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Mahrous NN, Jamous YF, Almatrafi AM, Fallatah DI, Theyab A, Alanati BH, Alsagaby SA, Alenazi MK, Khan MI, Hawsawi YM. A Current Landscape on Alport Syndrome Cases: Characterization, Therapy and Management Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2762. [PMID: 37893135 PMCID: PMC10604007 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder categorized by the progressive loss of kidney function, sensorineural hearing loss and eye abnormalities. It occurs due to mutations in three genes that encode for the alpha chains of type IV collagen. Globally, the disease is classified based on the pattern of inheritance into X-linked AS (XLAS), which is caused by pathogenic variants in COL4A5, representing 80% of AS. Autosomal recessive AS (ARAS), caused by mutations in either COL4A3 or COL4A4, represents 15% of AS. Autosomal dominant AS (ADAS) is rare and has been recorded in 5% of all cases due to mutations in COL4A3 or COL4A4. This review provides updated knowledge about AS including its clinical and genetic characteristics in addition to available therapies that only slow the progression of the disease. It also focuses on reported cases in Saudi Arabia and their prevalence. Moreover, we shed light on advances in genetic technologies like gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the need for an early diagnosis of AS and managing the progression of the disease. Eventually, we provide a few recommendations for disease management, particularly in regions like Saudi Arabia where consanguineous marriages increase the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed N. Mahrous
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yahya F. Jamous
- The National Center of Vaccines and Bioprocessing, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad M. Almatrafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Deema I. Fallatah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 11481, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan H. Alanati
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medicinal Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Munifa K. Alenazi
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.A.); (M.I.K.)
| | - Mohammed I. Khan
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.A.); (M.I.K.)
| | - Yousef M. Hawsawi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 40047, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.A.); (M.I.K.)
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Heinemann JA, Clark K, Hiscox TC, McCabe AW, Agapito-Tenfen SZ. Are null segregants new combinations of heritable material and should they be regulated? Front Genome Ed 2023; 4:1064103. [PMID: 36704579 PMCID: PMC9871356 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.1064103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Through genome editing and other techniques of gene technology, it is possible to create a class of organism called null segregants. These genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are products of gene technology but are argued to have no lingering vestige of the technology after the segregation of chromosomes or deletion of insertions. From that viewpoint regulations are redundant because any unique potential for the use of gene technology to cause harm has also been removed. We tackle this question of international interest by reviewing the early history of the purpose of gene technology regulation. The active ingredients of techniques used for guided mutagenesis, e.g., site-directed nucleases, such as CRISPR/Cas, are promoted for having a lower potential per reaction to create a hazard. However, others see this as a desirable industrial property of the reagents that will lead to genome editing being used more and nullifying the promised hazard mitigation. The contest between views revolves around whether regulations could alter the risks in the responsible use of gene technology. We conclude that gene technology, even when used to make null segregants, has characteristics that make regulation a reasonable option for mitigating potential harm. Those characteristics are that it allows people to create more harm faster, even if it creates benefits as well; the potential for harm increases with increased use of the technique, but safety does not; and regulations can control harm scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Heinemann
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Katrin Clark
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tessa C. Hiscox
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Andrew W. McCabe
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Z. Agapito-Tenfen
- Climate and Environment Division, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Tromsø, Norway,*Correspondence: Sarah Z. Agapito-Tenfen,
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3
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O'Sullivan GM, Philips JG, Mitchell HJ, Dornbusch M, Rasko JEJ. 20 Years of Legislation - How Australia Has Responded to the Challenge of Regulating Genetically Modified Organisms in the Clinic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:883434. [PMID: 35620726 PMCID: PMC9127347 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.883434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the prior voluntary system, since 2001, gene technology in Australia has been regulated under a legislated national Gene Technology Regulatory Scheme which is administered by the Gene Technology Regulator. The Scheme provides science-based assessment of the potential risks of gene technology to the health and safety of people and the environment. It complements the role of the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration which regulates all therapeutic products in Australia to ensure they are safe and effective. Recent reforms to the Scheme contribute to, and anticipate, the continued safe development and delivery of gene-based human therapeutics in Australia as a successful model for other jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M O'Sullivan
- Research Ethics and Governance Office, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua G Philips
- Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Heidi J Mitchell
- Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael Dornbusch
- Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Therapies, RPA Hospital, SLHD, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Schrauf GE, Voda L, Zelada AM, García AM, Giordano A, Roa PP, Guitian J, Rebori J, Ghio S, Couso L, Castro L, Musacchio E, Rush P, Nagel J, Wang ZY, Cogan N, Spangenberg G. Development of Protocols for Regeneration and Transformation of Apomitic and Sexual Forms of Dallisgrass ( Paspalum dilatatum Poir.). Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:787549. [PMID: 35281698 PMCID: PMC8914168 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paspalum dilatatum (common name dallisgrass), a productive C4 grass native to South America, is an important pasture grass found throughout the temperate warm regions of the world. It is characterized by its tolerance to frost and water stress and a higher forage quality than other C4 forage grasses. P. dilatatum includes tetraploid (2n = 40), sexual, and pentaploid (2n = 50) apomictic forms, but is predominantly cultivated in an apomictic monoculture, which implies a high risk that biotic and abiotic stresses could seriously affect the grass productivity. The obtention of reproducible and efficient protocols of regeneration and transformation are valuable tools to obtain genetic modified grasses with improved agronomics traits. In this review, we present the current regeneration and transformation methods of both apomictic and sexual cultivars of P. dilatatum, discuss their strengths and limitations, and focus on the perspectives of genetic modification for producing new generation of forages. The advances in this area of research lead us to consider Paspalum dilatatum as a model species for the molecular improvement of C4 perennial forage species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E. Schrauf
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lisandro Voda
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- BASF Argentina S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia M. Zelada
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María García
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Giordano
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Peralta Roa
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Guitian
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Rebori
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Ghio
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Couso
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Castro
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Musacchio
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Rush
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Criadero “Cultivos del Sur” FAUBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jutta Nagel
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Zeng Yu Wang
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Noel Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Germán Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, Hamilton, VIC, Australia
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5
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Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), interrupting the genetic information, are elicited by various environmental and endogenous factors. They bear the risk of cell lethality and, if mis-repaired, of deleterious mutation. This negative impact is contrasted by several evolutionary achievements for DSB processing that help maintaining stable inheritance (correct repair, meiotic cross-over) and even drive adaptation (immunoglobulin gene recombination), differentiation (chromatin elimination) and speciation by creating new genetic diversity via DSB mis-repair. Targeted DSBs play a role in genome editing for research, breeding and therapy purposes. Here, I survey possible causes, biological effects and evolutionary consequences of DSBs, mainly for students and outsiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Seeland, Germany
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6
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Ton LB, Neik TX, Batley J. The Use of Genetic and Gene Technologies in Shaping Modern Rapeseed Cultivars ( Brassica napus L.). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1161. [PMID: 33008008 PMCID: PMC7600269 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their domestication, Brassica oilseed species have undergone progressive transformation allied with the development of breeding and molecular technologies. The canola (Brassica napus) crop has rapidly expanded globally in the last 30 years with intensive innovations in canola varieties, providing for a wider range of markets apart from the food industry. The breeding efforts of B. napus, the main source of canola oil and canola meal, have been mainly focused on improving seed yield, oil quality, and meal quality along with disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and herbicide resistance. The revolution in genetics and gene technologies, including genetic mapping, molecular markers, genomic tools, and gene technology, especially gene editing tools, has allowed an understanding of the complex genetic makeup and gene functions in the major bioprocesses of the Brassicales, especially Brassica oil crops. Here, we provide an overview on the contributions of these technologies in improving the major traits of B. napus and discuss their potential use to accomplish new improvement targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Bao Ton
- School of Biological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Ting Xiang Neik
- Sunway College Kuala Lumpur, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
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7
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Zhou W, Brown W, Bardhan A, Delaney M, Ilk AS, Rauen RR, Kahn SI, Tsang M, Deiters A. Spatiotemporal Control of CRISPR/Cas9 Function in Cells and Zebrafish using Light-Activated Guide RNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8998-9003. [PMID: 32160370 PMCID: PMC7250724 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new method for the conditional regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 activity in mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos using photochemically activated, caged guide RNAs (gRNAs). Caged gRNAs are generated by substituting four nucleobases evenly distributed throughout the 5'-protospacer region with caged nucleobases during synthesis. Caging confers complete suppression of gRNA:dsDNA-target hybridization and rapid restoration of CRISPR/Cas9 function upon optical activation. This tool offers simplicity and complete programmability in design, high spatiotemporal specificity in cells and zebrafish embryos, excellent off-to-on switching, and stability by preserving the ability to form Cas9:gRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes. Caged gRNAs are novel tools for the conditional control of gene editing, thereby enabling the investigation of spatiotemporally complex physiological events by obtaining a better understanding of dynamic gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Wes Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Anirban Bardhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Michael Delaney
- Horizon Discovery, 2650 Crescent Drive, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA
| | - Amber S Ilk
- Horizon Discovery, 2650 Crescent Drive, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA
| | - Randy R Rauen
- Horizon Discovery, 2650 Crescent Drive, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA
| | - Shoeb I Kahn
- Horizon Discovery, 2650 Crescent Drive, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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He XY, Ren XH, Peng Y, Zhang JP, Ai SL, Liu BY, Xu C, Cheng SX. Aptamer/Peptide-Functionalized Genome-Editing System for Effective Immune Restoration through Reversal of PD-L1-Mediated Cancer Immunosuppression. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2000208. [PMID: 32147886 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective reversal of tumor immunosuppression is of critical importance in cancer therapy. A multifunctional delivery vector that can effectively deliver CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid for β-catenin knockout to reverse tumor immunosuppression is constructed. The multi-functionalized delivery vector is decorated with aptamer-conjugated hyaluronic acid and peptide-conjugated hyaluronic acid to combine the tumor cell/nuclear targeting function of AS1411 with the cell penetrating/nuclear translocation function of TAT-NLS. Due to the significantly enhanced plasmid enrichment in malignant cell nuclei, the genome editing system can induce effective β-catenin knockout and suppress Wnt/β-catenin pathway, resulting in notably downregulated proteins involved in tumor progression and immunosuppression. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) downregulation in edited tumor cells not only releases the PD-1/PD-L1 brake to improve the cancer killing capability of CD8+ T cells, but also enhances antitumor immune responses of immune cells. This provides a facile strategy to reverse tumor immunosuppression and to restore immunosurveillance and activate anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-He Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Neurology Clinic, The Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Lun Ai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Si-Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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Wagner J, Li L, Simon J, Krutzke L, Landfester K, Mailänder V, Müllen K, Ng DYW, Wu Y, Weil T. Amphiphilic Polyphenylene Dendron Conjugates for Surface Remodeling of Adenovirus 5. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5712-5720. [PMID: 31943635 PMCID: PMC7155148 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic surface groups play an important role in many biological processes. The synthesis of amphiphilic polyphenylene dendrimer branches (dendrons), providing alternating hydrophilic and lipophilic surface groups and one reactive ethynyl group at the core is reported. The amphiphilic surface groups serve as biorecognition units that bind to the surface of adenovirus 5 (Ad5), which is a common vector in gene therapy. The Ad5/dendron complexes showed high gene transduction efficiencies in coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR)-negative cells. Moreover, the dendrons offer incorporation of new functions at the dendron core by in situ post-modifications, even when bound to the Ad5 surface. Surfaces coated with these dendrons were analyzed for their blood-protein binding capacity, which is essential to predict their performance in the blood stream. A new platform for introducing bioactive groups to the Ad5 surface without chemically modifying the virus particles is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Longjie Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia MedicaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology1037 Luoyu Road430074WuhanChina
| | - Johanna Simon
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzLangenbeckstr. 155131MainzGermany
| | - Lea Krutzke
- University UlinicDepartment of Gene TherapyHelmholtzstr. 8/189081UlmGermany
| | | | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzLangenbeckstr. 155131MainzGermany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia MedicaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology1037 Luoyu Road430074WuhanChina
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
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10
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Kim YT, Moon J, Hong IS. Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Pathogenic Targets with Stem-Tagged Primer Sets. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1116-1120. [PMID: 31705704 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous multiple gene detection is indispensable for the detection of various genes in a small sample obtained by an invasive method. A typical detection method is probe-based fluorescence melting curve analysis by means of real-time PCR. It is very limited because, for each target, a probe sequence with at least a different Tm must be designed. To overcome this limitation, we developed a simultaneous multiple gene detection method based on a giant amplicon molecular beacon. PCR was performed by attaching stem sequences with different Tm values to each primer set, and the melting Tm was measured by hybridizing the stem sequences at both ends of the amplified amplicon; this generated well-separated Tm signals. The important point here is that the stem sequence that produces the Tm signal is an arbitrarily selectable sequence unrelated to the target gene. Because it is arbitrarily selectable, the desired Tm can be freely adjusted. As a result, we succeeded in the simultaneous detection of four samples with the use of only one fluorophore. Theoretically, a combination of five fluorophores could detect more than 20 multiple genes simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kongju National University, 56, Gongjudaehak-ro, Gongju-si, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhye Moon
- Research Institute, Sejong Medical Co. Ltd., 11, Sinchon 2-ro, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10880, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kongju National University, 56, Gongjudaehak-ro, Gongju-si, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
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11
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Gaillard B, Seguin C, Remy JS, Pons F, Lebeau L. Erufosine (ErPC3) Cationic Prodrugs as Dual Gene Delivery Reagents for Combined Antitumor Therapy. Chemistry 2019; 25:15662-15679. [PMID: 31549752 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen cationic prodrugs of the antitumor alkylphospholipid (APL) erufosine were rationally synthesized to provide original gene delivery reagents with improved cytotoxicity profile. The DNA complexation properties of these cationic lipids were determined and associated transfection rates were measured. Furthermore, the self-assembly properties of the pro-erufosine compounds were investigated and their critical aggregation concentration was determined. Their hydrolytic stability under pH conditions mimicking the extracellular environment and the late endosome milieu was measured. Hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity of the compounds were investigated. The results obtained in various cell lines demonstrate that the prodrugs of erufosine display antineoplastic activity similar to that of the parent antitumor drug but are not associated with hemolytic toxicity, which is a dose-limiting side effect of APLs and a major obstacle to their use in anticancer therapeutic regimen. Furthermore, by using lipoplexes prepared from a prodrug of erufosine and a plasmid DNA encoding a pro-apoptotic protein (TRAIL), evidence was provided for selective cytotoxicity towards tumor cells while nontumor cells were resistant. This study demonstrates that the combination approach involving well tolerated erufosine cationic prodrugs and cancer gene therapy holds significant promise in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Cendrine Seguin
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Serge Remy
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Françoise Pons
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Luc Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin-BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
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12
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Boada Y, Vignoni A, Alarcon-Ruiz I, Andreu-Vilarroig C, Monfort-Llorens R, Requena A, Picó J. Characterization of Gene Circuit Parts Based on Multiobjective Optimization by Using Standard Calibrated Measurements. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2653-2665. [PMID: 31269324 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Standardization and characterization of biological parts is necessary for the further development of bottom-up synthetic biology. Herein, an easy-to-use methodology that embodies both a calibration procedure and a multiobjective optimization approach is proposed to characterize biological parts. The calibration procedure generates values for specific fluorescence per cell expressed as standard units of molecules of equivalent fluorescein per particle. The use of absolute standard units enhances the characterization of model parameters for biological parts by bringing measurements and estimations results from different sources into a common domain, so they can be integrated and compared faithfully. The multiobjective optimization procedure exploits these concepts by estimating the values of the model parameters, which represent biological parts of interest, while considering a varied range of experimental and circuit contexts. Thus, multiobjective optimization provides a robust characterization of them. The proposed calibration and characterization methodology can be used as a guide for good practices in dry and wet laboratories; thus allowing not only portability between models, but is also useful for generating libraries of tested and well-characterized biological parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Boada
- Synthetic Biology and Biosystems Control Lab, I.U. de Automática e Informática Industrial (ai2), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,Centro Universitario EDEM, Escuela de Empresarios, La Marina de València, Muelle de la Aduana S/N, 46024, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vignoni
- Synthetic Biology and Biosystems Control Lab, I.U. de Automática e Informática Industrial (ai2), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iván Alarcon-Ruiz
- Synthetic Biology and Biosystems Control Lab, I.U. de Automática e Informática Industrial (ai2), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,Escuela Tècnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Andreu-Vilarroig
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roger Monfort-Llorens
- Synthetic Biology and Biosystems Control Lab, I.U. de Automática e Informática Industrial (ai2), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrián Requena
- Synthetic Biology and Biosystems Control Lab, I.U. de Automática e Informática Industrial (ai2), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,Escuela Tècnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Picó
- Synthetic Biology and Biosystems Control Lab, I.U. de Automática e Informática Industrial (ai2), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Budisa N, Schneider T. Expanding the DOPA Universe with Genetically Encoded, Mussel-Inspired Bioadhesives for Material Sciences and Medicine. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2163-2190. [PMID: 30830997 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Catechols are a biologically relevant group of aromatic diols that have attracted much attention as mediators of adhesion of "bio-glue" proteins in mussels of the genus Mytilus. These organisms use catechols in the form of the noncanonical amino acid l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) as a building block for adhesion proteins. The DOPA is generated post-translationally from tyrosine. Herein, we review the properties, natural occurrence, and reactivity of catechols in the design of bioinspired materials. We also provide a basic description of the mussel's attachment apparatus, the interplay between its different molecules that play a crucial role in adhesion, and the role of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of these proteins. Our focus is on the microbial production of mussel foot proteins with the aid of orthogonal translation systems (OTSs) and the use of genetic code engineering to solve some fundamental problems in the bioproduction of these bioadhesives and to expand their chemical space. The major limitation of bacterial expression systems is their intrinsic inability to introduce PTMs. OTSs have the potential to overcome these challenges by replacing canonical amino acids with noncanonical ones. In this way, PTM steps are circumvented while the genetically programmed precision of protein sequences is preserved. In addition, OTSs should enable spatiotemporal control over the complex adhesion process, because the catechol function can be masked by suitable chemical protection. Such caged residues can then be noninvasively unmasked by, for example, UV irradiation or thermal treatment. All of these features make OTSs based on genetic code engineering in reprogrammed microbial strains new and promising tools in bioinspired materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nediljko Budisa
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Strasse 10, Berlin, 10623, Germany.,Chair of Chemical Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Strasse 10, Berlin, 10623, Germany
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14
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Liu XD, Zhang Y, Wu MH, Ma ZG, Li NX, Zhang JJ, Cao H. [Recent advances on genuineness evaluation of Lingnan herbal drugs]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2019; 44:2185-2190. [PMID: 31359640 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190324.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chinese medicine is the traditional treasure of China nation. As the basis of Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) plays an important part for the development of Chinese medicine. Genuine medicinal materials with special characteristics of TCM growing in special ecological environment, is recognized as the high quality medicine. Research on genuineness evaluation of TCM is the key to ensure its clinical applications, efficacy and the process of modernization and internationalization for Chinese medicine. Lingnan region of China is situated in the tropical and subtropical zones, where there are rich geothermal and hydrothermal resources. The superior natural and geographic environment of Lingnan has given birth to a variety of native herbal drugs. And treating and preventing diseases with Lingnan herbal drugs has a long story. This study mainly evaluated the genuineness of Lingnan herbal drugs from the aspects of ecological factor, thegenetic information, the history, the culture, the clinical efficacy and the processing, and proposed a new idea to investigate the genuineness of TCM, aiming to provide a scientific basis for genuineness evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Dan Liu
- Lingnan Research Centre of Traditional Materia Medica, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Lingnan Research Centre of Traditional Materia Medica, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meng-Hua Wu
- Lingnan Research Centre of Traditional Materia Medica, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Ma
- Lingnan Research Centre of Traditional Materia Medica, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nan-Xin Li
- Lingnan Research Centre of Traditional Materia Medica, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jin-Ju Zhang
- Lingnan Research Centre of Traditional Materia Medica, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Lingnan Research Centre of Traditional Materia Medica, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China College of Pharmacy, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632, China
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15
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Yoshinaga N, Cho E, Koji K, Mochida Y, Naito M, Osada K, Kataoka K, Cabral H, Uchida S. Bundling mRNA Strands to Prepare Nano-Assemblies with Enhanced Stability Towards RNase for In Vivo Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11360-11363. [PMID: 31187576 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease (RNase)-mediated degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA) poses a huge obstruction to in vivo mRNA delivery. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to protect mRNA by structuring mRNA to prevent RNase attack through steric hinderance. Bundling of mRNA strands through hybridization of RNA oligonucleotide linkers allowed the preparation of mRNA nano-assemblies (R-NAs) comprised of 7.7 mRNA strands on average, mostly below 100 nm in diameter. R-NA formation boosted RNase stability by around 100-fold compared to naïve mRNA and preserved translational activity, allowing protein production. A mechanistic analysis suggests that an endogenous mRNA unwinding mechanism triggered by 5'-cap-dependent translation may induce selective R-NA dissociation intracellularly, leading to smooth translation. R-NAs showed efficient mRNA transfection in mouse brain, demonstrating the feasibility for in vivo administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshinaga
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Eol Cho
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyoko Koji
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuki Mochida
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Naito
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kensuke Osada
- National Institute of Radiological Science, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan.,Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
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16
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de Vries LE, May M. Virtual laboratory simulation in the education of laboratory technicians-motivation and study intensity. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2019; 47:257-262. [PMID: 30748084 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an evaluation of virtual laboratory simulation for educational use in the AP Degree Programme in Chemical and Biotechnical Science at University College Copenhagen in Denmark. The purpose was to test if, and how, virtual laboratory simulation could be applied to a practically oriented education such as the education of laboratory technicians-the aim being to motivate students and improve the education with new teaching tools. The study investigated how specific virtual lab simulation cases (Labster-cases) may stimulate motivation, study intensity, and learning among laboratory technician students. Altogether, 78 students evaluated different educational aspects of using virtual lab cases in relation to a 2-week course within gene technology. Overall, students were positive regarding the use of laboratory simulation as well as the specific cases tested. The study showed that virtual lab simulation seems to help laboratory technician students connect theory with practice and to visualize molecular processes as well as practical laboratory procedures and instrument techniques, however, it did also pose technical challenges. Furthermore, the study indicated that the use of virtual lab simulation cases can contribute to increased study activity as well as motivation. The overall conclusion of this study was that virtual lab simulation is an effective supplement to traditional teaching activities for the education of lab technicians. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(3):257-262, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Elvira de Vries
- Department of Technological Educations, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 2200
| | - Michael May
- Department of Design and Communication, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark 6000
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17
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Abstract
Precise editing of the genome of a living body is a goal pursued by scientists in many fields. In recent years, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) genome-editing systems have become a revolutionary toolbox for gene editing across various species. However, the low transfection efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo is a big obstacle hindering wide and deep application. In this review, recently developed delivery strategies for various CRISPR/Cas9 formulations and their applications in treating gene-related diseases are briefly summarized. This review should inspire others to explore more efficient strategies for CRISPR system delivery and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenfu Zheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bing Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, TianHe District, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology, CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center of Excellence for Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088 Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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18
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Jun S, Lim H, Jang H, Lee W, Ahn J, Lee JH, Bang D. Straightforward Delivery of Linearized Double-Stranded DNA Encoding sgRNA and Donor DNA for the Generation of Single Nucleotide Variants Based on the CRISPR/Cas9 System. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1651-1659. [PMID: 29924933 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing requires delivery of a guide RNA sequence and donor DNA for targeted homologous recombination. Typically, single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide, serving as the donor template, and a plasmid encoding guide RNA are delivered as two separate components. However, in the multiplexed generation of single nucleotide variants, this two-component delivery system is limited by difficulty of delivering a matched pair of sgRNA and donor DNA to the target cell. Here, we describe a novel codelivery system called "sgR-DNA" that uses a linearized double-stranded DNA consisting of donor DNA component and a component encoding sgRNA. Our sgR-DNA-based method is simple to implement because it does not require cloning steps. We also report the potential of our delivery system to generate multiplex genomic substitutions in Escherichia coli and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeong Jun
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseob Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Duhee Bang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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19
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Kok J, van Gijtenbeek LA, de Jong A, van der Meulen SB, Solopova A, Kuipers OP. The Evolution of gene regulation research in Lactococcus lactis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:S220-S243. [PMID: 28830093 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is a major microbe. This lactic acid bacterium (LAB) is used worldwide in the production of safe, healthy, tasteful and nutritious milk fermentation products. Its huge industrial importance has led to an explosion of research on the organism, particularly since the early 1970s. The upsurge in the research on L. lactis coincided not accidentally with the advent of recombinant DNA technology in these years. The development of methods to take out and re-introduce DNA in L. lactis, to clone genes and to mutate the chromosome in a targeted way, to control (over)expression of proteins and, ultimately, the availability of the nucleotide sequence of its genome and the use of that information in transcriptomics and proteomics research have enabled to peek deep into the functioning of the organism. Among many other things, this has provided an unprecedented view of the major gene regulatory pathways involved in nitrogen and carbon metabolism and their overlap, and has led to the blossoming of the field of L. lactis systems biology. All of these advances have made L. lactis the paradigm of the LAB. This review will deal with the exciting path along which the research on the genetics of and gene regulation in L. lactis has trodden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke A van Gijtenbeek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd B van der Meulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Solopova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
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20
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Yu D, Zhong Y, Li X, Li Y, Li X, Cao J, Fan Z, Fan H, Yuan L, Xu B, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Ji Z, Wen JG, Zhang M, Nesland JM, Suo Z. Generation of TALEN-mediated FH knockout rat model. Oncotarget 2016; 7:61656-69. [PMID: 27556703 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are valuable tools for precise genome engineering of laboratory animals. Here we utilized this technique for efficient site-specific gene modification to create a fumarate hydratase (FH) gene knockout rat model, in which there was an 11 base-pair deletion in the first exon of the FH gene in 111 rats. 18 live-born targeted mutation offsprings were produced from 80 injected zygotes with 22.5% efficiency, indicating high TALEN knockout success in rat zygots. Only heterozygous deletion was observed in the offsprings. Sixteen pairs of heterozygous FH knockout (FH+/−) rats were arranged for mating experiments for six months without any homozygous KO rat identified. Sequencing from the pregnant rats embryo samples showed no homozygous FH KO, indicating that homozygous FH KO is embryonically lethal. Comparatively, the litter size was decreased in both male and female FH+/− KO rats. There was no behaviour difference between the FH+/− KO and the control rats except that the FH+/− KO male rats showed significantly higher body weight in the 16-week observation period. Clinical haematology and biochemical examinations showed hematopoietic and kidney dysfunction in the FH+/− KO rats. Small foci of anaplastic lesions of tubular epithelial cells around glomeruli were identified in the FH+/− kidney, and these anaplastic cells were comparatively positive for Ki67, p53 and Sox9, and such findings are most probably related to the kidney dysfunction reflected by the biochemical examinations of the rats. In conclusion, we have successfully established an FH+/− KO rat model, which will be useful for further functional FH studies.
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21
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Wang J, Li X, Lu C, Shen Y. Diversity of Polyketide Chains Achieved by Deleting the Tailoring Genes in the Biosynthesis of Ansatrienins. Chembiochem 2018; 19:256-262. [PMID: 29193538 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ast gene cluster (GenBank accession numbers KF813023.1 and KP284551) was characterized to be responsible for the biosynthesis of ansatrienins in Streptomyces sp. XZQH13, which contains astC, astF1, and astF2 genes involved in the assembly of the N-cyclohexanoyl d-alanyl side chain and the hydroxylation of C-19, respectively. Further to investigating the biosynthetic mechanism of ansatrienins, herein we constructed the mutant strains XZQH13OEΔastF2 and XZQH13OEΔastCΔastF2. Three new ansatrienin analogues, namely, ansatrienols I-K (1-3), along with trienomycinol (4) and 3-O-demethyltrienomycinol (5), were isolated from the XZQH13OEΔastCΔastF2 strain, and trienomycin A (6) and trienomycin G (7) were isolated from the XZQH13OEΔastF2 strain. Their structures were determined by a combination of high-resolution MS (ESI) and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Accordingly, a pathway for the biosynthesis of these new ansatrienins was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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22
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Sharma V, Zeng Y, Wang WW, Qiao Y, Kurra Y, Liu WR. Evolving the N-Terminal Domain of Pyrrolysyl-tRNA Synthetase for Improved Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids. Chembiochem 2017; 19:26-30. [PMID: 29096043 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
By evolving the N-terminal domain of Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) that directly interacts with tRNAPyl , a mutant clone displaying improved amber-suppression efficiency for the genetic incorporation of Nϵ -(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-lysine threefold more than the wild type was identified. The identified mutations were R19H/H29R/T122S. Direct transfer of these mutations to two other PylRS mutants that were previously evolved for the genetic incorporation of Nϵ -acetyl-l-lysine and Nϵ -(4-azidobenzoxycarbonyl)-l-δ,ϵ-dehydrolysine also improved the incorporation efficiency of these two noncanonical amino acids. As the three identified mutations were found in the N-terminal domain of PylRS that was separated from its catalytic domain for charging tRNAPyl with a noncanonical amino acid, they could potentially be introduced to all other PylRS mutants to improve the incorporation efficiency of their corresponding noncanonical amino acids. Therefore, it represents a general strategy to optimize the pyrrolysine incorporation system-based noncanonical amino-acid mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangmayee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - W Wesley Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuchen Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yadagiri Kurra
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wenshe R Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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23
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He K, Chou ET, Begay S, Anderson EM, van Brabant Smith A. Conjugation and Evaluation of Triazole-Linked Single Guide RNA for CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1809-1812. [PMID: 27441384 PMCID: PMC5096024 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system requires Cas9 endonuclease and guide RNAs (either the natural dual RNA consisting of crRNA and tracrRNA or a chimeric single guide RNA) that direct site-specific double-stranded DNA cleavage. This communication describes a click ligation approach that uses alkyne-azide cycloaddition to generate a triazole-linked single guide RNA (sgRNA). The conjugated sgRNA shows efficient and comparable genome editing activity to natural dual RNA and unmodified sgRNA constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhang He
- GE Healthcare Dharmacon Inc., 2650 Crescent Drive, Suite 100, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA
| | - Eldon T Chou
- GE Healthcare Dharmacon Inc., 2650 Crescent Drive, Suite 100, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA
| | - Shawn Begay
- GE Healthcare Dharmacon Inc., 2650 Crescent Drive, Suite 100, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA
| | - Emily M Anderson
- GE Healthcare Dharmacon Inc., 2650 Crescent Drive, Suite 100, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA
| | - Anja van Brabant Smith
- GE Healthcare Dharmacon Inc., 2650 Crescent Drive, Suite 100, Lafayette, CO, 80026, USA.
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24
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Jain PK, Ramanan V, Schepers AG, Dalvie NS, Panda A, Fleming HE, Bhatia SN. Development of Light-Activated CRISPR Using Guide RNAs with Photocleavable Protectors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12440-4. [PMID: 27554600 PMCID: PMC5864249 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to remotely trigger CRISPR/Cas9 activity would enable new strategies to study cellular events with greater precision and complexity. In this work, we have developed a method to photocage the activity of the guide RNA called "CRISPR-plus" (CRISPR-precise light-mediated unveiling of sgRNAs). The photoactivation capability of our CRISPR-plus method is compatible with the simultaneous targeting of multiple DNA sequences and supports numerous modifications that can enable guide RNA labeling for use in imaging and mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush K Jain
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vyas Ramanan
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Arnout G Schepers
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nisha S Dalvie
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Apekshya Panda
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Heather E Fleming
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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25
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Pietralik Z, Skrzypczak A, Kozak M. Dicationic Surfactants with Glycine Counter Ions for Oligonucleotide Transportation. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2424-33. [PMID: 27214208 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gemini surfactants are good candidates to bind, protect, and deliver nucleic acids. Herein, the concept of amino acids (namely glycine) as counter ions of gemini surfactants for gene therapy application was explored. This study was conducted on DNA and RNA oligomers and two quaternary bis-imidazolium salts, having 2,5-dioxahexane and 2,8-dioxanonane spacer groups. The toxicity level of surfactants was assessed by an MTT assay, and their ability to bind nucleic acids was tested through electrophoresis. The nucleic acid conformation was established based on circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopic analyses. The structures of the formed complexes were characterized by small-angle scattering of synchrotron radiation. Both studied surfactants appear to be suitable for gene therapy; however, although they vary by only three methylene groups in the spacer, they differ in binding ability and toxicity. The tested oligonucleotides maintained their native conformations upon surfactant addition and the studied lipoplexes formed a variety of structures. In systems based on a 2,5-dioxahexane spacer, a hexagonal phase was observed for DNA-surfactant complexes and a micellar phase was dominant with RNA. For the surfactant with a 2,8-dioxanonane spacer group, the primitive cubic phase prevailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Pietralik
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Skrzypczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland. .,Joint Laboratory for SAXS Studies, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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26
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Katayama S, Moriguchi T, Ohtsu N, Kondo T. A Powerful CRISPR/Cas9-Based Method for Targeted Transcriptional Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6452-6. [PMID: 27079176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeted transcriptional activation of endogenous genes is important for understanding physiological transcriptional networks, synthesizing genetic circuits, and inducing cellular phenotype changes. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has great potential to achieve this purpose, however, it has not yet been successfully used to efficiently activate endogenous genes and induce changes in cellular phenotype. A powerful method for transcriptional activation by using CRISPR/Cas9 was developed. Replacement of a methylated promoter with an unmethylated one by CRISPR/Cas9 was sufficient to activate the expression of the neural cell gene OLIG2 and the embryonic stem cell gene NANOG in HEK293T cells. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9-based OLIG2 activation induced the embryonic carcinoma cell line NTERA-2 to express the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Katayama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Moriguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.
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27
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Kim T, Folcher M, Doaud-El Baba M, Fussenegger M. A synthetic erectile optogenetic stimulator enabling blue-light-inducible penile erection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5933-8. [PMID: 25788334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Precise spatiotemporal control of physiological processes by optogenetic devices inspired by synthetic biology may provide novel treatment opportunities for gene- and cell-based therapies. An erectile optogenetic stimulator (EROS), a synthetic designer guanylate cyclase producing a blue-light-inducible surge of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in mammalian cells, enabled blue-light-dependent penile erection associated with occasional ejaculation after illumination of EROS-transfected corpus cavernosum in male rats. Photostimulated short-circuiting of complex psychological, neural, vascular, and endocrine factors to stimulate penile erection in the absence of sexual arousal may foster novel advances in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeuk Kim
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, CH-4058 Basel (Switzerland)
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28
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Valkonen JP. Elucidation of virus-host interactions to enhance resistance breeding for control of virus diseases in potato. Breed Sci 2015; 65:69-76. [PMID: 25931981 PMCID: PMC4374565 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) and Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) are viruses whose geographical distribution is expanding and economic losses are increasing, in contrast to most of other viruses infecting potato crops. Most potato cultivars lack broad-spectrum resistance to the new, genetically complex strains of PVY, and no efficient resistance to PMTV is known in potato. Control of the vectors of these viruses is not an efficient or possible strategy to prevent infections. Studies on molecular virus-host interactions can discover plant genes that are important to viral infection or antiviral defence. Both types of genes may be utilized in resistance breeding, which is discussed in this paper. The advanced gene technologies provide means to fortify potato cultivars with effective virus resistance genes or mutated, non-functional host factors that interfere with virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari P.T. Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences,
P O Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki,
Finland
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29
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Puchta H, Fauser F. Synthetic nucleases for genome engineering in plants: prospects for a bright future. Plant J 2014; 78:727-41. [PMID: 24112784 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
By inducing double-strand breaks (DSB), it is possible to initiate DNA recombination. For a long time, it was not possible to use DSB induction for efficient genome engineering due to the lack of a means to target DSBs to specific sites. This limitation was overcome by development of modified meganucleases and synthetic DNA-binding domains. Domains derived from zinc-finger transcription factors or transcription activator-like effectors may be designed to recognize almost any DNA sequence. By fusing these domains to the endonuclease domains of a class II restriction enzyme, an active endonuclease dimer may be formed that introduces a site-specific DSB. Recent studies demonstrate that gene knockouts via non-homologous end joining or gene modification via homologous recombination are becoming routine in many plant species. By creating a single genomic DSB, complete knockout of a gene, sequence-specific integration of foreign DNA or subtle modification of individual amino acids in a specific protein domain may be achieved. The induction of two or more DSBs allows complex genomic rearrangements such as deletions, inversions or the exchange of chromosome arms. The potential for controlled genome engineering in plants is tremendous. The recently discovered RNA-based CRISPR/Cas system, a new tool to induce multiple DSBs, and sophisticated technical applications, such as the in planta gene targeting system, are further steps in this development. At present, the focus remains on engineering of single genes; in the future, engineering of whole genomes will become an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Puchta
- Botanical Institute II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 6980, Karlsruhe, 76049, Germany
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30
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Cao J, Arha M, Sudrik C, Schaffer DV, Kane RS. Bidirectional regulation of mRNA translation in mammalian cells by using PUF domains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4900-4. [PMID: 24677733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is crucial in diverse areas of biological science, engineering, and medicine. A genetically encoded system based on the RNA binding domain of the Pumilio and FBF (PUF) proteins was developed for the bidirectional regulation (i.e., either upregulation or downregulation) of the translation of a target mRNA. PUF domains serve as designable scaffolds for the recognition of specific RNA elements and the specificity can be easily altered to target any 8-nucleotide RNA sequence. The expression of a reporter could be varied by over 17-fold when using PUF-based activators and repressors. The specificity of the method was established by using wild-type and mutant PUF domains. Furthermore, this method could be used to activate the translation of target mRNA downstream of PUF binding sites in a light-dependent manner. Such specific bidirectional control of mRNA translation could be particularly useful in the fields of synthetic biology, developmental biology, and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 (USA)
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31
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Abstract
Click DNA ligation promises an alternative to the current enzymatic approaches for DNA assembly, with the ultimate goal of using efficient chemical reactions for the total chemical synthesis and assembly of genes and genomes. Such an approach would enable the incorporation of various chemically modified bases throughout long stretches of DNA, a feat not possible with current polymerase-based methods. An unequivocal requirement for this approach is the biocompatibility of the resulting triazole-linked DNA. The correct function of this unnatural DNA linker in human cells is demonstrated here by using a click-linked gene encoding the fluorescent protein mCherry. Reverse transcription of mRNA isolated from these cells and subsequent sequencing of the mCherry cDNA shows error-free transcription. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is shown to not play a role in the observed biocompatibility by using a NER-deficient human cell line. This is the first example of a non-natural DNA linker being functional in a eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Birts
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD (UK)
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32
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Ferner-Ortner-Bleckmann J, Gelbmann N, Tesarz M, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB. Surface-layer lattices as patterning element for multimeric extremozymes. Small 2013; 9:3887-3894. [PMID: 23757161 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A promising new approach for the production of biocatalysts comprises the use of surface-layer (S-layer) lattices that present functional multimeric enzymes on their surface, thereby guaranteeing most accurate spatial distribution and orientation, as well as maximal effectiveness and stability of these enzymes. For proof of concept, a tetrameric and a trimeric extremozyme are chosen for the construction of S-layer/extremozyme fusion proteins. By using a flexible peptide linker, either one monomer of the tetrameric xylose isomerase XylA from the thermophilic Thermoanaerobacterium strain JW/SL-YS 489 or, in another approach, one monomer of the trimeric carbonic anhydrase from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila are genetically linked to one monomer of the S-layer protein SbpA of Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177. After isolation and purification, the self-assembly properties of both S-layer fusion proteins as well as the specific activity of the fused enzymes are confirmed, thus indicating that the S-layer protein moiety does not influence the nature of the multimeric enzymes and vice versa. By recrystallization of the S-layer/extremozyme fusion proteins on solid supports, the active enzyme multimers are exposed on the surface of the square S-layer lattice with 13.1 nm spacing.
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Krishnakumar R, Prat L, Aerni HR, Ling J, Merryman C, Glass JI, Rinehart J, Söll D. Transfer RNA misidentification scrambles sense codon recoding. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1967-72. [PMID: 24000185 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sense codon recoding is the basis for genetic code expansion with more than two different noncanonical amino acids. It requires an unused (or rarely used) codon, and an orthogonal tRNA synthetase:tRNA pair with the complementary anticodon. The Mycoplasma capricolum genome contains just six CGG arginine codons, without a dedicated tRNA(Arg). We wanted to reassign this codon to pyrrolysine by providing M. capricolum with pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase, a synthetic tRNA with a CCG anticodon (tRNA(Pyl)(CCG)), and the genes for pyrrolysine biosynthesis. Here we show that tRNA(Pyl)(CCG) is efficiently recognized by the endogenous arginyl-tRNA synthetase, presumably at the anticodon. Mass spectrometry revealed that in the presence of tRNA(Pyl)(CCG), CGG codons are translated as arginine. This result is not unexpected as most tRNA synthetases use the anticodon as a recognition element. The data suggest that tRNA misidentification by endogenous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases needs to be overcome for sense codon recoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Krishnakumar
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 (USA)
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34
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Rahnamaeian M. Antimicrobial peptides: modes of mechanism, modulation of defense responses. Plant Signal Behav 2011; 6:1325-32. [PMID: 21847025 PMCID: PMC3258061 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Complicated schemes of classical breeding and their drawbacks, environmental risks imposed by agrochemicals, decrease of arable land, and coincident escalating damages of pests and pathogens have accentuated the necessity for highly efficient measures to improve crop protection. During co-evolution of host-microbe interactions, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have exhibited a brilliant history in protecting host organisms against devastation by invading pathogens. Since the 1980s, a plethora of AMPs has been isolated from and characterized in different organisms. Nevertheless the AMPs expressed in plants render them more resistant to diverse pathogens, a more orchestrated approach based on knowledge of their mechanisms of action and cellular targets, structural toxic principle, and possible impact on immune system of corresponding transgenic plants will considerably improve crop protection strategies against harmful plant diseases. This review outlines the current knowledge on different modes of action of AMPs and then argues the waves of AMPs’ ectopic expression on transgenic plants’ immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rahnamaeian
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungjung Chou
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204 (USA), Fax: (+1)919-515-5079
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204 (USA), Fax: (+1)919-515-5079
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36
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Jones SP, Pavan GM, Danani A, Pricl S, Smith DK. Quantifying the effect of surface ligands on dendron-DNA interactions: insights into multivalency through a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Chemistry 2010; 16:4519-32. [PMID: 20235240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, DNA binding ability and preliminary gene delivery profiles of dendrons with different amine surface groups, 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), N,N-di-(3-aminopropyl)-N-(methyl)amine (DAPMA) and spermine (SPM). By using a combination of ethidium bromide displacement, gel electrophoresis and transfection assays, it is shown that the dendrons with SPM groups are the most effective DNA binders, while the DAPMA-functionalised dendrons were the most effective systems for gene delivery (although the gene delivery profiles were still modest). In order to provide deeper insight into the experimental data, we performed a molecular dynamics simulation of the interactions between the dendrons and DNA. The results of these simulations demonstrated that, in general terms, the enthalpic contribution to binding was roughly proportional to the dendron surface charge, but that dendrons with DAP (and DAPMA) surface amines had significant entropic costs of binding to DNA. In the case of DAP, this is a consequence of the fact that the entire dendron structure has to be organised in order for each individual monoamine charge to make effective contact with DNA. For SPM, however, each surface ligand is already a multivalent triamine, therefore, each individual charge has a much lower entropic cost of binding. For DAPMA, we observed that strong binding of the hindered tertiary amine to the DNA double helix led to ligand back-folding and significant geometric distortion of DNA. Although this weakens the overall binding, we suggest that this distortion might be an explanation for the experimentally observed enhanced gene delivery, in which DNA compaction is an important step. Overall, this paper demonstrates how structure-activity relationships can be developed for multivalent dendritic ligands and provides insights into the thermodynamics of multivalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD (UK), Fax: (+44) 1904 432516
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