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Chen Y, Jin S, Zhang M, Hu Y, Wu KL, Chung A, Wang S, Tian Z, Wang Y, Wolynes PG, Xiao H. Unleashing the potential of noncanonical amino acid biosynthesis to create cells with precision tyrosine sulfation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5434. [PMID: 36114189 PMCID: PMC9481576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great promise of genetic code expansion technology to modulate structures and functions of proteins, external addition of ncAAs is required in most cases and it often limits the utility of genetic code expansion technology, especially to noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with poor membrane internalization. Here, we report the creation of autonomous cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, with the ability to biosynthesize and genetically encode sulfotyrosine (sTyr), an important protein post-translational modification with low membrane permeability. These engineered cells can produce site-specifically sulfated proteins at a higher yield than cells fed exogenously with the highest level of sTyr reported in the literature. We use these autonomous cells to prepare highly potent thrombin inhibitors with site-specific sulfation. By enhancing ncAA incorporation efficiency, this added ability of cells to biosynthesize ncAAs and genetically incorporate them into proteins greatly extends the utility of genetic code expansion methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Chen
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Shikai Jin
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Mengxi Zhang
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Yu Hu
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Kuan-Lin Wu
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Anna Chung
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Shichao Wang
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Zeru Tian
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Yixian Wang
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Peter G. Wolynes
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Physics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Han Xiao
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005 USA
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2
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Liu L, Wang B, Li S, Xu F, He Q, Pan C, Gao X, Yao W, Song X. Convenient Genetic Encoding of Phenylalanine Derivatives through Their α-Keto Acid Precursors. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091358. [PMID: 34572570 PMCID: PMC8470325 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity and function of proteins can be improved by incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs). To avoid the tedious synthesis of a large number of chiral phenylalanine derivatives, we synthesized the corresponding phenylpyruvic acid precursors. Escherichia coli strain DH10B and strain C321.ΔA.expΔPBAD were selected as hosts for phenylpyruvic acid bioconversion and genetic code expansion using the MmPylRS/pyltRNACUA system. The concentrations of keto acids, PLP and amino donors were optimized in the process. Eight keto acids that can be biotransformed and their coupled genetic code expansions were identified. Finally, the genetic encoded ncAAs were tested for incorporation into fluorescent proteins with keto acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.L.); (B.W.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Bohao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.L.); (B.W.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Sheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.L.); (B.W.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Fengyuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.L.); (B.W.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Qi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.L.); (B.W.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (Q.H.)
| | - Chun Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.L.); (B.W.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (Q.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (W.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Wenbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.L.); (B.W.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (Q.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (W.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoda Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (L.L.); (B.W.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (Q.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (W.Y.); (X.S.)
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Galindo Casas M, Stargardt P, Mairhofer J, Wiltschi B. Decoupling Protein Production from Cell Growth Enhances the Site-Specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids in E. coli. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:3052-3066. [PMID: 33150786 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins by amber stop codon suppression has become a routine method in academic laboratories. This approach requires an amber suppressor tRNACUA to read the amber codon and an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to charge the tRNACUA with the ncAA. However, a major drawback is the low yield of the mutant protein in comparison to the wild type. This effect primarily results from the competition of release factor 1 with the charged suppressor tRNACUA for the amber codon at the A-site of the ribosome. A number of laboratories have attempted to improve the incorporation efficiency of ncAAs with moderate results. We aimed at increasing the efficiency to produce high yields of ncAA-functionalized proteins in a scalable setting for industrial application. To do this, we inserted an ncAA into the enhanced green fluorescent protein and an antibody mimetic molecule using an industrial E. coli strain, which produces recombinant proteins independent of cell growth. The controlled decoupling of recombinant protein production from cell growth considerably increased the incorporation of the ncAA, producing substantially higher protein yields versus the reference E. coli strain BL21(DE3). The target proteins were expressed at high levels, and the ncAA was efficiently incorporated with excellent fidelity while the protein function was preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Galindo Casas
- acib − Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Birgit Wiltschi
- acib − Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Hu T, Xu Y, Zhang S, Xiong HY, Zhang G. Synthesis of β-CF3 β-Amino Esters with an Indane Backbone by Rhenium-Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation. Org Lett 2020; 22:8866-8871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Hu
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Saisai Zhang
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Ying Xiong
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Guangwu Zhang
- Institute of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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Scheffer D, Kulcsár G, Nagyéri G, Kiss-Merki M, Rékási Z, Maloy M, Czömpöly T. Active mixture of serum-circulating small molecules selectively inhibits proliferation and triggers apoptosis in cancer cells via induction of ER stress. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109426. [PMID: 31669205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic regulation as well as immune surveillance are known defense mechanisms to protect organisms from developing cancer. Based on experimental evidence, we proposed that small metabolically active molecules accumulating in cancer cells may play a role in an alternative antitumor surveillance system. Previously, we reported that treatment with a mixture of experimentally selected small molecules, usually found in the serum (defined 'active mixture', AM), selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells and significantly inhibits tumor formation in vivo. In this study, we show that the AM elicits gene expression changes characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HeLa, MCF-7, PC-3 and Caco-2 cancer cells, but not in primary human renal epithelial cells. The activation of the ER stress pathway was confirmed by the upregulation of ATF3, ATF4, CHAC1, DDIT3 and GDF15 proteins. Mechanistically, our investigation revealed that eIF2α, PERK and IRE1α are phosphorylated upon treatment with the AM, linking the induction of ER stress to the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of the AM previously demonstrated. Inhibition of ER stress in combination with BBC3 and PMAIP1 knockdown completely abrogated the effect of the AM. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the AM induces mIR-3189-3p, which in turn enhances the expression of ATF3 and DDIT3, thus representing a possible new feedback mechanism in the regulation of ATF3 and DDIT3 during ER stress. Our results highlight small molecules as attractive anticancer agents and warrant further evaluation of the AM in cancer therapy, either alone or in combination with other ER stress inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalma Scheffer
- Cancer Research and Drug Development Center, Culevit Ltd., Pécs, Finn u. 1/1., 7630, Hungary
| | - Gyula Kulcsár
- Cancer Research and Drug Development Center, Culevit Ltd., Pécs, Finn u. 1/1., 7630, Hungary
| | - György Nagyéri
- Soft Flow Hungary Ltd., Pécs, Ürögi fasor 2/A, 7628, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Rékási
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., 7624, Hungary
| | - Magnus Maloy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., 7624, Hungary
| | - Tamás Czömpöly
- Cancer Research and Drug Development Center, Culevit Ltd., Pécs, Finn u. 1/1., 7630, Hungary.
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6
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In-Cell Synthesis of Bioorthogonal Alkene Tag S-Allyl-Homocysteine and Its Coupling with Reprogrammed Translation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092299. [PMID: 31075919 PMCID: PMC6539321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report our initial results on in situ biosynthesis of S-allyl-l-homocysteine (Sahc) by simple metabolic conversion of allyl mercaptan in Escherichia coli, which served as the host organism endowed with a direct sulfhydration pathway. The intracellular synthesis we describe in this study is coupled with the direct incorporation of Sahc into proteins in response to methionine codons. Together with O-acetyl-homoserine, allyl mercaptan was added to the growth medium, followed by uptake and intracellular reaction to give Sahc. Our protocol efficiently combined the in vivo synthesis of Sahc via metabolic engineering with reprogrammed translation, without the need for a major change in the protein biosynthesis machinery. Although the system needs further optimisation to achieve greater intracellular Sahc production for complete protein labelling, we demonstrated its functional versatility for photo-induced thiol-ene coupling and the recently developed phosphonamidate conjugation reaction. Importantly, deprotection of Sahc leads to homocysteine-containing proteins-a potentially useful approach for the selective labelling of thiols with high relevance in various medical settings.
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7
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Scheffer D, Kulcsár G, Czömpöly T. Identification of Further Components of an Anticancer Defense System Composed of Small Molecules Present in the Serum. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:160-170. [PMID: 30648878 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier we assumed that small molecules selectively accumulated in cancer cells might have a role in a defense system capable of killing cancer cells. We reported earlier that an experimentally selected mixture of substances present in the serum ("active mixture," AM) shows a selective toxic effect in vitro and in vivo on various cancer cells. In this study we investigated additional compounds found in the serum to further expand our knowledge of this defense system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cell proliferation was detected by WST-1 assay. The mRNA level of the examined genes was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We identified 34 additional compounds (l-amino acid metabolites, phenolic acids, d-amino acids, keto acids, etc.), which when applied in a per se nontoxic concentration are able to enhance the effect of AM. The combination of the mixture of these newly identified substances (new mixture, NM) with AM produced a significantly higher cancer cell growth inhibitory effect than NM or AM applied alone on HeLa, MCF-7, PC-3, Caco-2, HepG2, and 4T1 cancer cell lines, and more efficiently induced the expression of certain proapoptotic genes in HeLa cells. Any given combinations of the individual compounds of AM and NM always produced an increased effect compared with AM alone. CONCLUSIONS The newly identified compounds significantly enhance the anticancer effect of AM. The components of AM and NM together may form part of a defense system capable of killing cancer cells and are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalma Scheffer
- Cancer Research and Drug Development Center, Culevit Ltd., Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gyula Kulcsár
- Cancer Research and Drug Development Center, Culevit Ltd., Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Czömpöly
- Cancer Research and Drug Development Center, Culevit Ltd., Pécs, Hungary
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8
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Lou YG, Wang AJ, Zhao L, He LF, Li XF, He CY, Zhang X. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of unactivated alkylzinc reagents with 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and its application in the synthesis of fluorinated amino acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3705-3708. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10212k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of unactivated alkylzinc reagents with 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (BTP) has been developed, which was used as a key step to prepare a series of trifluoromethylated and difluoromethylated amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Guang Lou
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - An-Jun Wang
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Lin-Feng He
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fei Li
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yang He
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi
- P. R. China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
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9
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Zarandi M, Cai R, Kovacs M, Popovics P, Szalontay L, Cui T, Sha W, Jaszberenyi M, Varga J, Zhang X, Block NL, Rick FG, Halmos G, Schally AV. Synthesis and structure-activity studies on novel analogs of human growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) with enhanced inhibitory activities on tumor growth. Peptides 2017; 89:60-70. [PMID: 28130121 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and biological evaluations of new GHRH analogs of Miami (MIA) series with greatly increased anticancer activity are described. In the design and synthesis of these analogs, the following previous substitutions were conserved: D-Arg2, Har9, Abu15, and Nle27. Most new analogs had Ala at position 8. Since replacements of both Lys12 and Lys21 with Orn increased resistance against enzymatic degradation, these modifications were kept. The substitutions of Arg at both positions 11 and 20 by His were also conserved. We kept D-Arg28, Har29 -NH2 at the C-terminus or inserted Agm or 12-amino dodecanoic acid amide at position 30. We incorporated pentafluoro-Phe (Fpa5), instead of Cpa, at position 6 and Tyr(Me) at position 10 and ω-amino acids at N-terminus of some analogs. These GHRH analogs were prepared by solid-phase methodology and purified by HPLC. The evaluation of the activity of the analogs on GH release was carried out in vitro on rat pituitaries and in vivo in male rats. Receptor binding affinities were measured in vitro by the competitive binding analysis. The inhibitory activity of the analogs on tumor proliferation in vitro was tested in several human cancer cell lines such as HEC-1A endometrial adenocarcinoma, HCT-15 colorectal adenocarcinoma, and LNCaP prostatic carcinoma. For in vivo tests, various cell lines including PC-3 prostate cancer, HEC-1A endometrial adenocarcinoma, HT diffuse mixed β cell lymphoma, and ACHN renal cell carcinoma cell lines were xenografted into nude mice and treated subcutaneously with GHRH antagonists at doses of 1-5μg/day. Analogs MIA-602, MIA-604, MIA-610, and MIA-640 showed the highest binding affinities, 30, 58, 48, and 73 times higher respectively, than GHRH (1-29) NH2. Treatment of LNCaP and HCT-15 cells with 5μM MIA-602 or MIA-690 decreased proliferation by 40%-80%. In accord with previous tests in various human cancer lines, analog MIA-602 showed high inhibitory activity in vivo on growth of PC-3 prostate cancer, HT-mixed β cell lymphoma, HEC-1A endometrial adenocarcinoma and ACHN renal cell carcinoma. Thus, GHRH analogs of the Miami series powerfully suppress tumor growth, but have only a weak endocrine GH inhibitory activity. The suppression of tumor growth could be induced in part by the downregulation of GHRH receptors levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zarandi
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Renzhi Cai
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Magdolna Kovacs
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Petra Popovics
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luca Szalontay
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tengjiao Cui
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Wei Sha
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Miklos Jaszberenyi
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jozsef Varga
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - XianYang Zhang
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Norman L Block
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States; Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ferenc G Rick
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Urology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gabor Halmos
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States; South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States.
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10
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Gao G, Yao Y, Li K, Mashausi DS, Li D, Negi H, Kamle S, Chen H, Wu Z, Zhou H, Li D. A human leucyl-tRNA synthetase as an anticancer target. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2933-42. [PMID: 26508878 PMCID: PMC4610879 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s88873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been reported to be overexpressed for charging essential aminoacyl-tRNAs in many cancer types. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential role of leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LARS) as an anticancer target. MTT assay was performed to screen inhibitors to human LARS (hsLARS) from compounds AN2690 and its derivatives, compounds 1–6, in U2OS and SKOV3 cells. The compound with the strongest inhibitory ability was further investigated for its inhibitory effect in cancer cell lines and in an animal tumor model. Additionally, a LARS-rescue experiment was performed to explore the potential target in U2OS using Western blot and flow cytometry. Luciferase reporter assay was designed to analyze the effect of of hsLARS inhibitor on p21 activation. We identified an hsLARS inhibitor (compound 2) that suppressed the proliferation of U2OS and SKOV3 cells in vitro. A LARS-rescue experiment demonstrated that the proliferation inhibition was induced by targeting intracellular LARS. In addition, the hsLARS inhibition was shown to activate the p21 early transcription and promote cell apoptosis, as well as reduce implanted EMT6 tumor progression in mice. Our results suggest that LARS might serve as a potential anticancer target through the p21 signaling pathway and that the nutritional signaling pathway may provide a valuable anticancer strategy for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Dongsheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hema Negi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Suchitra Kamle
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huchen Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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Czömpöly T, Langmár Z, Bors M, Zsákai C, Géczy M, Kulcsár G. Safety, tolerability, and effect on quality of life of a mixture of amino acids and other small molecules in cancer patients. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 29:124-34. [PMID: 24502241 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2013.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed two clinical studies to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and effect on quality of life of a product containing a mixture of amino acids, vitamins, and other small molecules. In the first one period, open-label, multiple-dose study, the safety and tolerability of a 1-week administration was evaluated in 24 healthy volunteers. In the second one period, open-label, multiple-dose, single-arm study, we investigated the safety, tolerability, and effect on quality of life of a 4-week administration in 50 cancer patients. The safety assessment included the monitoring of adverse events, changes in physical status, and clinical laboratory tests. Changes in quality of life were measured with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 version 3.0 (EORTC QLQ-C30). We have found that administration of the investigated product is safe and well tolerated in healthy individuals and in cancer patients. Administration of the product to cancer patients significantly improved their quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30 global health status score: baseline: 24.17 ± 9.2; end of treatment: 47.08 ± 14.56, p<0.001). To evaluate the anticancer activity of the investigated product in humans, a randomized, blinded, combination clinical trial should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Czömpöly
- 1 Cancer Research and Drug Development Center, Culevit Ltd. , Pécs, Hungary
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12
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Coupling bioorthogonal chemistries with artificial metabolism: intracellular biosynthesis of azidohomoalanine and its incorporation into recombinant proteins. Molecules 2014; 19:1004-22. [PMID: 24434673 PMCID: PMC6271081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel, “single experiment” methodology based on genetic engineering of metabolic pathways for direct intracellular production of non-canonical amino acids from simple precursors, coupled with expanded genetic code. In particular, we engineered the intracellular biosynthesis of l-azidohomoalanine from O-acetyl-l-homoserine and NaN3, and achieved its direct incorporation into recombinant target proteins by AUG codon reassignment in a methionine-auxotroph E. coli strain. In our system, the host’s methionine biosynthetic pathway was first diverted towards the production of the desired non-canonical amino acid by exploiting the broad reaction specificity of recombinant pyridoxal phosphate-dependent O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Then, the expression of the target protein barstar, accompanied with efficient l-azidohomoalanine incorporation in place of l-methionine, was accomplished. This work stands as proof-of-principle and paves the way for additional work towards intracellular production and site-specific incorporation of biotechnologically relevant non-canonical amino acids directly from common fermentable sources.
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Krishnakumar R, Prat L, Aerni HR, Ling J, Merryman C, Glass JI, Rinehart J, Söll D. Transfer RNA misidentification scrambles sense codon recoding. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1967-72. [PMID: 24000185 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sense codon recoding is the basis for genetic code expansion with more than two different noncanonical amino acids. It requires an unused (or rarely used) codon, and an orthogonal tRNA synthetase:tRNA pair with the complementary anticodon. The Mycoplasma capricolum genome contains just six CGG arginine codons, without a dedicated tRNA(Arg). We wanted to reassign this codon to pyrrolysine by providing M. capricolum with pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase, a synthetic tRNA with a CCG anticodon (tRNA(Pyl)(CCG)), and the genes for pyrrolysine biosynthesis. Here we show that tRNA(Pyl)(CCG) is efficiently recognized by the endogenous arginyl-tRNA synthetase, presumably at the anticodon. Mass spectrometry revealed that in the presence of tRNA(Pyl)(CCG), CGG codons are translated as arginine. This result is not unexpected as most tRNA synthetases use the anticodon as a recognition element. The data suggest that tRNA misidentification by endogenous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases needs to be overcome for sense codon recoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Krishnakumar
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (USA)
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14
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Biava H, Budisa N. Biocatalytic synthesis of (2S)-5,5,5-trifluoroleucine and improved resolution into (2S,4S) and (2S,4R) diastereoisomers. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Kulcsár G, Gaál D, Kulcsár PI, Schulcz Á, Czömpöly T. A mixture of amino acids and other small molecules present in the serum suppresses the growth of murine and human tumors in vivo. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1213-21. [PMID: 22858865 PMCID: PMC3562491 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have hypothesized that the small molecules which are selectively accumulated in cancer cells might participate in a non-immunological antitumor surveillance mechanism. We demonstrated earlier that a mixture of experimentally selected substances (“active mixture”, AM: l-arginine, l-histidine, l-methionine, l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, l-tryptophan, l-ascorbate, d-biotin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, adenine, l(-)malate) possesses a selective toxic effect in vitro on a variety of tumor cell lines, and we have shown that the AM selectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro. To explore the in vivo significance of our earlier findings we examined the antitumor effect of AM in Colon 26 murine colorectal adenocarcinoma, B16 murine melanoma, MXT murine mammary carcinoma, S180 murine sarcoma, P388 murine lymphoid leukemia, HL-60 human promyeloid leukemia, PC-3 human prostate carcinoma, and HT-29 human colon carcinoma tumor models. Treatment of tumor bearing mice with AM inhibited the growth of the tumors investigated, with an inhibitory effect ranging from 40 to 69%. The AM had a comparable antitumor effect with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in the Colon-26 tumor model, and combined treatment with AM and 5-fluorouracil or cisplatin resulted in an enhanced tumor growth inhibitory effect. The AM induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and induced G1 arrest in PC-3 cells and increased the number of apoptotic cells in PC-3 xenografts. These findings suggest that the AM might offer an interesting perspective in the treatment of cancer and in combination with other treatments may offer hope for a more effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Kulcsár
- Immunal Ltd., Cancer Research and Product Development Laboratory, H-7630 Pécs, Finn u. 1/1., Hungary.
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16
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Nehring S, Budisa N, Wiltschi B. Performance analysis of orthogonal pairs designed for an expanded eukaryotic genetic code. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31992. [PMID: 22493661 PMCID: PMC3320878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The suppression of amber stop codons with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) is used for the site-specific introduction of many unusual functions into proteins. Specific orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (o-aaRS)/amber suppressor tRNACUA pairs (o-pairs) for the incorporation of ncAAs in S. cerevisiae were previously selected from an E. coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNACUA mutant library. Incorporation fidelity relies on the specificity of the o-aaRSs for their ncAAs and the ability to effectively discriminate against their natural substrate Tyr or any other canonical amino acid. Methodology/Principal Findings We used o-pairs previously developed for ncAAs carrying reactive alkyne-, azido-, or photocrosslinker side chains to suppress an amber mutant of human superoxide dismutase 1 in S. cerevisiae. We found worse incorporation efficiencies of the alkyne- and the photocrosslinker ncAAs than reported earlier. In our hands, amber suppression with the ncAA containing the azido group did not occur at all. In addition to the incorporation experiments in S. cerevisiae, we analyzed the catalytic properties of the o-aaRSs in vitro. Surprisingly, all o-aaRSs showed much higher preference for their natural substrate Tyr than for any of the tested ncAAs. While it is unclear why efficiently recognized Tyr is not inserted at amber codons, we speculate that metabolically inert ncAAs accumulate in the cell, and for this reason they are incorporated despite being weak substrates for the o-aaRSs. Conclusions/Significance O-pairs have been developed for a whole plethora of ncAAs. However, a systematic and detailed analysis of their catalytic properties is still missing. Our study provides a comprehensive scrutiny of o-pairs developed for the site-specific incorporation of reactive ncAAs in S. cerevisiae. It suggests that future development of o-pairs as efficient biotechnological tools will greatly benefit from sound characterization in vivo and in vitro in parallel to monitoring intracellular ncAA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Nehring
- Department of Biocatalysis, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Department of Biocatalysis, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Merkel L, Budisa N. Organic fluorine as a polypeptide building element: in vivo expression of fluorinated peptides, proteins and proteomes. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7241-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Salwiczek M, Nyakatura EK, Gerling UIM, Ye S, Koksch B. Fluorinated amino acids: compatibility with native protein structures and effects on protein-protein interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:2135-71. [PMID: 22130572 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15241f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated analogues of the canonical α-L-amino acids have gained widespread attention as building blocks that may endow peptides and proteins with advantageous biophysical, chemical and biological properties. This critical review covers the literature dealing with investigations of peptides and proteins containing fluorinated analogues of the canonical amino acids published over the course of the past decade including the late nineties. It focuses on side-chain fluorinated amino acids, the carbon backbone of which is identical to their natural analogues. Each class of amino acids--aliphatic, aromatic, charged and polar as well as proline--is presented in a separate section. General effects of fluorine on essential properties such as hydrophobicity, acidity/basicity and conformation of the specific side chains and the impact of these altered properties on stability, folding kinetics and activity of peptides and proteins are discussed (245 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Salwiczek
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Konas
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey , USA
| | - Drilona Seci
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey , USA
| | - Safa Tamimi
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey , USA
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Antonczak AK, Morris J, Tippmann EM. Advances in the mechanism and understanding of site-selective noncanonical amino acid incorporation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2011; 21:481-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Practical synthesis of fluorine-containing α- and β-amino acids: recipes from Kiev, Ukraine. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:793-819. [PMID: 21426081 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring compounds containing a C-F bond are extremely rare; only a handful of fluorine-containing carboxylic acids have been described so far. By contrast, man-made fluorine-containing derivatives of all major classes of biologically important compounds are extremely promising medicinal targets used in the elucidation of biochemical, metabolic transformations and the development of new pharmaceuticals. Among the fluorine-containing derivatives of natural products, fluorinated analogs of amino acids are of particular interest and medicinal potential. This article presents a concise review of various synthetic methods, developed by the Kiev's school of bioorganic chemistry, for the preparation of fluorine-containing analogs of α- and β-amino acids, α-hydroxy acids, amines, as well as their phosphorus and sulfur-derived compounds, in enantiomerically pure form. One of the major methodological goals of the study was practicality, which is understood by us as stereochemical generality, operational convenience and synthetic affordance for each reaction step and isolation of the target products. The synthetic methods developed by our group can be roughly divided in two general categories: fluorine-adaptation of known synthetic approaches and discovery of new reactions. The former approach is most prominently represented by asymmetric homologation of nucleophilic glycine equivalents using fluorinated substrates via alkyl halide alkylations, aldol and Michael addition reactions. A plethora of discovered unexpected reaction outcomes, in particular stereochemical, are emphasized in this review and the particular role of fluorine, in altering the 'normal' reaction result, is explained. The latter direction is notably represented by the novel 1,3-proton shift reaction, a biomimetic reductive amination of fluorinated carbonyl compounds to the corresponding amines and amino acids, as well as the development of α-fluoroalkyl epoxides as true fluorinated synthons for generalized asymmetric synthesis of various biologically relevant compounds. Despite the highly anticipated potential of fluorine-containing amino compounds, their medicinal chemistry still remains underexplored. The major obstacle, in our opinion, is that these selectively fluorinated compounds are generally unavailable to the medicinal chemists for comprehensive, systematic study. We hope this review of synthetic methods will highlight and bring attention to particular types of fluorinated amino acids and related compounds readily available on a laboratory scale using methods developed by our group.
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Hoesl MG, Budisa N. In Vivo Incorporation of Multiple Noncanonical Amino Acids into Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2896-902. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Hoesl MG, Budisa N. Paralleler In-vivo-Einbau von mehreren nichtkanonischen Aminosäuren in Proteine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Hoesl MG, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Nehring S, Royter M, Wolschner C, Wiltschi B, Budisa N, Antranikian G. Lipase Congeners Designed by Genetic Code Engineering. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Novel 1-alkyl-tryptophan derivatives downregulate IDO1 and IDO2 mRNA expression induced by interferon-gamma in dendritic cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 342:29-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Sun T, Li ZL, Tian H, Wang SC, Cai J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1-alkyl-tryptophan analogs as potential antitumor agents. Molecules 2009; 14:5339-48. [PMID: 20032897 PMCID: PMC6254852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14125339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To seek novel antitumor agents, we designed and synthesized new 1-tryptophan analogs based on tryptophan catabolism. 1-Alkyltryptophan analogues including 1-ethyl-tryptophan (1-ET), 1-propyltryptophan (1-PT), 1-isopropyltryptophan (1-isoPT) and 1-butyltryptophan (1-BT) were synthesized from tryptophan. We examined whether those compounds had the antiproliferative effects on SGC7901 and HeLa cells line by using MTT assay in vitro, respectively. Compared to tryptophan, all targeted compounds efficiently inhibited proliferation of two cancer cell lines at 2 mmol/L for 48 hours. Among these tryptophan analogs, 1-BT showed the most powerful cytotoxicity against SGC7901 and HeLa cells at 1 mmol/L and 2 mmol/L concentration. These data suggest that some specific tryptophan analogs could be developed as potential anti-neoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; E-Mails: (T.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhao-Long Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; E-Mail: (Z.-L.L.)
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; E-Mail: (H.T.)
| | - Shih-Chen Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; E-Mails: (T.S.); (J.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-65295511
| | - Jiong Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; E-Mails: (T.S.); (J.C.)
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