1
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Abstract
Spirocyclic scaffolds are incorporated in various approved drugs and drug candidates. The increasing interest in less planar bioactive compounds has given rise to the development of synthetic methodologies for the preparation of spirocyclic scaffolds. In this Perspective, we summarize the diverse synthetic routes to obtain spirocyclic systems. The impact of spirocycles on potency and selectivity, including the aspect of stereochemistry, is discussed. Furthermore, we examine the changes in physicochemical properties as well as in in vitro and in vivo ADME using selected studies that compare spirocyclic compounds to their nonspirocyclic counterparts. In conclusion, the value of spirocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hiesinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Ramesh R, Reddy DS. Quest for Novel Chemical Entities through Incorporation of Silicon in Drug Scaffolds. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3779-3798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Ramesh
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 025, India
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3
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Abstract
Application of silyl functionalities is one of the most promising strategies among various ‘elements chemistry’ approaches for the development of novel and distinctive drug candidates. Replacement of one or more carbon atoms of various biologically active compounds with silicon (so-called sila-substitution) has been intensively studied for decades, and is often effective for alteration of activity profile and improvement of metabolic profile. In addition to simple C/Si exchange, several novel approaches for utilizing silicon in medicinal chemistry have been suggested in recent years, focusing on the intrinsic differences between silicon and carbon. Sila-substitution offers great potential for enlarging the chemical space of medicinal chemistry, and provides many options for structural development of drug candidates.
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4
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Ahmad M, Gaumont AC, Durandetti M, Maddaluno J. Direct Syn
Addition of Two Silicon Atoms to a C≡C Triple Bond by Si−Si Bond Activation: Access to Reactive Disilylated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2464-2468. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Ahmad
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université; UNICAEN; ENSICAEN, CNRS, LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
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5
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Ahmad M, Gaumont AC, Durandetti M, Maddaluno J. Direct Syn
Addition of Two Silicon Atoms to a C≡C Triple Bond by Si−Si Bond Activation: Access to Reactive Disilylated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Ahmad
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université; UNICAEN; ENSICAEN, CNRS, LCMT (UMR 6507 & FR 3038); 14000 Caen France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Normandie Université; UNIROUEN; INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014 & FR 3038); 76000 Rouen France
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6
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Yoshioka S, Fujii Y, Tsujino H, Uno T, Fujioka H, Arisawa M. One-pot enyne metathesis/Diels–Alder/oxidation to six-membered silacycles with a multi-ring core: discovery of novel fluorophores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5970-5973. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02788e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-pot enyne metathesis/Diels–Alder/oxidation methodology was developed to give fluorescent six-membered silacycle with multi-ring core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Tadayuki Uno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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7
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Mistico L, Querolle O, Meerpoel L, Angibaud P, Durandetti M, Maddaluno J. Access to Silylated Pyrazole Derivatives by Palladium-Catalyzed C−H Activation of a TMS group. Chemistry 2016; 22:9687-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Mistico
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ. Rouen; INSA Rouen; 76821 Mt St Aignan Cedex France
| | - Olivier Querolle
- Janssen Research & Development; Division of Janssen-Cilag, Chaussée du Vexin, BP615; 27106 Val de Reuil France
| | - Lieven Meerpoel
- Janssen Research & Development; Division of Janssen-Cilag, Chaussée du Vexin, BP615; 27106 Val de Reuil France
| | - Patrick Angibaud
- Janssen Research & Development; Division of Janssen-Cilag, Chaussée du Vexin, BP615; 27106 Val de Reuil France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ. Rouen; INSA Rouen; 76821 Mt St Aignan Cedex France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- Laboratoire COBRA, CNRS UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ. Rouen; INSA Rouen; 76821 Mt St Aignan Cedex France
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8
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Geyer M, Baus JA, Fjellström O, Wellner E, Gustafsson L, Tacke R. Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of Silicon-Containing GPR81 and GPR109A Agonists. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:2063-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Geyer
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Johannes A. Baus
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ola Fjellström
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal; CVMD Innovative Medicines; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Eric Wellner
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal; CVMD Innovative Medicines; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Linda Gustafsson
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal; CVMD Innovative Medicines; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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9
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Geyer M, Wellner E, Jurva U, Saloman S, Armstrong D, Tacke R. Can Silicon Make an Excellent Drug Even Better? An in vitro and in vivo Head-to-Head Comparison between Loperamide and Its Silicon Analogue Sila-Loperamide. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:911-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Luger P, Dittrich B, Tacke R. Invariom based electron density studies on the C/Si analogues haloperidol/sila-haloperidol and venlafaxine/sila-venlafaxine. Org Biomol Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00728c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hirshfeld surfaces of haloperidol hydropicrate (left) and sila-haloperidol hydrochloride (right) show comparable sites of ED concentrations due to comparable intermolecular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Luger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische Chemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institut für Angewandte und Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Hamburg
- D-20146 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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11
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Dörrich S, Gelis L, Wolf S, Sunderkötter A, Mahler C, Guschina E, Tacke R, Hatt H, Kraft P. Comparative Analysis of the Olfactory Properties of Silicon/Germanium/Tin Analogues of the Lily-of-the-Valley Odorants Lilial and Bourgeonal. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Fischer M, Burschka C, Tacke R. Synthesis of 4-Silacyclohexan-1-ones and (4-Silacyclohexan-1-yl)amines Containing the Silicon Protecting Groups MOP (4-Methoxyphenyl), DMOP (2,4-Dimethoxyphenyl), or TMOP (2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl): Versatile Si- and C-Functional Building Blocks for Synthesis. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om401208y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fischer
- Institut
für Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Burschka
- Institut
für Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Institut
für Anorganische
Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Fischer M, Tacke R. Synthesis of 4-Silapiperidine Building Blocks with N–H Groups Using the Staudinger Reaction. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400873w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fischer
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Luger P, Weber M, Hübschle C, Tacke R. Electron densities of bexarotene and disila-bexarotene from invariom application: a comparative study. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2348-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27346f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Ouyang K, Liang Y, Xi Z. Construction of Benzosiloles, Six- and Eight-Membered Silacyclic Skeletons, via a Pd-Catalyzed Intramolecular Mizoroki–Heck Reaction of Vinylsilanes. Org Lett 2012; 14:4572-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunbing Ouyang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), and Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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16
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Dörrich S, Falgner S, Schweeberg S, Burschka C, Brodin P, Wissing BM, Basta B, Schell P, Bauer U, Tacke R. Silicon-Containing Dipeptidic Aspartame and Neotame Analogues. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300442e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Dörrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,
Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Falgner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,
Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Schweeberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,
Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Burschka
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,
Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Brodin
- AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, S-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Babro Basta
- AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, S-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Schell
- AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, S-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Udo Bauer
- AstraZeneca, R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, S-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Reinhold Tacke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg,
Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Gluyas JBG, Burschka C, Dörrich S, Vallet J, Gronemeyer H, Tacke R. Disila-analogues of the synthetic retinoids EC23 and TTNN: synthesis, structure and biological evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6914-29. [PMID: 22814352 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25989c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Silicon chemistry offers the potential to tune the effects of biologically active organic molecules. Subtle changes in the molecular backbone caused by the exchange of a carbon atom for a silicon atom (sila-substitution) can significantly alter the biological properties. In this study, the biological effects of a two-fold sila-substitution in the synthetic retinoids EC23 (4-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylethynyl)benzoic acid (4a)) and TTNN (6-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2-naphthoic acid (7a)) as well as their corresponding analogues with an indane instead of a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene skeleton (compounds 5a and 8a) were investigated. Two-fold C/Si exchange in 4a, 5a, 7a and 8a leads to the silicon-analogues disila-EC23 (4b), 5b, disila-TTNN (7b) and 8b, which contain a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-disilanaphthalene (4b, 7b) or 1,3-disilaindane skeleton (5b, 8b). Exchange of the SiCH(2)Si moiety of 5b for an SiOSi fragment leads to the disiloxane 6 (2-oxa-1,3-disilaindane skeleton). The EC23 derivative 5a, the TTNN derivative 8a and the silicon-containing analogues 4b, 5b, 6, 7b and 8b were synthesised, and the biological properties of the C/Si pairs 4a/4b, 5a/5b, 7a/7b and 8a/8b and compound 6 were evaluated in vivo using RAR isotype-selective reporter cells. EC23 (4a) and its derivatives disila-EC23 (4b), 5a, 5b and 6 are very potent RAR agonists, which are even more potent than the powerful reference compound TTNPB. Disila-substitution of EC23 (4a) and 5a leads to a moderate decrease in RARα activation, whereas the RARβ,γ activation is almost not affected. In contrast, two-fold C/Si exchange in the weak retinoid agonist TTNN (7a) and 8a resulted in considerably different effects: a significant increase (7a→7b) and almost no change (8a→8b) in transcription activation potential for all three RAR isotypes. Disila-TTNN (7b) can be regarded as a powerful RARβ,γ-selective retinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef B G Gluyas
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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18
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François C, Boddaert T, Durandetti M, Querolle O, Van Hijfte L, Meerpoel L, Angibaud P, Maddaluno J. Intramolecular Sila-Matteson Rearrangement: A General Access to Silylated Heterocycles. Org Lett 2012; 14:2074-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300598s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril François
- CNRS UMR 6014 “COBRA” & FR 3038 “INC3M”, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen, Campus de Maigremont, BP615, 27106 Val de Reuil, France
| | - Thomas Boddaert
- CNRS UMR 6014 “COBRA” & FR 3038 “INC3M”, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen, Campus de Maigremont, BP615, 27106 Val de Reuil, France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- CNRS UMR 6014 “COBRA” & FR 3038 “INC3M”, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen, Campus de Maigremont, BP615, 27106 Val de Reuil, France
| | - Olivier Querolle
- CNRS UMR 6014 “COBRA” & FR 3038 “INC3M”, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen, Campus de Maigremont, BP615, 27106 Val de Reuil, France
| | - Luc Van Hijfte
- CNRS UMR 6014 “COBRA” & FR 3038 “INC3M”, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen, Campus de Maigremont, BP615, 27106 Val de Reuil, France
| | - Lieven Meerpoel
- CNRS UMR 6014 “COBRA” & FR 3038 “INC3M”, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen, Campus de Maigremont, BP615, 27106 Val de Reuil, France
| | - Patrick Angibaud
- CNRS UMR 6014 “COBRA” & FR 3038 “INC3M”, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen, Campus de Maigremont, BP615, 27106 Val de Reuil, France
| | - Jacques Maddaluno
- CNRS UMR 6014 “COBRA” & FR 3038 “INC3M”, Université de Rouen and INSA de Rouen, 76821 Mont St. Aignan Cedex, France, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen, Campus de Maigremont, BP615, 27106 Val de Reuil, France
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