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Replacement of l-Amino Acids by d-Amino Acids in the Antimicrobial Peptide Ranalexin and Its Consequences for Antimicrobial Activity and Biodistribution. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162987. [PMID: 31426494 PMCID: PMC6720431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are a global emerging problem. New antibiotics that rely on innovative modes of action are urgently needed. Ranalexin is a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced in the skin of the American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. Despite strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, ranalexin shows disadvantages such as poor pharmacokinetics. To tackle these problems, a ranalexin derivative consisting exclusively of d-amino acids (named danalexin) was synthesized and compared to the original ranalexin for its antimicrobial potential and its biodistribution properties in a rat model. Danalexin showed improved biodistribution with an extended retention in the organisms of Wistar rats when compared to ranalexin. While ranalexin is rapidly cleared from the body, danalexin is retained primarily in the kidneys. Remarkably, both peptides showed strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 4 and 16 mg/L (1.9–7.6 µM). Moreover, both peptides showed lower antimicrobial activities with MICs ≥32 mg/L (≥15.2 µM) against further Gram-negative bacteria. The preservation of antimicrobial activity proves that the configuration of the amino acids does not affect the anticipated mechanism of action, namely pore formation.
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Synthetic Cystine-Knot Miniproteins - Valuable Scaffolds for Polypeptide Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 917:121-44. [PMID: 27236555 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Peptides with the cystine-knot architecture, often termed knottins, are promising scaffolds for biomolecular engineering. These unique molecules combine diverse bioactivities with excellent structural, thermal, and proteolytical stability. Being different in the composition and structure of their amino acid backbone, knottins share the same core element, namely cystine knot, which is built by six cysteine residues forming three disulfides upon oxidative folding. This motif ensures a notably rigid framework that highly tolerates both rational and combinatorial changes in the primary structure. Being accessible through recombinant production and total chemical synthesis, cystine-knot miniproteins can be endowed with novel bioactivities by variation of surface-exposed loops and incorporation of non-natural elements within their non-conserved regions towards the generation of tailor-made peptidic compounds. In this chapter the topology of cystine-knot peptides, their synthesis and applications for diagnostics and therapy is discussed.
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Gori A, Wang CIA, Harvey PJ, Rosengren KJ, Bhola RF, Gelmi ML, Longhi R, Christie MJ, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF, Brust A. Stabilisierung eines cysteinreichen Kegelschneckentoxins, MrIA, in Form eines 1,2,3-Triazol-Disulfidbrückenmimetikums. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gori A, Wang CIA, Harvey PJ, Rosengren KJ, Bhola RF, Gelmi ML, Longhi R, Christie MJ, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF, Brust A. Stabilization of the Cysteine-Rich Conotoxin MrIA by Using a 1,2,3-Triazole as a Disulfide Bond Mimetic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1361-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lindgren J, Eriksson Karlström A. Intramolecular thioether crosslinking of therapeutic proteins to increase proteolytic stability. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2132-8. [PMID: 25204725 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based pharmaceuticals typically display high selectivity and low toxicity, but are also characterized by low oral availability, mainly because of enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and poor permeability across the intestinal wall. One way to increase the proteolytic stability of peptides and proteins is by intramolecular crosslinking, such as the introduction of disulfide bridges. However, disulfide bridges are at risk of thiol-disulfide exchange or reduction during production, purification, and/or therapeutic use, whereas thioether bridges are expected to be stable under the same conditions. In this study, thioether crosslinking was investigated for a 46 aa albumin-binding domain (ABD) derived from streptococcal protein G. ABD binds with high affinity to human serum albumin (HSA) and has been proposed as a fusion partner to increase the in vivo half-lives of therapeutic proteins. In the study, five ABD variants with single or double intramolecular thioether bridges were designed and synthesized. The binding affinity, secondary structure, and thermal stability of each protein was investigated by SPR-based biosensor analysis and CD spectroscopy. The proteolytic stability in the presence of the major intestinal proteases pepsin (found in the stomach) and trypsin in combination with chymotrypsin (found in pancreatin secreted to the duodenum by the pancreas) was also investigated. The most promising crosslinked variant, ABD_CL1, showed high thermal stability, retained high affinity in binding to HSA, and showed dramatically increased stability in the presence of pepsin and trypsin/chymotrypsin, compared to the ABD reference protein. This suggests that the intramolecular thioether crosslinking strategy can be used to increase the stability towards gastrointestinal enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Lindgren
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Division of Protein Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm (Sweden)
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Rana S, Nissen F, Lindner T, Altmann A, Mier W, Debus J, Haberkorn U, Askoxylakis V. Screening of a Novel Peptide Targeting the Proteoglycan-Like Region of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Mol Imaging 2013; 12. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2013.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Rana
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Nissen
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindner
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Altmann
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Debus
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vasileios Askoxylakis
- From the Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, INF 400, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zoller F, Markert A, Barthe P, Hebling U, Altmann A, Lindner T, Mier W, Haberkorn U. A Disulfide-Constrained Miniprotein with Striking Tumor-Binding Specificity Developed by Ribosome Display. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11760-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zoller F, Markert A, Barthe P, Zhao W, Weichert W, Askoxylakis V, Altmann A, Mier W, Haberkorn U. Combination of Phage Display and Molecular Grafting Generates Highly Specific Tumor-Targeting Miniproteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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