wein
- Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5235 CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Françoise Bressolle
- Pharmacocinetique Clinique, EA4215, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Roger Escale
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Henri J Vial
- Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5235 CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Yen Vo-Hoang
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France.
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7
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Cohrs B, Zhao Y, Lützen U, Culman J, Clement B, Zuhayra M. In vivo SPECT imaging of [123I]-labeled pentamidine pro-drugs for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability studies in rats. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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The mammalian molybdenum enzymes of mARC. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 20:265-75. [PMID: 25425164 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The "mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component" (mARC) is the most recently discovered molybdenum-containing enzyme in mammals. All mammalian genomes studied to date contain two mARC genes: MARC1 and MARC2. The proteins encoded by these genes are mARC-1 and mARC-2 and represent the simplest form of eukaryotic molybdenum enzymes, only binding the molybdenum cofactor. In the presence of NADH, mARC proteins exert N-reductive activity together with the two electron transport proteins cytochrome b5 type B and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase. This enzyme system is capable of reducing a great variety of N-hydroxylated substrates. It plays a decisive role in the activation of prodrugs containing an amidoxime structure, and in detoxification pathways, e.g., of N-hydroxylated purine and pyrimidine bases. It belongs to a group of drug metabolism enzymes, in particular as a counterpart of P450 formed N-oxygenated metabolites. Its physiological relevance, on the other hand, is largely unknown. The aim of this article is to summarize our current knowledge of these proteins with a special focus on the mammalian enzymes and their N-reductive activity.
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9
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Kotthaus J, Kotthaus J, Schade D, Schwering U, Hungeling H, Müller-Fielitz H, Raasch W, Clement B. New prodrugs of the antiprotozoal drug pentamidine. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2233-42. [PMID: 21984033 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine is an effective antimicrobial agent that is approved for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and central nervous system (CNS) penetration. This work deals with the development and systematic characterisation of new prodrugs of pentamidine. For this reason, numerous prodrugs that use different prodrug principles were synthesised and examined in vitro and in vivo. Another objective of the study was the determination of permeability of the different pentamidine prodrugs. While some of the prodrug principles applied in this study are known, such as the conversion of the amidine functions into amidoximes or the O-alkylation of amidoximes with a carboxymethyl residue, others were developed more recently and are described here for the first time. These newly developed methods aim to increase the affinity of the prodrug for the transporters and mediate an active uptake via carrier systems by conjugation of amidoximes with compounds that improve the overall solubility of the prodrug. The different principles chosen resulted in several pentamidine prodrugs with various advantages. The objective of this investigation was the systematic characterisation and evaluation of eight pentamidine prodrugs in order to identify the most appropriate strategy to improve the properties of the parent drug. For this reason, all prodrugs were examined with respect to their solubility, stability, enzymatic activation, distribution, CNS delivery, and oral bioavailability. The results of this work have allowed reliable conclusions to be drawn regarding the best prodrug principle for the antiprotozoal drug pentamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Kotthaus
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76-78, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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10
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Havemeyer A, Lang J, Clement B. The fourth mammalian molybdenum enzyme mARC: current state of research. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:524-39. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.608682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Lountos GT, Jobson AG, Tropea JE, Self CR, Zhang G, Pommier Y, Shoemaker RH, Waugh DS. Structural characterization of inhibitor complexes with checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a drug target for cancer therapy. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:292-301. [PMID: 21963792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in a series of signaling networks responsible for maintaining genomic integrity and responding to DNA damage. The development of selective Chk2 inhibitors has recently attracted much interest as a means of sensitizing cancer cells to current DNA-damaging agents used in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, selective Chk2 inhibitors may reduce p53-mediated apoptosis in normal tissues, thereby helping to mitigate adverse side effects from chemotherapy and radiation. Thus far, relatively few selective inhibitors of Chk2 have been described and none have yet progressed into clinical trials. Here, we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Chk2 in complex with a novel series of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors. These compounds exhibit nanomolar potencies and are selective for Chk2 over Chk1. The structures reported here elucidate the binding modes of these inhibitors to Chk2 and provide information that can be exploited for the structure-assisted design of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Lountos
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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12
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Perales JB, Freeman J, Bacchi CJ, Bowling T, Don R, Gaukel E, Mercer L, Moore III JA, Nare B, Nguyen TM, Noe RA, Randolph R, Rewerts C, Wring SA, Yarlett N, Jacobs RT. SAR of 2-amino and 2,4-diamino pyrimidines with in vivo efficacy against Trypanosoma brucei. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2816-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Kotthaus J, Hungeling H, Reeh C, Kotthaus J, Schade D, Wein S, Wolffram S, Clement B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of l-valine-amidoximeesters as double prodrugs of amidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1907-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Margout D, Gattacceca F, Moarbess G, Wein S, Ba CTV, Le Pape S, Berger O, Escale R, Vial HJ, Bressolle FM. Pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism of a new potent antimalarial N-alkylamidine compound, M64, and its corresponding bioprecursors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Nieto L, Mascaraque A, Miller F, Glacial F, Ríos Martínez C, Kaiser M, Brun R, Dardonville C. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of N-alkoxy analogues of the trypanocidal lead compound 4,4'-bis(imidazolinylamino)diphenylamine with improved human blood-brain barrier permeability. J Med Chem 2010; 54:485-94. [PMID: 21175162 DOI: 10.1021/jm101335q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve the blood-brain barrier permeability of the trypanocidal lead compound 4,4'-bis(imidazolinylamino)diphenylamine (1), five N-alkoxy analogues were synthesized from bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)amine and N-alkoxy-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides following successive chemical reactions in just one reactor ("one-pot procedure"). This involved: (a) formation of a thiourea intermediate, (b) removal of the amine protecting groups, and (c) intramolecular cyclization. The blood-brain barrier permeability of the compounds determined in vitro by transport assays through the hCMEC/D3 human cell line, a well-known and characterized human cellular blood-brain barrier model, showed that the N-hydroxy analogue 16 had enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability compared with the unsubstituted lead compound. Moreover, this compound displayed low micromolar IC(50) against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Plasmodium falciparum and moderate activity by intraperitoneal administration in the STIB900 murine model of acute sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Nieto
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Kotthaus J, Steinmetzer T, van de Locht A, Clement B. Analysis of highly potent amidine containing inhibitors of serine proteases and their N-hydroxylated prodrugs (amidoximes). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:115-22. [DOI: 10.3109/14756361003733647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Kotthaus
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr, Kiel, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Clement
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr, Kiel, Germany
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17
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Schade D, Kotthaus J, Hungeling H, Kotthaus J, Clement B. The peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM): a novel prodrug strategy for amidoximes and N-hydroxyguanidines? ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1595-9. [PMID: 19693765 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel (Germany)
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18
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Design and synthesis of amidoxime derivatives for orally potent C-alkylamidine-based antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:624-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Gruenewald S, Wahl B, Bittner F, Hungeling H, Kanzow S, Kotthaus J, Schwering U, Mendel RR, Clement B. The Fourth Molybdenum Containing Enzyme mARC: Cloning and Involvement in the Activation of N-Hydroxylated Prodrugs. J Med Chem 2008; 51:8173-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Gruenewald
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bettina Wahl
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Bittner
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helen Hungeling
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kanzow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joscha Kotthaus
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schwering
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Mendel
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany, Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Bürenheide A, Kunze T, Clement B. Inhibitory Effects on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes of Pentamidine and Its Amidoxime Pro-Drug. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:61-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Spychała J. The usefulness of cyclic diamidines with different core-substituents as antitumor agents. Bioorg Chem 2008; 36:183-9. [PMID: 18571215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of related polycationic compounds has been screened for potential antitumor activity by the NCI's in vitro testing (one dose primary anticancer assay and the NCI-60 full panel screening). The GI50 values of triazines 3 and 4 are on average 1.9 microM and 2.4 microM, respectively. Furan 8 deserves mention too (1.9 microM). The biological test results showed that carbazole 10 possessed cytotoxic activity in the nanomolar range, much better than the other compounds tested, only against several cancer cell lines: CCRF-CEM, HL-60(TB), MOLT-4, NCI-H522, COLO 205, SF-268, but the average GI50 value was higher (15 microM). The activity appears closely dependent on the core-shape and length of the bisimidazoline molecules (important for both high cytotoxicity and DNA binding). The mechanism of DNA minor-groove binding of diamidines 1-12, based on the anticancer parameters, is highly probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Spychała
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
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Abstract
Designed, synthetic heterocyclic diamidines have excellent activity against eukaryotic parasites that cause diseases such as sleeping sickness and leishmania and adversely affect millions of people each year. The most active compounds bind specifically and strongly in the DNA minor groove at AT sequences. The compounds enter parasite cells rapidly and appear first in the kinetoplast that contains the mitochondrial DNA of the parasite. With time the compounds are also generally seen in the cell nucleus but are not significantly observed in the cytoplasm. The kinetoplast decays over time and disappears from the mitochondria of treated cells. At this point the compounds begin to be observed in other regions of the cell, such as the acidocalcisomes. The cells typically die in 24-48h after treatment. Active compounds appear to selectively target extended AT sequences and induce changes in kinetoplast DNA minicircles that cause a synergistic destruction of the catenated kinetoplast DNA network and cell death.
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Stürzebecher A, Dönnecke D, Schweinitz A, Schuster O, Steinmetzer P, Stürzebecher U, Kotthaus J, Clement B, Stürzebecher J, Steinmetzer T. Highly Potent and Selective Substrate Analogue Factor Xa Inhibitors ContainingD-Homophenylalanine Analogues as P3 Residue: Part 2. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:1043-53. [PMID: 17541992 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of highly potent substrate-analogue factor Xa inhibitors containing D-homophenylalanine analogues as the P3 residue has been identified by systematic optimization of a previously described inhibitor structure. An initial lead, benzylsulfonyl-D-hPhe-Gly-4-amidinobenzylamide (3), inhibits fXa with an inhibition constant of 6.0 nM. Most modifications of the P2 amino acid and P4 benzylsulfonyl group did not improve the affinity and selectivity of the compounds as fXa inhibitors. In contrast, further variation at the P3 position led to inhibitors with significantly enhanced potency and selectivity. Inhibitor 27, benzylsulfonyl-D-homo-2-pyridylalanyl(N-oxide)-Gly-4-amidinobenzylamide, inhibits fXa with a K(i) value of 0.32 nM. The inhibitor has strong anticoagulant activity in plasma and doubles the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time at concentrations of 280 nM and 170 nM, respectively. Compound 27 inhibits the prothrombinase complex with an IC(50) value of 5 nM and is approximately 50 times more potent than the reference inhibitor DX-9065a in this assay.
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