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Malar DS, Verma K, Prasanth MI, Tencomnao T, Brimson JM. Network analysis-guided drug repurposing strategies targeting LPAR receptor in the interplay of COVID, Alzheimer's, and diabetes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4328. [PMID: 38383841 PMCID: PMC10882047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has greatly affected global health. Emerging evidence suggests a complex interplay between Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes (DM), and COVID-19. Given COVID-19's involvement in the increased risk of other diseases, there is an urgent need to identify novel targets and drugs to combat these interconnected health challenges. Lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs), belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family, have been implicated in various pathological conditions, including inflammation. In this regard, the study aimed to investigate the involvement of LPARs (specifically LPAR1, 3, 6) in the tri-directional relationship between AD, DM, and COVID-19 through network analysis, as well as explore the therapeutic potential of selected anti-AD, anti-DM drugs as LPAR, SPIKE antagonists. We used the Coremine Medical database to identify genes related to DM, AD, and COVID-19. Furthermore, STRING analysis was used to identify the interacting partners of LPAR1, LPAR3, and LPAR6. Additionally, a literature search revealed 78 drugs on the market or in clinical studies that were used for treating either AD or DM. We carried out docking analysis of these drugs against the LPAR1, LPAR3, and LPAR6. Furthermore, we modeled the LPAR1, LPAR3, and LPAR6 in a complex with the COVID-19 spike protein and performed a docking study of selected drugs with the LPAR-Spike complex. The analysis revealed 177 common genes implicated in AD, DM, and COVID-19. Protein-protein docking analysis demonstrated that LPAR (1,3 & 6) efficiently binds with the viral SPIKE protein, suggesting them as targets for viral infection. Furthermore, docking analysis of the anti-AD and anti-DM drugs against LPARs, SPIKE protein, and the LPARs-SPIKE complex revealed promising candidates, including lupron, neflamapimod, and nilotinib, stating the importance of drug repurposing in the drug discovery process. These drugs exhibited the ability to bind and inhibit the LPAR receptor activity and the SPIKE protein and interfere with LPAR-SPIKE protein interaction. Through a combined network and targeted-based therapeutic intervention approach, this study has identified several drugs that could be repurposed for treating COVID-19 due to their expected interference with LPAR(1, 3, and 6) and spike protein complexes. In addition, it can also be hypothesized that the co-administration of these identified drugs during COVID-19 infection may not only help mitigate the impact of the virus but also potentially contribute to the prevention or management of post-COVID complications related to AD and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanika Verma
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), New Delhi, India.
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James Michael Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Research Unit for Innovation and International Affairs, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Rhinacanthin-C but Not -D Extracted from Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Offers Neuroprotection via ERK, CHOP, and LC3B Pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050627. [PMID: 35631453 PMCID: PMC9145051 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases present an increasing problem as the world’s population ages; thus, the discovery of new drugs that prevent diseases such as Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases are vital. In this study, Rhinacanthin-C and -D were isolated from Rhinacanthus nasustus, using ethyl acetate, followed by chromatography to isolate Rhinacanthin-C and -D. Both compounds were confirmed using NMR and ultra-performance-LCMS. Using glutamate toxicity in HT-22 cells, we measured cell viability and apoptosis, ROS build-up, and investigated signaling pathways. We show that Rhinacanthin-C and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced apoptosis in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, we see that Rhinacanthin-C resulted in autophagy inhibition and increased ER stress. In contrast, low concentrations of Rhinacanthin-C and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone prevented ER stress and CHOP expression. All concentrations of Rhinacanthin-C prevented ROS production and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. We conclude that, while autophagy is present in HT-22 cells subjected to glutamate toxicity, its inhibition is not necessary for cryoprotection.
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Zabiulla, Al-Ostoot FH, S AM, Al-Ghorbani M, Khanum SA. Recent investigation on heterocycles with one nitrogen [piperidine, pyridine and quinoline], two nitrogen [1,3,4-thiadiazole and pyrazole] and three nitrogen [1,2,4-triazole]: a review. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Brimson JM, Prasanth MI, Malar DS, Brimson S, Thitilertdecha P, Tencomnao T. Drugs that offer the potential to reduce hospitalization and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection: The possible role of the sigma-1 receptor and autophagy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:435-449. [PMID: 34236922 PMCID: PMC8290373 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1952987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite the availability of new vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, there has been slow uptake and problems with supply in some parts of the world. Hence, there is still a necessity for drugs that can prevent hospitalization of patients and reduce the strain on health care systems. Drugs with sigma affinity potentially provide protection against the most severe symptoms of SARS-COV-2 and could prevent mortality via interactions with the sigma-1 receptor.Areas covered: This review examines the role of the sigma-1 receptor and autophagy in SARS-CoV-2 infections and how they may be linked. The authors reveal how sigma ligands may reduce the symptoms, complications, and deaths resulting from SARS-CoV-2 and offer insights on those patient cohorts that may benefit most from these drugs.Expert opinion: Drugs with sigma affinity potentially offer protection against the most severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 via interactions with the sigma-1 receptor. Agonists of the sigma-1 receptor may provide protection of the mitochondria, activate mitophagy to remove damaged and leaking mitochondria, prevent ER stress, manage calcium ion transport, and induce autophagy to prevent cell death in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Michael Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirikalaya Brimson
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Premrutai Thitilertdecha
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Euh Y, Lee D. How Do Pharmaceutical Companies Overcome a Corporate Productivity Crisis? Business Diversification into Medical Devices for Growth Potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031045. [PMID: 33503944 PMCID: PMC7908371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of pharmaceutical companies’ business diversification into medical devices in terms of their technical efficiency (TE) as compared to that of traditional pharmaceutical companies. For a total of 174 externally audited pharmaceutical companies engaged in the drug product business between 2008 and 2019, pharmaceutical companies were classified into two groups according to medical device business diversification. The TE of pharmaceutical companies that diversify the medical device business was lower than that of traditional pharmaceutical companies. However, in terms of the meta-technology ratio (MTR) calculated using meta-frontier analysis, pharmaceutical companies diversified into medical devices showed higher MTR than the traditional pharmaceutical company group. The results imply that the corporate performance growth potential of traditional pharmaceutical companies is lower than that of pharmaceutical companies that have diversified into the medical device business.
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Brimson JM, Akula KK, Abbas H, Ferry DR, Kulkarni SK, Russell ST, Tisdale MJ, Tencomnao T, Safrany ST. Simple ammonium salts acting on sigma-1 receptors yield potential treatments for cancer and depression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9251. [PMID: 32514120 PMCID: PMC7280195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors are emerging therapeutic targets. We have identified that simple ammonium salts bind to these receptors and are effective in vivo. Radioligand binding assays were used to obtain structure-activity relationships of these salts. MTS assays were performed to determine their effect on growth in MCF7 and MDA-MB-486 cells. Anticancer properties were tested in NMRI mice transplanted with a fragment of mouse adenocarcinoma (MAC13). Antidepressant activity was tested using the forced-swim test and tail suspension tests. Dipentylammonium (Ki 43 nM), tripentylammonium (Ki 15 nM) and trihexylammonium (Ki 9 nM) showed high affinity for the sigma-1 receptor. Dioctanoylammonium had the highest affinity (K50 0.05 nM); this also showed the highest affinity for sigma-2 receptors (Ki 13 nM). Dipentylammonium was found to have antidepressant activity in vivo. Branched-chain ammonium salts showed lower affinity. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)ammonium (K50 29 µM), triisopentylammonium (K50 196 µM) and dioctanoylammonium showed a low Hill slope, and fitted a 2-site binding model for the sigma-1 receptor. We propose this two-site binding can be used to biochemically define a sigma-1 receptor antagonist. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)ammonium and triisopentylammonium were able to inhibit the growth of tumours in vivo. Cheap, simple ammonium salts act as sigma-1 receptor agonists and antagonists in vivo and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Brimson
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kiran K Akula
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Novato, California, CA94949, USA
| | - Haider Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
- New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, WV10 0QP, UK
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - David R Ferry
- Eli Lilly, 893 S Delaware Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA
| | - Shrinivas K Kulkarni
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Steven T Russell
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Michael J Tisdale
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Stephen T Safrany
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK.
- RCSI-Bahrain, PO Box 15503, Adliya, Kingdom of Bahrain.
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7
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Kaur N. Synthesis of six- and seven-membered and larger heterocylces using Au and Ag catalysts. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2019.1567544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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8
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Discussions on the new molecular formula and new molecular entity definitions of pharmaceutical innovation. Pharm Pat Anal 2019; 7:235-239. [PMID: 30657413 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2018-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of riboflavines, quinoxalinones and benzodiazepines through chemoselective flow based hydrogenations. Molecules 2014; 19:9736-59. [PMID: 25006783 PMCID: PMC6271593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust chemical routes towards valuable bioactive entities such as riboflavines, quinoxalinones and benzodiazepines are described. These make use of modern flow hydrogenation protocols enabling the chemoselective reduction of nitro group containing building blocks in order to rapidly generate the desired amine intermediates in situ. In order to exploit the benefits of continuous processing the individual steps were transformed into a telescoped flow process delivering selected benzodiazepine products on scales of 50 mmol and 120 mmol respectively.
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10
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Kaur N. Metal catalysts: applications in higher-membered N-heterocycles synthesis. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-014-0451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Simões RG, Diogo HP, Dias A, Oliveira MC, Cordeiro C, Bernardes CE, Minas Da Piedade ME. Thermal Stability of Simvastatin under Different Atmospheres. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:241-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.265 pmid: 24204439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review which is the second in this series summarises the most common synthetic routes as applied to the preparation of many modern pharmaceutical compounds categorised as containing a six-membered heterocyclic ring. The reported examples are based on the top retailing drug molecules combining synthetic information from both scientific journals and the wider patent literature. It is hoped that this compilation, in combination with the previously published review on five-membered rings, will form a comprehensive foundation and reference source for individuals interested in medicinal, synthetic and preparative chemistry.
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13
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2265-319. [PMID: 24204439 PMCID: PMC3817479 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review which is the second in this series summarises the most common synthetic routes as applied to the preparation of many modern pharmaceutical compounds categorised as containing a six-membered heterocyclic ring. The reported examples are based on the top retailing drug molecules combining synthetic information from both scientific journals and the wider patent literature. It is hoped that this compilation, in combination with the previously published review on five-membered rings, will form a comprehensive foundation and reference source for individuals interested in medicinal, synthetic and preparative chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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14
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Simões RG, Bernardes CES, Diogo HP, Agapito F, Minas da Piedade ME. Energetics and Structure of Simvastatin. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2713-22. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400132r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Simões
- Departamento
de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos E. S. Bernardes
- Departamento
de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural,
Complexo Interdisciplinar, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hermínio P. Diogo
- Centro de Química Estrutural,
Complexo Interdisciplinar, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe Agapito
- Departamento
de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel E. Minas da Piedade
- Departamento
de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Battilocchio C, Deadman BJ, Nikbin N, Kitching MO, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. A Machine-Assisted Flow Synthesis of SR48692: A Probe for the Investigation of Neurotensin Receptor-1. Chemistry 2013; 19:7917-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lange PP, James K. Rapid access to compound libraries through flow technology: fully automated synthesis of a 3-aminoindolizine library via orthogonal diversification. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:570-8. [PMID: 22954105 DOI: 10.1021/co300094n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology for the synthesis of druglike heterocycle libraries has been developed through the use of flow reactor technology. The strategy employs orthogonal modification of a heterocyclic core, which is generated in situ, and was used to construct both a 25-membered library of druglike 3-aminoindolizines, and selected examples of a 100-member virtual library. This general protocol allows a broad range of acylation, alkylation and sulfonamidation reactions to be performed in conjunction with a tandem Sonogashira coupling/cycloisomerization sequence. All three synthetic steps were conducted under full automation in the flow reactor, with no handling or isolation of intermediates, to afford the desired products in good yields. This fully automated, multistep flow approach opens the way to highly efficient generation of druglike heterocyclic systems as part of a lead discovery strategy or within a lead optimization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P. Lange
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
| | - Keith James
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
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Zak J, Ron D, Riva E, Harding HP, Cross BCS, Baxendale IR. Establishing a flow process to coumarin-8-carbaldehydes as important synthetic scaffolds. Chemistry 2012; 18:9901-10. [PMID: 22782929 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite their usefulness as fluorophores and synthetic precursors, efficient and reliable routes to coumarin-8-carbaldehydes are lacking. We describe here a high-yielding continuous flow synthesis that requires no manual intermediate purification or work-up, giving access to multigram quantities of the aldehyde product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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18
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Abstract
As has been widely reviewed elsewhere, the pharmaceutical industry is experiencing an ‘innovation deficit’ as evidenced by the decline in new chemical entity output. This decline, compounded by increased costs and regulatory requirements highlights the need to significantly revise strategic options across the drug-discovery spectrum. Within such revision(s), much of the focus has been on outsourcing to reduce, or at least contain, costs, but if the underlying predominance of ‘closed collaborations’ is not challenged to allow better use of combined knowledge and, thus, move towards a more genuine collaborative process then a ‘numbers only’ approach will not bring medium-to-long-term survival. There are many problems to confront in evolving new sustainable strategies, a real need to think differently exists and should to be cultivated. This article reviews current outsourcing and collaboration strategies to provide a perspective on how great knowledge sharing could help revise the drug-discovery process.
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19
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR, Kuratli C, Ley SV, Martin RE, Schneider J. Synthesis of a drug-like focused library of trisubstituted pyrrolidines using integrated flow chemistry and batch methods. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:405-13. [PMID: 21528880 DOI: 10.1021/co2000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A combination of flow and batch chemistries has been successfully applied to the assembly of a series of trisubstituted drug-like pyrrolidines. This study demonstrates the efficient preparation of a focused library of these pharmaceutically important structures using microreactor technologies, as well as classical parallel synthesis techniques, and thus exemplifies the impact of integrating innovative enabling tools within the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Christoph Kuratli
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemistry Technology and Innovation, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Rainer E. Martin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemistry Technology and Innovation, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josef Schneider
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Chemistry Technology and Innovation, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR, Ley SV, Nikbin N. An overview of the key routes to the best selling 5-membered ring heterocyclic pharmaceuticals. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:442-95. [PMID: 21647262 PMCID: PMC3107522 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview on selected synthetic routes towards commercial drug compounds as published in both journal and patent literature. Owing to the vast number of potential structures, we have concentrated only on those drugs containing five-membered heterocycles and focused principally on the assembly of the heterocyclic core. In order to target the most representative chemical entities the examples discussed have been selected from the top 200 best selling drugs of recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
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21
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Qian Z, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. A continuous flow process using a sequence of microreactors with in-line IR analysis for the preparation of N,N-diethyl-4-(3-fluorophenylpiperidin-4-ylidenemethyl)benzamide as a potent and highly selective δ-opioid receptor agonist. Chemistry 2011; 16:12342-8. [PMID: 20859972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the design, optimisation and development of a continuous flow synthesis of N,N-diethyl-4-(3-fluorophenylpiperidin-4-ylidenemethyl)benzamide, a potent δ-opioid receptor agonist developed by AstraZeneca. The process employs a sequence of flow-based microreactors, with integrated purification employing solid-supported reagents and in-line IR analytical protocols using a newly developed ReactIR flow cell. With this monitoring device, initiation of the fourth input flow stream can be precisely controlled during the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Qian
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
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Lange H, Carter CF, Hopkin MD, Burke A, Goode JG, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. A breakthrough method for the accurate addition of reagents in multi-step segmented flow processing. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00603c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bartrum HE, Blakemore DC, Moody CJ, Hayes CJ. Synthesis of β-Keto Esters In-Flow and Rapid Access to Substituted Pyrimidines. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8674-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101783m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Bartrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Blakemore
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Moody
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Gava CM, Bermudez JAZ, Pepe VLE, Reis ALAD. Novos medicamentos registrados no Brasil: podem ser considerados como avanço terapêutico? CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2010; 15 Suppl 3:3403-12. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232010000900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avanços tecnológicos no último século permitiram a descoberta de vários fármacos. Sua introdução, nem sempre com ganhos terapêuticos expressivos e não destituídos de riscos, faz do registro importante momento na avaliação de novos medicamentos. Foi analisado o registro de 49 novos medicamentos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária entre 2000 e 2002 e comercializados no primeiro semestre de 2003, considerando o ganho terapêutico ante os tratamentos existentes. Predominou a produção por empresas americanas (42,9%). A maioria dos medicamentos (63,3%) foi classificada como entidade molecular nova, seguindo-se as novas associações (28,6%). Possuíam registro na Food and Drug Administration 75,5% dos medicamentos, sendo possível obter a classificação de sua New Drug Application segundo o potencial terapêutico para 33 medicamentos, dos quais 57,6% foram classificados como padrão. Conclui-se que predomina o registro de medicamentos sem real vantagem terapêutica sobre os já existentes, fato também verdadeiro internacionalmente. São feitas sugestões à Anvisa de forma a estabelecer e divulgar informações quanto à inovação, eficácia e segurança dos novos medicamentos, já que são importantes para o consumidor, os profissionais de saúde e os gestores.
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26
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Hornung CH, Hallmark B, Baumann M, Baxendale IR, Ley SV, Hester P, Clayton P, Mackley MR. Multiple Microcapillary Reactor for Organic Synthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie901674h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian H. Hornung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke St., Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K., and Lamina Dielectrics Ltd., Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, U.K
| | - Bart Hallmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke St., Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K., and Lamina Dielectrics Ltd., Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, U.K
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke St., Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K., and Lamina Dielectrics Ltd., Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, U.K
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke St., Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K., and Lamina Dielectrics Ltd., Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke St., Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K., and Lamina Dielectrics Ltd., Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, U.K
| | - Patrick Hester
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke St., Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K., and Lamina Dielectrics Ltd., Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, U.K
| | - Patrick Clayton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke St., Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K., and Lamina Dielectrics Ltd., Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, U.K
| | - Malcolm R. Mackley
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke St., Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K., and Lamina Dielectrics Ltd., Daux Road, Billingshurst, RH14 9SJ, U.K
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Hopkin MD, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. A flow-based synthesis of imatinib: the API of Gleevec. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2450-2. [PMID: 20309467 DOI: 10.1039/c001550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A concise, flow-based synthesis of Imatinib, a compound used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia, is described whereby all steps are conducted in tubular flow coils or cartridges packed with reagents or scavengers to effect clean product formation. An in-line solvent switching procedure was developed enabling the procedure to be performed with limited manual handling of intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Hopkin
- Innovative Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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29
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Baxendale I, Schou SÃ, Sedelmeier JÃ, Ley S. Multi-Step Synthesis by Using Modular Flow Reactors: The Preparation of YneOnes and Their Use in Heterocycle Synthesis. Chemistry 2010; 16:89-94. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Venturoni F, Nikbin N, Ley SV, Baxendale IR. The application of flow microreactors to the preparation of a family of casein kinase I inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1798-806. [DOI: 10.1039/b925327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Carter CF, Baxendale IR, Pavey JBJ, Ley SV. The continuous flow synthesis of butane-2,3-diacetal protected building blocks using microreactors. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1588-95. [DOI: 10.1039/b924309g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR, Martin LJ, Ley SV. Development of fluorination methods using continuous-flow microreactors. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Palmieri A, Ley SV, Polyzos A, Ladlow M, Baxendale IR. Continuous flow based catch and release protocol for the synthesis of alpha-ketoesters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:23. [PMID: 19590738 PMCID: PMC2707014 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of commercially available mesofluidic flow equipment and tubes packed with immobilised reagents and scavengers, a new synthesis of alpha-ketoesters is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palmieri
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Bayview Avenue, Clayton South, Melbourne, Australia, 3169
| | - Mark Ladlow
- Uniqsis, Shepreth, Cambridgeshire, SG8 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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34
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Baxendale I, Ley S, Mansfield A, Smith C. Multistep Synthesis Using Modular Flow Reactors: Bestmann-Ohira Reagent for the Formation of Alkynes and Triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Baxendale I, Ley S, Mansfield A, Smith C. Multistep Synthesis Using Modular Flow Reactors: Bestmann-Ohira Reagent for the Formation of Alkynes and Triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4017-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Baxendale IR, Ley SV, Smith CD, Tamborini L, Voica AF. A bifurcated pathway to thiazoles and imidazoles using a modular flow microreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:851-7. [PMID: 18783277 DOI: 10.1021/cc800070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A scalable method for the preparation of 4,5-disubstituted thiazoles and imidazoles as distinct regioisomeric products using a modular flow microreactor has been devised. The process makes use of microfluidic reaction chips and packed immobilized-reagent columns to effect bifurcation of the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Baxendale
- Innovative Technology Centre (ACS), Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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37
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Orphan drug development across Europe: bottlenecks and opportunities. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:670-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Disney M. Biochips as Pathways to Drug Discovery. Edited by Andrew Carmen and Gary Hardiman. ChemMedChem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Gribbon P. High-throughput hit finding and compound-profiling technologies for academic drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e1-e34. [PMID: 24125500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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